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Słojewska M, Czerwiński A, Kaczorowski M, Zygadło-Monikowska E. Shear Thickening, Star-Shaped Polymer Electrolytes for Lithium-Ion Batteries. Molecules 2024; 29:3782. [PMID: 39202860 PMCID: PMC11357618 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29163782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The safety concerns associated with current lithium-ion batteries are a significant drawback. A short-circuit within the battery's internal components, such as those caused by a car accident, can lead to ignition or even explosion. To address this issue, a polymer shear thickening electrolyte, free from flammable solvents, has been developed. It comprises a star-shaped oligomer derived from a trimethylolpropane (TMP) core and polyether chains, along with the inclusion of 20 wt.% nanosilica. Notably, the star-shaped oligomer serves a dual function as both the solvent for the lithium salt and the continuous phase of the shear thickening fluid. The obtained electrolytes exhibit an ionic conductivity of the order of 10-6 S cm-1 at 20 °C and 10-4 S cm-1 at 80 °C, with a high Li+ transference number (t+ = 0.79). A nearly thirtyfold increase in viscosity to a value of 1187 Pa s at 25 °C and a critical shear rate of 2 s-1 were achieved. During impact, this electrolyte could enhance cell safety by preventing electrode short-circuiting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ewa Zygadło-Monikowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland; (M.S.); (A.C.); (M.K.)
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2
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Dou Y, Ju A, Zhong Z, Huo Y, Yao W. Flame-Retardant and Transparent Unsaturated Polyester Based on P/N Liquid Flame Retardants and Modified Halloysite Nanotubes. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:761. [PMID: 38591628 PMCID: PMC10856195 DOI: 10.3390/ma17030761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) with excellent flame retardant is mainly obtained by adding large amounts of flame retardants, usually at the expense of mechanical properties. In this work, a reactive flame retardant containing phosphorus and nitrogen (DOPO-N) was successfully synthesized and incorporated in UPR as a crosslinker. The mechanical and flame-retardant properties of UPR composites were enhanced. UPR/30DOPO-N passed a UL-94 V-1 rating with a limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 30.8%. The tensile strength of UPR/30DOPO-N increased by 24.4%. On this basis, a small amount of modified HNTs (VHNTs) was added to further improve the flame-retardant properties of the composite. With the introduction of 3 wt% VHNTs, the composite passed the UL-94 V-0 rating. The peak of heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release (THR) of it decreased by 60.7% and 48.3%, respectively. Moreover, the detailed flame-retarding mechanism of DOPO-N and VHNTs was investigated by thermogravimetric infrared spectroscopy (TG-IR), Raman spectra, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). It was found that DOPO-N played a role in quenching the flame in the gas phase and cooperated with VHNTs to enhance the barrier effect in the condensed phase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Weiguo Yao
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Automotive Material, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China; (Y.D.); (A.J.); (Z.Z.); (Y.H.)
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3
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Worzakowska M, Sztanke M, Sztanke K. Experimental Studies on the Thermal Properties and Decomposition Course of a Novel Class of Heterocyclic Anticancer Drug Candidates. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076190. [PMID: 37047158 PMCID: PMC10094111 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The experimental studies on the thermal properties and decomposition course of a novel class of potential anticancer drugs (1–5) containing in their heterobicyclic structures the asymmetrical triazine template were performed with the use of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and simultaneous thermogravimetry/differential scanning calorimetry (TG/DTG/DSC) coupled online with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and quadrupole mass spectrometry (QMS) in inert and oxidizing conditions. All the compounds were thermally characterized in detail for the first time in this article. The DSC studies proved that the melting points of the tested compounds depended on the position and type of the substituent at the phenyl moiety, whereas they did not depend on the furnace atmosphere. All the tested polynitrogenated heterocycles proved to be molecules with high thermal stability in both atmospheres, and most of them (1, 3–5) were more stable in oxidizing conditions, which indicated the formation of a more thermally stable form of the compounds when interacting with oxygen. The simultaneous TG/FTIR/QMS analyses confirmed that their pyrolysis process occurred in one main stage resulting in the emission of volatiles such as NH3, HNCO, HCN, CO, CO2, H2O, NO2, aromatic amine derivatives, alkenes (for compounds 1–5), and HCl (for the compound 5). On the other hand, the oxidative decomposition process was more complicated and proceeded in two main stages leading to the emission of NH3, CO2, CO, HCN, HNCO, H2O, some aromatics (for compounds 1–5), HCl (for compounds 3–5) as well as the additional volatiles such as N2, NO2, NH2OH, and (CN)2. The type of the formed volatiles indicated that the decomposition process of the studied heterocycles under the influence of heating was initiated by the radical mechanism. Their decomposition was related to the symmetric cleavage of C–N and C–C bonds (inert conditions) and additional reaction of the volatiles and residues with oxygen (oxidizing conditions).
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4
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Improving the Heat Resistance and Flame Retardancy of Epoxy Resin Composites by Novel Multifunctional Cyclophosphazene Derivatives. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 15:polym15010059. [PMID: 36616409 PMCID: PMC9824309 DOI: 10.3390/polym15010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel multiple-ring molecule containing P and N, called HCCP-SA, was successfully prepared by the nucleophilic substitution reaction of salicylamide (SA) and hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HCCP). Particularly, HCCP-SA possessed the dual functions of heat resistance and flame retardancy. The molecular structure of HCCP-SA was identified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. HCCP-SA was bonded into the molecular chain of epoxy resin by the ring-opening curing reaction of epoxy resin, aiming to form a heat-resistant and flame-retardant composite (E-HS-x). In particular, the best-prepared E-HS-x composite with a 20 phr content of HCCP-SA (E-HS-20) presented excellent thermal stability, with an initial decomposition temperature of 267.94 °C and a max weight loss speed of only 0.95 mg·min-1. Moreover, E-HS-20 exhibited remarkable flame retardancy with a limiting oxygen index value of 27.1% and a V-2 rating in the UL94 flame retardancy test. The best-prepared E-HS-20 composite would be a suitable and potential candidate for heat-resistant and flame-retardant polymer materials.
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5
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Gullifa G, Barone L, Papa E, Materazzi S, Risoluti R. On-Line Thermally Induced Evolved Gas Analysis: An Update-Part 2: EGA-FTIR. Molecules 2022; 27:8926. [PMID: 36558054 PMCID: PMC9788466 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The on-line thermally induced evolved gas analysis (OLTI-EGA) is widely applied in many different fields. Aimed to update the applications, our group has systematically collected and published examples of EGA characterizations. Following the recently published review on EGA-MS applications, this second part reviews the latest applications of Evolved Gas Analysis performed by on-line coupling heating devices to infrared spectrometers (EGA-FTIR). The selected 2019, 2020, 2021 and early 2022 references are collected and briefly described in this review; these are useful to help researchers to easily find applications that are sometimes difficult to locate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Stefano Materazzi
- Department of Chemistry, “Sapienza” Università di Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Risoluti
- Department of Chemistry, “Sapienza” Università di Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy
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6
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Wu Q, Xiao L, Chen J, Peng Z. Facile fabrication of high‐performance epoxy systems with superior mechanical properties, flame retardancy, and smoke suppression. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qilei Wu
- Science and Technology on Electromagnetic Compatibility Laboratory China Ship Development and Design Center Wuhan China
| | - Long Xiao
- Science and Technology on Electromagnetic Compatibility Laboratory China Ship Development and Design Center Wuhan China
| | - Junfeng Chen
- Science and Technology on Electromagnetic Compatibility Laboratory China Ship Development and Design Center Wuhan China
| | - Zhihe Peng
- Science and Technology on Electromagnetic Compatibility Laboratory China Ship Development and Design Center Wuhan China
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7
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Preparation and Characterization of Cardanol-Based Flame Retardant for Enhancing the Flame Retardancy of Epoxy Adhesives. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14235205. [PMID: 36501599 PMCID: PMC9741169 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Epoxy resin has a versatile set of applications due to its excellent properties. However, its easily flammable property limits further applications. A bio-based flame retardant, cardanyl diphenylphosphate (CDPP), was successfully synthesized via condensation reaction between cardanol and diphenyl phosphoryl chloride. The chemical structure of CDPP was confirmed via 1H nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. To overcome the flammable property of epoxy resin, different amounts of CDPP were incorporated into the epoxy resin. The thermal stability of epoxy resin with CDPP was reduced due to its phosphorus component, which had a relatively weak bond. Meanwhile, the measured char residue of epoxy resin with CDPP was increased compared to its calculated value, which indicated that CDPP promoted the formation of char residue. The limiting oxygen index of epoxy resin with CDPP was enhanced as the amount of CDPP increased from 22.1% for EP0 to 32.7% for EP10. The maximum value of the heat release rate per unit area and total heat release values of EP10 decreased by 23.23% and 12.02%, respectively, as compared to those of EP0. Additionally, single lap shear strength confirmed the improvement in the adhesion property of EP5. The lap shear strength increased to 7.19 MPa for EP5 compared to 6.27 MPa for EP0. This behavior might be due to the higher polarity of the phosphorus components. Based on the findings gathered in the present study, the incorporation of a bio-based flame retardant (CDPP) in epoxy resin has the potential for improving flame retardancy and adhesion property, which will be promising for the industrial area.
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8
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Cai B, Qian L, Qiu Y, Wang J, Xi W, Chen Y, Tang W. Group aggregation effect of polyphenolic phosphaphenanthrene macromolecule on enhancing fire safety and toughness of epoxy thermoset. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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9
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Cui J, Yu H, Li T, Zhu Y, Zhu A, Mao X, Qi C, Yang B, Guo J, Mu B, Tian L. Improvement of mechanical properties and flame retardancy of epoxy resin by phosphorylated cyclotriphosphazene hyperbranched polymeric flame retardants. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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10
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Yu H, Tian L, Li T, Zhu Y, Zhu A, Guo X, Liu K, Yang B, Guo J, Mu B, Cui J. Cyclotriphosphazene hyperbranched P/N/Si prepared flame retardants improve mechanical properties and flame retardancy of epoxy resins. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Yu
- School of Petrochemical Technology Lanzhou University of Technology Lanzhou China
| | - Li Tian
- School of Petrochemical Technology Lanzhou University of Technology Lanzhou China
| | - Ting Li
- School of Petrochemical Technology Lanzhou University of Technology Lanzhou China
| | - Yingxue Zhu
- School of Petrochemical Technology Lanzhou University of Technology Lanzhou China
| | - Anjun Zhu
- School of Petrochemical Technology Lanzhou University of Technology Lanzhou China
| | - Xiaoqian Guo
- School of Petrochemical Technology Lanzhou University of Technology Lanzhou China
| | - Kangli Liu
- School of Petrochemical Technology Lanzhou University of Technology Lanzhou China
| | - Baoping Yang
- School of Petrochemical Technology Lanzhou University of Technology Lanzhou China
| | - Junhong Guo
- School of Petrochemical Technology Lanzhou University of Technology Lanzhou China
| | - Bo Mu
- School of Petrochemical Technology Lanzhou University of Technology Lanzhou China
| | - Jinfeng Cui
- School of Petrochemical Technology Lanzhou University of Technology Lanzhou China
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11
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He LX, Liu XD, Zheng XT, Dong YQ, Bai WB, Lin YC, Jian RK. A versatile phosphorothioate bearing benzimidazole for the preparation of flame retardant, mechanically strong and high transparency epoxy resins. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Santiago D, Serra À. Enhancement of Epoxy Thermosets with Hyperbranched and Multiarm Star Polymers: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:2228. [PMID: 35683901 PMCID: PMC9182725 DOI: 10.3390/polym14112228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperbranched polymers and multiarm star polymers are a type of dendritic polymers which have attracted substantial interest during the last 30 years because of their unique properties. They can be used to modify epoxy thermosets to increase their toughness and flexibility but without adversely affecting other properties such as reactivity or thermal properties. In addition, the final properties of materials can be tailored by modifying the structure, molecular weight, or type of functional end-groups of the hyperbranched and multiarm star polymers. In this review, we focus on the modification of epoxy-based thermosets with hyperbranched and multiarm star polymers in terms of the effect on the curing process of epoxy formulations, thermal, mechanical, and rheological properties, and their advantages in fire retardancy on the final thermosets.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Santiago
- Eurecat–Chemical Technologies Unit, C/Marcel·lí Domingo 2, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Àngels Serra
- Department of Analytical and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Marcel·lí Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain;
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13
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14
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Wang J, Zhou H, Pan Z, Wu H, Wang D. Synthesis of low phosphorus flame retardant containing benzimidazole and hydroxyl and its application in reducing combustion smoke for epoxy resin. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Technology Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Hong Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Technology Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Zhiquan Pan
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Technology Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Hanjun Wu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Technology Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Dongsheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco‐Environmental Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
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15
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Daglar O, Alkan B, Gunay US, Hizal G, Tunca U, Durmaz H. Ultrafast synthesis of phosphorus-containing polythioethers in the presence of TBD. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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16
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Liu XD, Zheng XT, Dong YQ, He LX, Chen F, Bai WB, Lin YC, Jian RK. A novel nitrogen-rich phosphinic amide towards flame-retardant, smoke suppression and mechanically strengthened epoxy resins. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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17
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Qin Y, Li M, Huang T, Shen C, Gao S. A study on the modification of polypropylene by a star-shaped intumescent flame retardant containing phosphorus and nitrogen. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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18
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Zhang D, Lu L, Chen L, Wang Y. Synthesis of novel calixarene‐based intumescent flame retardant and application of flame retardant epoxy resin. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dingran Zhang
- China People's Police University Langfang City Hebei Province People's Republic of China
| | - Lingang Lu
- China People's Police University Langfang City Hebei Province People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Chen
- China People's Police University Langfang City Hebei Province People's Republic of China
| | - Yiqi Wang
- China People's Police University Langfang City Hebei Province People's Republic of China
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19
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Yang X, Zhao L, Peng F, Zhu Y, Wang G. Co-based metal-organic framework with phosphonate and triazole structures for enhancing fire retardancy of epoxy resin. Polym Degrad Stab 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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20
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Hyperbranched flame retardant to simultaneously improve the fire-safety, toughness and glass transition temperature of epoxy resin. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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21
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22
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Enhance the interaction between ammonium polyphosphate and epoxy resin matrix through hydrophobic modification with cationic latex. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.125917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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23
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Sagdic G, Daglar O, Gunay US, Cakmakci E, Hizal G, Tunca U, Durmaz H. Practical phosphorylation of polymers: an easy access to fully alcohol soluble synthetically and industrially important polymers. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00726b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A simple method for the phosphorylation of synthetically and industrially important polymers is introduced to the polymer community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokhan Sagdic
- Department of Chemistry
- Istanbul Technical University
- Istanbul
- Turkey
| | - Ozgun Daglar
- Department of Chemistry
- Istanbul Technical University
- Istanbul
- Turkey
| | - Ufuk Saim Gunay
- Department of Chemistry
- Istanbul Technical University
- Istanbul
- Turkey
| | - Emrah Cakmakci
- Department of Chemistry
- Marmara University
- 34722 Istanbul
- Turkey
| | - Gurkan Hizal
- Department of Chemistry
- Istanbul Technical University
- Istanbul
- Turkey
| | - Umit Tunca
- Department of Chemistry
- Istanbul Technical University
- Istanbul
- Turkey
| | - Hakan Durmaz
- Department of Chemistry
- Istanbul Technical University
- Istanbul
- Turkey
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24
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Guo Y, Chen X, Cui J, Guo J, Zhang H, Yang B. Effect of ionic liquid octyltriphenylphosphonium‐chelated orthoborates on flame retardance of epoxy. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongliang Guo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Petrochemical Technology Lanzhou University of Technology Lanzhou China
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Petrochemical Technology Lanzhou University of Technology Lanzhou China
| | - Jinfeng Cui
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Petrochemical Technology Lanzhou University of Technology Lanzhou China
| | - Junhong Guo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Petrochemical Technology Lanzhou University of Technology Lanzhou China
| | - Haojun Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Petrochemical Technology Lanzhou University of Technology Lanzhou China
| | - Baoping Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Petrochemical Technology Lanzhou University of Technology Lanzhou China
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25
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Synergistic effect between a novel silane-containing hyperbranched polyphosphamide and ammonium polyphosphate on the flame retardancy and smoke suppression of polypropylene composites. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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26
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Davletbaeva IM, Sazonov OO, Fazlyev AR, Zakirov IN, Davletbaev RS, Efimov SV, Klochkov VV. Thermal Behavior of Polyurethane Ionomers Based on Amino Ethers of Orthophosphoric Acid. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES A 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0965545x2005003x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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27
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Luo Q, Sun Y, Yu B, Song J, Tan D, Zhao J, Yan S. Synthesis of a hyperbranched polyamide oligomer containing
DOPO
for simultaneously enhancing the flame retardance and glass transition temperature of epoxy resin. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qinqin Luo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lingnan Normal University Zhanjiang China
| | - Yulin Sun
- School of Life Science and Technology Lingnan Normal University Zhanjiang China
| | - Biao Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lingnan Normal University Zhanjiang China
| | - Jiangli Song
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lingnan Normal University Zhanjiang China
| | - Dexin Tan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lingnan Normal University Zhanjiang China
| | - Jianqing Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Shijing Yan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products School of Chemistry Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities Nanning China
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28
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Serbezeanu D, Macsim AM, Carja ID, Hamciuc C, Pislaru M, Vlad-Bubulac T. Liquid crystalline hyperbranched polyesters with phosphorus functional groups. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008320960532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Liquid crystalline hyperbranched poly(aryl ester)s (A2B3) were prepared by polycondensation reaction of 2-(6-oxido-6H-dibenz<c,e><1,2>oxaphosphorin-6-yl)1,4-naphthalene diol with 1,3,5-benzenetricarbonyl trichloride, taken in two different molar ratios. The chemical structure of the newly synthesized hyperbranched polymers was confirmed by FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR spectroscopy. The polymers exhibited high thermal stability with initial decomposition temperature above 410–435°C and char yield at 700°C higher than 40%. Combined differential scanning calorimetry, polarized optical microscopy and wide-angle X-ray diffraction measurements were carried out to closely examine their thermal behavior and phase transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Serbezeanu
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Iasi, Romania
| | - Ana-Maria Macsim
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Iasi, Romania
| | | | - Corneliu Hamciuc
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Iasi, Romania
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Steinmann M, Wurm FR. Water-soluble and degradable polyphosphorodiamidates via thiol-ene polyaddition. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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30
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Fabrication, flame retardancy and physical properties of phosphorus containing porous organic polymers/epoxy resin composites. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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31
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Bubbles and collapses: Fire phenomena of flame‐retarded flexible polyurethane foams. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Recent Developments in the Flame-Retardant System of Epoxy Resin. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13092145. [PMID: 32384706 PMCID: PMC7254395 DOI: 10.3390/ma13092145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
With the increasing emphasis on environmental protection, the development of flame retardants for epoxy resin (EP) has tended to be non-toxic, efficient, multifunctional and systematic. Currently reported flame retardants have been capable of providing flame retardancy, heat resistance and thermal stability to EP. However, many aspects still need to be further improved. This paper reviews the development of EPs in halogen-free flame retardants, focusing on phosphorus flame retardants, carbon-based materials, silicon flame retardants, inorganic nanofillers, and metal-containing compounds. These flame retardants can be used on their own or in combination to achieve the desired results. The effects of these flame retardants on the thermal stability and flame retardancy of EPs were discussed. Despite the great progress on flame retardants for EP in recent years, further improvement of EP is needed to obtain numerous eco-friendly high-performance materials.
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Strasser P, Teasdale I. Main-Chain Phosphorus-Containing Polymers for Therapeutic Applications. Molecules 2020; 25:E1716. [PMID: 32276516 PMCID: PMC7181247 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymers in which phosphorus is an integral part of the main chain, including polyphosphazenes and polyphosphoesters, have been widely investigated in recent years for their potential in a number of therapeutic applications. Phosphorus, as the central feature of these polymers, endears the chemical functionalization, and in some cases (bio)degradability, to facilitate their use in such therapeutic formulations. Recent advances in the synthetic polymer chemistry have allowed for controlled synthesis methods in order to prepare the complex macromolecular structures required, alongside the control and reproducibility desired for such medical applications. While the main polymer families described herein, polyphosphazenes and polyphosphoesters and their analogues, as well as phosphorus-based dendrimers, have hitherto predominantly been investigated in isolation from one another, this review aims to highlight and bring together some of this research. In doing so, the focus is placed on the essential, and often mutual, design features and structure-property relationships that allow the preparation of such functional materials. The first part of the review details the relevant features of phosphorus-containing polymers in respect to their use in therapeutic applications, while the second part highlights some recent and innovative applications, offering insights into the most state-of-the-art research on phosphorus-based polymers in a therapeutic context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Strasser
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz (JKU), Altenberger Straße 69, A-4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Ian Teasdale
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz (JKU), Altenberger Straße 69, A-4040 Linz, Austria
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Huo S, Yang S, Wang J, Cheng J, Zhang Q, Hu Y, Ding G, Zhang Q, Song P. A liquid phosphorus-containing imidazole derivative as flame-retardant curing agent for epoxy resin with enhanced thermal latency, mechanical, and flame-retardant performances. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 386:121984. [PMID: 31896008 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The development of phosphorus-containing flame retardants combining good compatibility with matrix, low curing temperature, and mechanically reinforcing effect has remained a major challenge. Herein, we reported the synthesis of a liquid flame-retardant curing agent (DA) via the nucleophilic substitution between diphenylphosphinic chloride and 1-(3-aminopropyl)-imidazole (AI). DA exhibited good blending and latency towards epoxy resin (EP) at room temperature. According to DSC studies, DA could rapidly cure EP at moderate temperature. Compared with EP/AI sample, EP/DA samples displayed comparable or higher glass transition temperature (Tg) and enhanced mechanical properties due to the introduction of rigid diphenylphosphinyl group and improved cross-linking density. Moreover, DA improved the flame-retardant performances of EP thermoset. For instance, the LOI and UL94 rating of EP/DA-16 sample achieved 37.2 % and V-0, respectively. In addition, the peak of heat release rate (PHRR), average of heat release rate (AHRR), fire growth rate (FIGRA), and total heat release (THR) for EP/DA-16 sample reduced by 32 %, 42 %, 28 % and 27 % in comparison to EP/AI sample, respectively. DA was characterized by its good compatibility with EP, moderate curing temperature, fast curing rate, suitable thermal latency, mechanical reinforcing and flame-retardant effects, and thus it had a broad application prospect in various industrial fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Huo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China; Center for Future Materials, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba 4350, Australia
| | - Shuang Yang
- School of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China; Institute of Advanced Material Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jun Wang
- Institute of Advanced Material Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianwen Cheng
- Institute of Advanced Material Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- Institute of Advanced Material Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yefa Hu
- School of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China; Institute of Advanced Material Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoping Ding
- School of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China; Institute of Advanced Material Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiaoxin Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China; Institute of Advanced Material Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Pingan Song
- Center for Future Materials, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba 4350, Australia.
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Battig A, Markwart JC, Wurm FR, Schartel B. Sulfur’s role in the flame retardancy of thio-ether–linked hyperbranched polyphosphoesters in epoxy resins. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.109390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Kim J, You NH, Ku BC. Highly efficient halogen-free flame retardants of thermally-oxidized polyacrylonitrile copolymers containing bio-derived caffeic acid derivatives. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00854k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) copolymer with catechol comonomer is utilized as a precursor for the production of high-performance flame retarding fibers and is also widely used for clothing fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongho Kim
- Carbon Composite Materials Research Center
- Institute of Advanced Composite Materials
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST)
- Wanju
- Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Ho You
- Carbon Composite Materials Research Center
- Institute of Advanced Composite Materials
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST)
- Wanju
- Republic of Korea
| | - Bon-Cheol Ku
- Carbon Composite Materials Research Center
- Institute of Advanced Composite Materials
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST)
- Wanju
- Republic of Korea
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Movahedifar E, Vahabi H, Saeb MR, Thomas S. Flame Retardant Epoxy Composites on the Road of Innovation: An Analysis with Flame Retardancy Index for Future Development. Molecules 2019; 24:E3964. [PMID: 31683861 PMCID: PMC6866146 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24213964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, epoxy composites are elements of engineering materials and systems. Although they are known as versatile materials, epoxy resins suffer from high flammability. In this sense, flame retardancy analysis has been recognized as an undeniable requirement for developing future generations of epoxy-based systems. A considerable proportion of the literature on epoxy composites has been devoted to the use of phosphorus-based additives. Nevertheless, innovative flame retardants have coincidentally been under investigation to meet market requirements. This review paper attempts to give an overview of the research on flame retardant epoxy composites by classification of literature in terms of phosphorus (P), non-phosphorus (NP), and combinations of P/NP additives. A comprehensive set of data on cone calorimetry measurements applied on P-, NP-, and P/NP-incorporated epoxy systems was collected and treated. The performance of epoxy composites was qualitatively discussed as Poor, Good, and Excellent cases identified and distinguished by the use of the universal Flame Retardancy Index (FRI). Moreover, evaluations were rechecked by considering the UL-94 test data in four groups as V0, V1, V2, and nonrated (NR). The dimensionless FRI allowed for comparison between flame retardancy performances of epoxy composites. The results of this survey can pave the way for future innovations in developing flame-retardant additives for epoxy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Movahedifar
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology-Mahshahr Campus, Mahshahr 424, Iran.
| | - Henri Vahabi
- Université de Lorraine, CentraleSupélec, LMOPS, F-57000 Metz, France.
- Laboratoire Matériaux Optiques, Photoniques et Systèmes, CentraleSupélec, Université Paris-Saclay, 57070 Metz, France.
| | - Mohammad Reza Saeb
- Departments of Resin and Additives, Institute for Color Science and Technology, Tehran P.O. Box 16765-654, Iran.
| | - Sabu Thomas
- School of Chemical Sciences, MG University, Kottayam, Kerala 686560, India.
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Aromatic vs. Aliphatic Hyperbranched Polyphosphoesters as Flame Retardants in Epoxy Resins. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24213901. [PMID: 31671913 PMCID: PMC6864611 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24213901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The current trend for future flame retardants (FRs) goes to novel efficient halogen-free materials, due to the ban of several halogenated FRs. Among the most promising alternatives are phosphorus-based FRs, and of those, polymeric materials with complex shape have been recently reported. Herein, we present novel halogen-free aromatic and aliphatic hyperbranched polyphosphoesters (hbPPEs), which were synthesized by olefin metathesis polymerization and investigated them as a FR in epoxy resins. We compare their efficiency (aliphatic vs. aromatic) and further assess the differences between the monomeric compounds and the hbPPEs. The decomposition and vaporizing behavior of a compound is an important factor in its flame-retardant behavior, but also the interaction with the pyrolyzing matrix has a significant influence on the performance. Therefore, the challenge in designing a FR is to optimize the chemical structure and its decomposition pathway to the matrix, with regards to time and temperature. This behavior becomes obvious in this study, and explains the superior gas phase activity of the aliphatic FRs.
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Markwart JC, Battig A, Kuckhoff T, Schartel B, Wurm FR. First phosphorus AB 2 monomer for flame-retardant hyperbranched polyphosphoesters: AB 2vs. A 2 + B 3. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01156k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hyperbranched polyphosphoesters (hbPPEs) are promising flame retardants. Herein we synthesized the first phosphorus-based AB2 monomer for the synthesis of hbPPEs and assess its flame-retardant performance in an epoxy resin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens C. Markwart
- Physical Chemistry of Polymers
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
- Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz
| | - Alexander Battig
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)
- 12205 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Thomas Kuckhoff
- Physical Chemistry of Polymers
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Bernhard Schartel
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)
- 12205 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Frederik R. Wurm
- Physical Chemistry of Polymers
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
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