1
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Philip AM, Krogh ME, Laursen BW. Robust Red-Absorbing Donor-Acceptor Stenhouse Adduct Photoswitches. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400621. [PMID: 38536207 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Donor-Acceptor Stenhouse Adduct (DASA), a class of push-pull negative photochrome, has received large interest lately owing to its versatile synthesis, modularity and excellent photoswitching in solutions. From a technological perspective, it is imperative for this class of photoswitches to work robustly in solid state, e. g. thin films. We feature a molecular framework for the optimized design of DASAs by introducing a new thioindoline donor (D3) and assessing its performance against known 2nd generation indoline-based donors. The systematic structure-function investigations suggest that to achieve robust reversible photoswitching, a ground state with low charge separation is desired. DASAs with stronger electron donors and a larger charge separation in the ground state result in a low population of the photothermalstationary state (PTSS) and reduced photostability. The DASA with thioindoline donor (D3A3) seems to be a special case among the donor series as it causes a red shift (ca. 15 nm), however with less polarization of the ground state and marginally better photostability as compared to the unsubstituted 2-methyl indoline (D1A3). We also emphasize the consideration of the key additional factors that can modulate the red-light photoswitching properties of DASA chromophores in polymer thin films, which might not be dominant in homogenous solution state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbey M Philip
- Nano-Science Center & Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Marie E Krogh
- Nano-Science Center & Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Bo W Laursen
- Nano-Science Center & Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
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2
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Choi SJ, Seo EJ, Bae HE, Jung HC, Lee SH, Kim JC, Jung YJ, Park JS, Jeong JE, Park YI. Anti-counterfeiting fiber system with near-infrared wavelength selectivity based on photothermal and thermochromic dyes. RSC Adv 2024; 14:3560-3566. [PMID: 38264271 PMCID: PMC10804058 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra06965f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Anti-counterfeiting (ACF) technology plays a crucial role in distinguishing genuine products from counterfeits, as well as in identity verification. Moreover, it serves as a protective measure for safeguarding the rights of individuals, companies, and governments. In this study, a high-level ACF technology was developed using a color-conversion system based on the photothermal effect of near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths. Diimonium dye (DID), which is a photothermal dye, was selected because it is an NIR absorbing dye with over 98% transparency in the visible light (vis) region. Due to the photothermal properties of DID, the temperature increased to approximately 65 °C at 1064 nm and 39 °C at 808 nm, respectively. Additionally, we employed a donor-acceptor Stenhouse adduct dye, a thermochromic dye, which exhibits reversible color change due to heat (red color) and light (colorless). Our ACF technology was applied to the brand-protecting fiber utilizing the difference in photothermal temperature according to the NIR wavelength. We successfully implemented anti-counterfeit clothing using alphabet K labels that could distinguish between genuine and counterfeit products by irradiating with specific NIR wavelengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Jeong Choi
- Research Center for Green Fine Chemicals, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology Ulsan 44412 Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jeong Seo
- Research Center for Green Fine Chemicals, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology Ulsan 44412 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung Eun Bae
- Research Center for Green Fine Chemicals, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology Ulsan 44412 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Cheol Jung
- Research Center for Green Fine Chemicals, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology Ulsan 44412 Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Ho Lee
- Research Center for Green Fine Chemicals, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology Ulsan 44412 Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Chul Kim
- Research Center for Green Fine Chemicals, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology Ulsan 44412 Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Jin Jung
- Research Center for Green Fine Chemicals, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology Ulsan 44412 Republic of Korea
| | - Jong S Park
- Department of Organic Material Science and Engineering, Pusan National University Busan 46241 Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Jeong
- Research Center for Green Fine Chemicals, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology Ulsan 44412 Republic of Korea
| | - Young Il Park
- Research Center for Green Fine Chemicals, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology Ulsan 44412 Republic of Korea
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3
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Li R, Mou B, Yamada M, Li W, Nakashima T, Kawai T. From Visible to Near-Infrared Light-Triggered Photochromism: Negative Photochromism. Molecules 2023; 29:155. [PMID: 38202738 PMCID: PMC10780068 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Photochromic compounds, whose key molecular properties can be effectively modulated by light irradiation, have attracted significant attention for their potential applications in various research fields. The restriction of photoisomerization coloration induced by ultraviolet light limits their applications in the biomedical field and some other fields. Negative photochromism, wherein a relatively stable colored isomer transforms to a colorless metastable isomer under low-energy light irradiation, offers advantages in applications within materials science and life science. This review provides a summary of negatively photochromic compounds based on different molecular skeletons. Their corresponding design strategies and photochromic properties are presented to provide practical guidelines for future investigations. Negatively photochromic compounds can effectively expand the range of photochromic switches for future applications, offering unique properties such as responsiveness to visible to near-infrared light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiji Li
- School of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Rizhao 276826, China; (B.M.); (W.L.)
| | - Bingzhao Mou
- School of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Rizhao 276826, China; (B.M.); (W.L.)
| | - Mihoko Yamada
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma 630-0192, Japan
| | - Wei Li
- School of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Rizhao 276826, China; (B.M.); (W.L.)
| | - Takuya Nakashima
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma 630-0192, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sumiyoshi, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Kawai
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma 630-0192, Japan
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4
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Clerc M, Sandlass S, Rifaie-Graham O, Peterson JA, Bruns N, Read de Alaniz J, Boesel LF. Visible light-responsive materials: the (photo)chemistry and applications of donor-acceptor Stenhouse adducts in polymer science. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:8245-8294. [PMID: 37905554 PMCID: PMC10680135 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00508a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Donor-acceptor Stenhouse adduct (DASA) photoswitches have gained a lot of attention since their discovery in 2014. Their negative photochromism, visible light absorbance, synthetic tunability, and the large property changes between their photoisomers make them attractive candidates over other commonly used photoswitches for use in materials with responsive or adaptive properties. The development of such materials and their translation into advanced technologies continues to widely impact forefront materials research, and DASAs have thus attracted considerable interest in the field of visible-light responsive molecular switches and dynamic materials. Despite this interest, there have been challenges in understanding their complex behavior in the context of both small molecule studies and materials. Moreover, incorporation of DASAs into polymers can be challenging due to their incompatibility with the conditions for most common polymerization techniques. In this review, therefore, we examine and critically discuss the recent developments and challenges in the field of DASA-containing polymers, aiming at providing a better understanding of the interplay between the properties of both constituents (matrix and photoswitch). The first part summarizes current understanding of DASA design and switching properties. The second section discusses strategies of incorporation of DASAs into polymers, properties of DASA-containing materials, and methods for studying switching of DASAs in materials. We also discuss emerging applications for DASA photoswitches in polymeric materials, ranging from light-responsive drug delivery systems, to photothermal actuators, sensors and photoswitchable surfaces. Last, we summarize the current challenges in the field and venture on the steps required to explore novel systems and expand both the functional properties and the application opportunities of DASA-containing polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michèle Clerc
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
- University of Fribourg, Department of Chemistry, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XL, UK
- Swiss National Center of Competence in Research Bio-Inspired Materials, Switzerland
| | - Sara Sandlass
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Omar Rifaie-Graham
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Julie A Peterson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA.
| | - Nico Bruns
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XL, UK
- Swiss National Center of Competence in Research Bio-Inspired Materials, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Javier Read de Alaniz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA.
| | - Luciano F Boesel
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
- Swiss National Center of Competence in Research Bio-Inspired Materials, Switzerland
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5
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Dubuis S, Dellai A, Courdurié C, Owona J, Kalafatis A, Vellutini L, Genin E, Rodriguez V, Castet F. Nonlinear Optical Responses of Photoswitchable Donor-Acceptor Stenhouse Adducts. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:10861-10871. [PMID: 37141624 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c02778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This work combines hyper-Rayleigh scattering (HRS) experiments performed in the NIR range (1.30 and 1.60 μm) and quantum chemical calculations to provide a comprehensive description of the second harmonic generation (SHG) responses of donor-acceptor Stenhouse adducts (DASAs). Representative derivatives of the three generations of DASAs, which differ by the nature of their electron-donating and withdrawing moieties and also include clickable species, have been synthesized and their photoswitching behavior fully characterized. The HRS measurements allow us to establish relationships between the magnitude of the SHG response of open forms and the nature of the donor and acceptor groups. The largest SHG responses are obtained for derivatives incorporating either a barbituric acid or an indanedione acceptor unit, while N-methylaniline appears as the most efficient donor group. The calculations support well the experimental data and show that high hyperpolarizabilities are associated to low excitation energies and large extent of the photoinduced intramolecular charge transfer, which enhances the dipole moment variation between the ground and first dipole-allowed electronic excited state. In addition, a complete investigation of the photoswitching kinetics of DASAs in chloroform solution shows important differences, highlighting in particular the role of the donor group on the photoswitching efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Dubuis
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33405 Cedex Talence, France
| | - Angela Dellai
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33405 Cedex Talence, France
| | - Chloé Courdurié
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33405 Cedex Talence, France
| | - Josianne Owona
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33405 Cedex Talence, France
| | - Apostolos Kalafatis
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33405 Cedex Talence, France
| | - Luc Vellutini
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33405 Cedex Talence, France
| | - Emilie Genin
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33405 Cedex Talence, France
| | - Vincent Rodriguez
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33405 Cedex Talence, France
| | - Frédéric Castet
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33405 Cedex Talence, France
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6
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Li Y, Zhu C, Gu F, Liu F. Revisiting photocyclization of the donor-acceptor stenhouse adduct: missing pieces in the mechanistic jigsaw discovered. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:7417-7422. [PMID: 36847409 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05143e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Donor-acceptor Stenhouse adducts (DASA) have recently emerged as a class of visible-light-induced photochromic molecular switches, but their photocyclization mechanism remains puzzling and incomplete. In this work, we carried out MS-CASPT2//SA-CASSCF calculations to reveal the complete mechanism of the dominant channels and possible side reactions. We found that a new thermal-then-photo isomerization channel, i.e., EEZ → EZZ → EZE, other than the commonly accepted EEZ → EEE → EZE channel, is dominant in the initial step. Besides, our calculations rationalized why the expected byproducts ZEZ and ZEE are unobserved and proposed a competitive stepwise channel for the final ring-closure step. The findings here redraw the mechanistic picture of the DASA reaction by better accounting for experimental observations, and more importantly, provide critical physical insight in understanding the interplay between thermal- and photo-induced processes widely present in photochemical synthesis and reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazhen Li
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China. .,Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, P. R. China.
| | - Chaoyuan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.
| | - Fenglong Gu
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.
| | - Fengyi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, P. R. China.
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7
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Mechanically gated formation of donor-acceptor Stenhouse adducts enabling mechanochemical multicolour soft lithography. Nat Chem 2023; 15:332-338. [PMID: 36690834 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-01126-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Stress-sensitive molecules called mechanophores undergo productive chemical transformations in response to mechanical force. A variety of mechanochromic mechanophores, which change colour in response to stress, have been developed, but modulating the properties of the dyes generally requires the independent preparation of discrete derivatives. Here we introduce a mechanophore platform enabling mechanically gated multicolour chromogenic reactivity. The mechanophore is based on an activated furan precursor to donor-acceptor Stenhouse adducts (DASAs) masked as a hetero-Diels-Alder adduct. Mechanochemical activation of the mechanophore unveils the DASA precursor, and subsequent reaction with a secondary amine generates an intensely coloured DASA. Critically, the properties of the DASA are controlled by the amine, and thus a single mechanophore can be differentiated post-activation to produce a wide range of functionally diverse DASAs. We highlight this system by establishing the concept of mechanochemical multicolour soft lithography whereby a complex multicolour composite image is printed into a mechanochemically active elastomer through an iterative process of localized compression followed by reaction with different amines.
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8
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Testolin G, Richter J, Ritter A, Prochnow H, Köhnke J, Brönstrup M. Optical Modulation of Antibiotic Resistance by Photoswitchable Cystobactamids. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201297. [PMID: 35771231 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The rise of antibiotic resistance causes a serious health care problem, and its counterfeit demands novel, innovative concepts. The combination of photopharmacology, enabling a light-controlled reversible modulation of drug activity, with antibiotic drug design has led to first photoswitchable antibiotic compounds derived from established scaffolds. In this study, we converted cystobactamids, gyrase-inhibiting natural products with an oligoaryl scaffold and highly potent antibacterial activities, into photoswitchable agents by inserting azobenzene in the N-terminal part and/or an acylhydrazone moiety near the C-terminus, yielding twenty analogs that contain mono- as well as double-switches. Antibiotic and gyrase inhibition properties could be modulated 3.4-fold and 5-fold by light, respectively. Notably, the sensitivity of photoswitchable cystobactamids towards two known resistance factors, the peptidase AlbD and the scavenger protein AlbA, was light-dependent. While irradiation of an analog with an N-terminal azobenzene with 365 nm light led to less degradation by AlbD, the AlbA-mediated inactivation was induced. This provides a proof-of-principle that resistance towards photoswitchable antibiotics can be optically controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giambattista Testolin
- Department of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jana Richter
- Department of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Antje Ritter
- Department of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Hans Prochnow
- Department of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jesko Köhnke
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Saarland University, Campus E8.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Mark Brönstrup
- Department of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) Site Hannover-Braunschweig, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany.,Center of Biomolecular Drug Research (BMWZ), Leibniz University, 30159, Hannover, Germany
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9
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Zhang Z, Wang W, O'Hagan M, Dai J, Zhang J, Tian H. Stepping Out of the Blue: From Visible to Near-IR Triggered Photoswitches. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202205758. [PMID: 35524420 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202205758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Light offers unique opportunities for controlling the activity of materials and biosystems with high spatiotemporal resolution. Molecular photoswitches are chromophores that undergo reversible isomerization between different states upon irradiation with light, allowing a convenient means to control their influence over the system of interest. However, a significant limitation of classical photoswitches is the requirement to initiate the switching in one or both directions using deleterious UV light with poor tissue penetration. Red-shifted photoswitches are hence in high demand and have attracted keen recent research interest. In this Review, we highlight recent progress towards the development of visible- and NIR-activated photoswitches characterized by distinct photochromic reaction mechanisms. We hope to inspire further endeavors in this field, allowing the full potential of these tools in biotechnology and materials chemistry applications to be realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Wenhui Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Michael O'Hagan
- Institute of Chemistry, The Minerva Center for Bio-hybrid Complex Systems, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Jinghong Dai
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Junji Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - He Tian
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
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10
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Manikandan R, Phatake RS, Lemcoff NG. Metal‐Free Photochemical Olefin Isomerization of Unsaturated Ketones via 1,5‐Hydrogen Atom Transfer. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200634. [PMID: 35325491 PMCID: PMC9321148 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The photochemical isomerization of α,β‐ to β,γ‐unsaturated ketones through a 1,5‐hydrogen atom transfer mechanism under mild conditions with high efficiency and selectivity is reported. The reaction is carried out in the absence of metal catalysts or other additives, and its stereoselectivity can be tuned by selecting appropriate solvent mixtures. The reaction‘s scope and tolerance towards functional groups, including light‐sensitive halogens, free acids and alcohols, were studied, providing reliable access to a wide variety of β,γ‐unsaturated ketones. This methodology details the deconjugation of a wide range of unsaturated ketones and, when combined with olefin metathesis, provides an efficient process for either dehomologation or one‐carbon double‐bond migration of terminal alkenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendran Manikandan
- Department of Chemistry Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Beer-Sheva 8410501 Israel
| | - Ravindra S. Phatake
- Department of Chemistry Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Beer-Sheva 8410501 Israel
| | - N. Gabriel Lemcoff
- Department of Chemistry Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Beer-Sheva 8410501 Israel
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11
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Zhang Z, Wang W, O’Hagan M, Dai J, Zhang J, Tian H. Stepping Out of the Blue: From Visible to Near‐IR Triggered Photoswitches. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202205758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Zhang
- East China University of Science and Technology School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Dept. Chem Shanghai CHINA
| | - Wenhui Wang
- East China University of Science and Technology School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Dept. Chem CHINA
| | | | - Jinghong Dai
- East China University of Science and Technology School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Dept. Chem CHINA
| | - Junji Zhang
- East China University of Science and Technology School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Dept. Chem Shanghai CHINA
| | - He Tian
- East China University of Science and Technology School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Institute of Fine Chemicals Meilong Road 130 200237 Shanghai! CHINA
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12
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McDonough R, Rudgley N, Majewski O, Perkins MV, Evans RA, Lewis DA. Photochromic performance of Donor‐Acceptor‐Stenhouse‐Adducts in Polymer Binders and Solution. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202200076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rowan McDonough
- Flinders University College of Science and Engineering AUSTRALIA
| | - Nick Rudgley
- Flinders University College of Science and Engineering AUSTRALIA
| | - Oskar Majewski
- DST Group: Defence Science and Technology Group Land Division AUSTRALIA
| | | | | | - David Andrew Lewis
- Flinders University School of Chemical and Physical Sciences Sturt Rd 5042 Adelaide AUSTRALIA
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13
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Clerc M, Tekin C, Ulrich S, Freire RVM, Salentinig S, Bruns N, Boesel LF. Donor-Acceptor Stenhouse Adduct-Polydimethylsiloxane-Conjugates for Enhanced Photoswitching in Bulk Polymers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200120. [PMID: 35396766 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Donor-acceptor Stenhouse adducts (DASAs) are a rapidly emerging class of visible light-activated photochromes and DASA-functionalized polymers hold great promise as biocompatible photoresponsive materials. However, the photoswitching performance of DASAs in solid polymer matrices is often low, particularly in polymeric materials below their glass transition temperature. To overcome this limitation, DASAs are conjugated to polydimethylsiloxanes which have a glass transition temperature far below room temperature and which can create a mobile molecular environment around the DASAs for achieving more solution-like photoswitching kinetics in bulk polymers. The dispersion of DASAs conjugated to such flexible oligomers into solid polymer matrices allows for more effective and tunable DASA photoswitching in stiff polymers, such as poly(methyl methacrylate), without requiring modifications of the matrix. The photoswitching of conjugates with varying polymer molecular weight, linker type and architecture is characterized via time-dependent UV-Vis spectroscopy in organic solvents and blended into polymethacrylate films. In addition, DASA-functionalized polydimethylsiloxane networks that are accessible by the same synthetic route provide an alternative solution for achieving fast and efficient DASA photoswitching in the bulk owing to their intrinsic softness and flexibility. These findings may contribute to the development of DASA-functionalized materials with better tunable, more effective, and more reversible modulation of their optical properties. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michèle Clerc
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, St. Gallen, 9014, Switzerland.,University of Fribourg, Department of Chemistry, Chemin du Musée 9, Fribourg, 1700, Switzerland.,Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Cem Tekin
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, St. Gallen, 9014, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Ulrich
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, St. Gallen, 9014, Switzerland
| | - Rafael V M Freire
- University of Fribourg, Department of Chemistry, Chemin du Musée 9, Fribourg, 1700, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Salentinig
- University of Fribourg, Department of Chemistry, Chemin du Musée 9, Fribourg, 1700, Switzerland
| | - Nico Bruns
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Luciano F Boesel
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, St. Gallen, 9014, Switzerland
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14
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Leistner AL, Pianowski Z. Smart photochromic materials triggered with visible light. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Lena Leistner
- KIT: Karlsruher Institut fur Technologie Institute of Organic Chemistry Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe GERMANY
| | - Zbigniew Pianowski
- Karlsruher Institut fur Technologie Fakultat fur Chemie und Biowissenschaften Institute of Organic Chemistry Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe GERMANY
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15
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Peterson JA, Stricker F, Read de Alaniz J. Improving the kinetics and dark equilibrium of donor-acceptor Stenhouse adduct by triene backbone design. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:2303-2306. [PMID: 35075464 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06235b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
DFT calculations were used to find an optimal substitution site on the triene backbone of a donor-acceptor Stenhouse adduct photoswitch to tune the equillibrium and switching kinetics of DASA without modifying the donor and acceptor groups. Using this approach we demonstrate a new means to tuning DASA based photoswitches by increasing the energy of the closed form relative to the open form. To highlight the potential of this approach a new DASA derivative bearing a methyl substituent on the 5-position of the triene was synthesized and the effect of this substitution was studied using 1H NMR spectroscopy, time-dependent UV-Vis and solvatochromic analysis. The new DASA derivative shows a higher dark equillibrium, favoring the open form, and drastically faster thermal recovery than the unsubstituted derivative with the same donor and acceptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Peterson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
| | - Friedrich Stricker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
| | - Javier Read de Alaniz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
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16
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Volarić J, Szymanski W, Simeth NA, Feringa BL. Molecular photoswitches in aqueous environments. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:12377-12449. [PMID: 34590636 PMCID: PMC8591629 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00547a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Molecular photoswitches enable dynamic control of processes with high spatiotemporal precision, using light as external stimulus, and hence are ideal tools for different research areas spanning from chemical biology to smart materials. Photoswitches are typically organic molecules that feature extended aromatic systems to make them responsive to (visible) light. However, this renders them inherently lipophilic, while water-solubility is of crucial importance to apply photoswitchable organic molecules in biological systems, like in the rapidly emerging field of photopharmacology. Several strategies for solubilizing organic molecules in water are known, but there are not yet clear rules for applying them to photoswitchable molecules. Importantly, rendering photoswitches water-soluble has a serious impact on both their photophysical and biological properties, which must be taken into consideration when designing new systems. Altogether, these aspects pose considerable challenges for successfully applying molecular photoswitches in aqueous systems, and in particular in biologically relevant media. In this review, we focus on fully water-soluble photoswitches, such as those used in biological environments, in both in vitro and in vivo studies. We discuss the design principles and prospects for water-soluble photoswitches to inspire and enable their future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Volarić
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Wiktor Szymanski
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nadja A Simeth
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstr. 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
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17
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Electrochemical Switching of First-Generation Donor-Acceptor Stenhouse Adducts (DASAs): An Alternative Stimulus for Triene Cyclisation. CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/chemistry3030051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Donor-acceptor Stenhouse adducts (DASAs) are a photo-switch class that undergoes triene cyclisation in response to visible light. Herein, electrochemical oxidation is demonstrated as an effective alternative stimulus for the triene cyclisation commonly associated with photo-switching.
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18
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Alves J, Wiedbrauk S, Barner‐Kowollik C, Blinco JP. The Missing Piece: Concentration Dependence of Donor‐Acceptor Stenhouse Adduct (DASA) Reactivity. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202100056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Alves
- Centre for Materials Science Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
- School of Chemistry and Physics Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
| | - Sandra Wiedbrauk
- Centre for Materials Science Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
- School of Chemistry and Physics Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
| | - Christopher Barner‐Kowollik
- Centre for Materials Science Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
- School of Chemistry and Physics Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
| | - James P. Blinco
- Centre for Materials Science Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
- School of Chemistry and Physics Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
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19
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Duan Y, Zhao H, Xiong C, Mao L, Wang D, Zheng Y. Learning from Spiropyrans: How to Make Further Developments of
Donor‐Acceptor
Stenhouse Adducts. CHINESE J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202000532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongli Duan
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Jianshe North Road Section 2 No. 4, Chengdu, Sichuan 610054, China Institute of Electronic and Information Engineering of UESTC in Guangdong Zongbu Second Road No. 17 Dongguan Guangdong 523808 China
| | - Haiquan Zhao
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Jianshe North Road Section 2 No. 4, Chengdu, Sichuan 610054, China Institute of Electronic and Information Engineering of UESTC in Guangdong Zongbu Second Road No. 17 Dongguan Guangdong 523808 China
| | - Chaoyue Xiong
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Jianshe North Road Section 2 No. 4, Chengdu, Sichuan 610054, China Institute of Electronic and Information Engineering of UESTC in Guangdong Zongbu Second Road No. 17 Dongguan Guangdong 523808 China
| | - Lijun Mao
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Jianshe North Road Section 2 No. 4, Chengdu, Sichuan 610054, China Institute of Electronic and Information Engineering of UESTC in Guangdong Zongbu Second Road No. 17 Dongguan Guangdong 523808 China
| | - Dongsheng Wang
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Jianshe North Road Section 2 No. 4, Chengdu, Sichuan 610054, China Institute of Electronic and Information Engineering of UESTC in Guangdong Zongbu Second Road No. 17 Dongguan Guangdong 523808 China
| | - Yonghao Zheng
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Jianshe North Road Section 2 No. 4, Chengdu, Sichuan 610054, China Institute of Electronic and Information Engineering of UESTC in Guangdong Zongbu Second Road No. 17 Dongguan Guangdong 523808 China
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20
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Martínez-López D, Santamaría-Aranda E, Marazzi M, García-Iriepa C, Sampedro D. π-Bridge Substitution in DASAs: The Subtle Equilibrium between Photochemical Improvements and Thermal Control*. Chemistry 2021; 27:4420-4429. [PMID: 33258498 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Donor-acceptor Stenhouse adducts (DASAs) are playing an outstanding role as innovative and versatile photoswitches. Until now, all the efforts have been spent on modifying the donor and acceptor moieties to modulate the absorption energy and improve the cyclization and reversion kinetics. However, there is a strong dependence on specific structural modifications and a lack of predictive behavior, mostly owing to the complex photoswitching mechanism. Here, by means of a combined experimental and theoretical study, the effect of chemical modification of the π-bridge linking the donor and acceptor moieties is systematically explored, revealing the significant impact on the absorption, photocyclization, and relative stability of the open form. In particular, a position along the π-bridge is found to be the most suited to redshift the absorption while preserving the cyclization. However, thermal back-reaction to the initial isomer is blocked. These effects are explained in terms of an increased acceptor capability offered by the π-bridge substituent that can be modulated. This strategy opens the path toward derivatives with infra-red absorption and a potential anchoring point for further functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Martínez-López
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis, Química (CISQ), University of La Rioja, Madre de Dios 53, 26006, Logroño, Spain
| | - Eduardo Santamaría-Aranda
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis, Química (CISQ), University of La Rioja, Madre de Dios 53, 26006, Logroño, Spain
| | - Marco Marazzi
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis, Química (CISQ), University of La Rioja, Madre de Dios 53, 26006, Logroño, Spain.,Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical, Engineering, Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona, km 33,600, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.,Chemical Research Institute "Andrés M. del Río" (IQAR), Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina García-Iriepa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical, Engineering, Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona, km 33,600, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.,Chemical Research Institute "Andrés M. del Río" (IQAR), Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego Sampedro
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis, Química (CISQ), University of La Rioja, Madre de Dios 53, 26006, Logroño, Spain
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21
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Sroda MM, Stricker F, Peterson JA, Bernal A, Read de Alaniz J. Donor-Acceptor Stenhouse Adducts: Exploring the Effects of Ionic Character. Chemistry 2021; 27:4183-4190. [PMID: 33348446 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202005110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The effects of solution-state dielectric and intermolecular interactions on the degree of charge separation provide a route to understanding the switching properties and concentration dependence of donor-acceptor Stenhouse adducts (DASAs). Through solvatochromic analysis of the open-form DASA in conjunction with X-ray diffraction and computational theory, we have analyzed the ionic character of a series of DASAs. First- and third-generation architectures lead to a higher zwitterionic resonance contribution of the open form and a zwitterionic closed form, whereas the second-generation architecture possesses a less charge-separated open form and neutral closed form. This can be correlated with equilibrium control and photoswitching solvent compatibility. As a result of the high contribution of the zwitterionic resonance forms of first- and third-generation DASAs, we were able to control their switching kinetics by means of ion concentration, whereas second-generation DASAs were less affected. Importantly, these results show how the previously reported concentration dependence of DASAs is not universal, and that DASAs with a more hybrid structure in the open form can achieve photoswitching at high concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda M Sroda
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Friedrich Stricker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Julie A Peterson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Alexandria Bernal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Javier Read de Alaniz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
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22
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Connolly SW, Tiwari R, Holder SJ, Shepherd HJ. A simple strategy to overcome concentration dependence of photoswitching properties in donor-acceptor Stenhouse adducts. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:2775-2779. [PMID: 33492320 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp06312f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Photoswitchable donor-acceptor Stenhouse adducts (DASAs) have been reported to exhibit an undesirable concentration dependence, where photoswitching is greatly inhibited with increasing photochrome concentration. Here we show that the use of piperazine-based donor moieties eliminates this concentration dependence and results in complete, rapid and reversible photoswitching behaviour for first generation DASAs, even in chlorinated solvents. Structural data and computational studies reveal proton transfer during isomerisation to the terminal amine rather than the donor amine. The improvement in photoswitching efficiency is attributed to resultant differences in supramolecular association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean W Connolly
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NH, UK.
| | - Rahul Tiwari
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NH, UK. and School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Simon J Holder
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NH, UK.
| | - Helena J Shepherd
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NH, UK.
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23
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Lee J, Sroda MM, Kwon Y, El-Arid S, Seshadri S, Gockowski LF, Hawkes EW, Valentine MT, Read de Alaniz J. Tunable Photothermal Actuation Enabled by Photoswitching of Donor-Acceptor Stenhouse Adducts. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:54075-54082. [PMID: 33210539 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c15116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We report a visible light-responsive bilayer actuator driven by the photothermal properties of a unique molecular photoswitch: donor-acceptor Stenhouse adduct (DASA). We demonstrate a synthetic platform to chemically conjugate DASA to a load-bearing poly(hexyl methacrylate) (PHMA) matrix via Diels-Alder click chemistry that enables access to stimuli-responsive materials on scale. By taking advantage of the negative photochromism and switching kinetics of DASA, we can tune the thermal expansion and actuation performance of DASA-PHMA under constant light intensity. This extends the capabilities of currently available responsive soft actuators for which mechanical response is determined exclusively by light intensity and enables the use of abundant broadband light sources to trigger tunable responses. We demonstrate actuation performance using a visible light-powered cantilever capable of lifting weight against gravity as well as a simple crawler. These results add a new strategy to the toolbox of tunable photothermal actuation by using the molecular photoswitch DASA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaejun Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Miranda M Sroda
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Younghoon Kwon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Sara El-Arid
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Serena Seshadri
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Luke F Gockowski
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Elliot W Hawkes
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Megan T Valentine
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Javier Read de Alaniz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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24
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Orlikowska H, Sobolewska A, Bartkiewicz S. Light-responsive surfactants: Photochromic properties of water-soluble azobenzene derivatives. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.113842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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25
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Sanchez DM, Raucci U, Ferreras KN, Martínez TJ. Putting Photomechanical Switches to Work: An Ab Initio Multiple Spawning Study of Donor-Acceptor Stenhouse Adducts. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:7901-7907. [PMID: 32864975 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c02401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Photomechanical switches are light sensitive molecules capable of transducing the energy of a photon into mechanical work via photodynamics. In this Letter, we present the first atomistic investigation of the photodynamics of a novel class of photochromes called donor-acceptor Stenhouse adducts (DASA) using state-of-the-art ab initio multiple spawning interfaced with state-averaged complete active-space self-consistent field theory. Understanding the Z/E photoisomerization mechanism in DASAs at the molecular level is crucial in designing new derivatives with improved photoswitching capabilities. Our dynamics simulations show that the actinic step consists of competing nonradiative relaxation pathways that collectively contribute to DASAs' low (21% in toluene) photoisomerization quantum yield. Furthermore, we highlight the important role the intramolecular hydrogen bond plays in the selectivity of photoisomerization in DASAs, identifying it as a possible structural element to tune DASA properties. Our fully ab initio simulations reveal the key degrees of freedom involved in the actinic step, paving the way for the rational design of new generations of DASAs with improved quantum yield and efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Sanchez
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - U Raucci
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - K N Ferreras
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Todd J Martínez
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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26
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Belikov MY, Fedoseev SV, Ievlev MY, Ershov OV, Lipin KV, Tafeenko VA. Direct synthesis of variously substituted negative photochromes of hydroxytricyanopyrrole (HTCP) series. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2020.1772822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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27
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Seshadri S, Gockowski LF, Lee J, Sroda M, Helgeson ME, Read de Alaniz J, Valentine MT. Self-regulating photochemical Rayleigh-Bénard convection using a highly-absorbing organic photoswitch. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2599. [PMID: 32451397 PMCID: PMC7248117 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16277-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We identify unique features of a highly-absorbing negatively photochromic molecular switch, donor acceptor Stenhouse adduct (DASA), that enable its use for self-regulating light-activated control of fluid flow. Leveraging features of DASA’s chemical properties and solvent-dependent reaction kinetics, we demonstrate its use for photo-controlled Rayleigh-Bénard convection to generate dynamic, self-regulating flows with unparalleled fluid velocities (~mm s−1) simply by illuminating the fluid with visible light. The exceptional absorbance of DASAs in solution, uniquely controllable reaction kinetics and resulting spatially-confined photothermal flows demonstrate the ways in which photoswitches present exciting opportunities for their use in optofluidics applications requiring tunable flow behavior. Autonomous control of liquid motion is vital to the development of new actuators and pumps in fluid systems but autonomous control of fluid motion is inaccessible in current systems. Here, the authors identify unique features of a photochromic molecular switch that enables its use for self-regulating light activated control of fluid flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Seshadri
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Luke F Gockowski
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Jaejun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Miranda Sroda
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Matthew E Helgeson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Javier Read de Alaniz
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA.
| | - Megan T Valentine
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA.
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28
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Synthesis and fine-tuning of thermal stability of the negative nitrile-rich photochromes of hydroxytricyanopyrrole (HTCP) series. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-020-04157-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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29
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Mallo N, Tron A, Andréasson J, Harper JB, Jacob LSD, McClenaghan ND, Jonusauskas G, Beves JE. Hydrogen‐Bonding Donor‐Acceptor Stenhouse Adducts. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201900295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neil Mallo
- School of Chemistry UNSW Sydney Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Arnaud Tron
- Univ. Bordeaux/CNRS 351 cours de la Libération 33405 Talence Cedex France
| | - Joakim Andréasson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Chalmers University of Technology 412 96 Göteborg Sweden
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30
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Alves J, Wiedbrauk S, Gräfe D, Walden SL, Blinco JP, Barner-Kowollik C. It's a Trap: Thiol-Michael Chemistry on a DASA Photoswitch. Chemistry 2020; 26:809-813. [PMID: 31797435 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Donor-acceptor Stenhouse adducts (DASA) are popular photoswitches capable of toggling between two isomers depending on the light and temperature of the system. The cyclized polar form is accessed by visible-light irradiation, whereas the linear nonpolar form is recovered in the dark. Upon the formation of the cyclized form, the DASA contains a double bond featuring a β-carbon prone to nucleophilic attack. Here, an isomer selective thiol-Michael reaction between the cyclized DASA and a base-activated thiol is introduced. The thiol-Michael addition was carried out with an alkyl (1-butanethiol) and an aromatic thiol (p-bromothiophenol) as reaction partners, both in the presence of a base. Under optimized conditions, the reaction proceeds preferentially in the presence of light and base. The current study demonstrates that DASAs can be selectively trapped in their cyclized state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Alves
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Sandra Wiedbrauk
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - David Gräfe
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Sarah L Walden
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - James P Blinco
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
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31
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Cai YD, Chen TY, Chen XQ, Bao X. Multiresponsive Donor-Acceptor Stenhouse Adduct: Opportunities Arise from a Diamine Donor. Org Lett 2019; 21:7445-7449. [PMID: 31502465 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b02753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A new donor-acceptor Stenhouse adduct based on a N,N,N'-trimethylethylenediamine donor has been reported. An unprecedented isomer has been isolated, and rich conversions between three isomers have been achieved upon visible-light irradiation or base/acid stimuli. The drastic color change associated with structural conversion has been utilized to selectively sense volatile primary amines as well as high-charged hard Lewis acids (Sc3+, Ti4+, Cr3+, and Al3+).
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Affiliation(s)
- You-De Cai
- School of Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University of Science and Technology , 210094 Nanjing , P. R. China
| | - Tian-Yang Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University of Science and Technology , 210094 Nanjing , P. R. China
| | - Xiu Qin Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University of Science and Technology , 210094 Nanjing , P. R. China
| | - Xin Bao
- School of Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University of Science and Technology , 210094 Nanjing , P. R. China
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Mostafavi SH, Li W, Clark KD, Stricker F, Alaniz JRD, Bardeen CJ. Photoinduced Deadhesion of a Polymer Film Using a Photochromic Donor–Acceptor Stenhouse Adduct. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kyle D. Clark
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510, United States
| | - Friedrich Stricker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510, United States
| | - Javier Read de Alaniz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510, United States
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Yap JE, Mallo N, Thomas DS, Beves JE, Stenzel MH. Comparing photoswitching of acrylate or methacrylate polymers conjugated with donor–acceptor Stenhouse adducts. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01345h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Polymers with donor–acceptor Stenhouse adduct (DASA) groups were synthesized using RAFT methods to evaluate the effect of polymer length (20 vs. 100 DP units) and backbone rigidity (acrylate and methacrylate blocks).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Neil Mallo
- The University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
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