1
|
Matson JB, Steele AQ, Mase JD, Schulz MD. Polymer Characterization by Size-Exclusion Chromatography with Multi-Angle Light Scattering (SEC-MALS): A Tutorial Review. Polym Chem 2024; 15:127-142. [PMID: 39070757 PMCID: PMC11281244 DOI: 10.1039/d3py01181j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
This tutorial review presents the theory and application of SEC-MALS with minimal equations and a focus on synthetic polymer characterization, serving as an entry point for polymer scientists who want to learn more about SEC-MALS. We discuss the principles of static light scattering, outline its capability to generate absolute weight-average molar mass values, and extend its application to SEC-MALS. Practical elements are emphasized, enabling researchers to appreciate how values forM n , M w , and Đ are determined in an SEC-MALS experiment and how experimental conditions and input values, such as the specific refractive index increment ( d n / d c ), influence the results. Several illustrative SEC-MALS experiments demonstrate the impact of separation quality onM n (as opposed toM w ), the appearance of contaminants in SEC chromatograms from sample preparation, the influence of concentration on data quality, and how polymer topology affects molecular weight characterization in SEC. Finally, we address practical considerations, common issues, and persistent misconceptions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John B Matson
- Virginia Tech, Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute
| | - Anna Q Steele
- Virginia Tech, Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute
| | - Jonathan D Mase
- Virginia Tech, Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute
| | - Mirchael D Schulz
- Virginia Tech, Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shimizu T, Whitfield R, Jones GR, Raji IO, Konkolewicz D, Truong NP, Anastasaki A. Controlling primary chain dispersity in network polymers: elucidating the effect of dispersity on degradation. Chem Sci 2023; 14:13419-13428. [PMID: 38033899 PMCID: PMC10685271 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05203f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Although dispersity has been demonstrated to be instrumental in determining many polymer properties, current synthetic strategies predominantly focus on tailoring the dispersity of linear polymers. In contrast, controlling the primary chain dispersity in network polymers is much more challenging, in part due to the complex nature of the reactions, which has limited the exploration of properties and applications. Here, a one-step method to prepare networks with precisely tuned primary chain dispersity is presented. By using an acid-switchable chain transfer agent and a degradable crosslinker in PET-RAFT polymerization, the in situ crosslinking of the propagating polymer chains was achieved in a quantitative manner. The incorporation of a degradable crosslinker, not only enables the accurate quantification of the various primary chain dispersities, post-synthesis, but also allows the investigation and comparison of their respective degradation profiles. Notably, the highest dispersity networks resulted in a 40% increase in degradation time when compared to their lower dispersity analogues, demonstrating that primary chain dispersity has a substantial impact on the network degradation rate. Our experimental findings were further supported by simulations, which emphasized the importance of higher molecular weight polymer chains, found within the high dispersity materials, in extending the lifetime of the network. This methodology presents a new and promising avenue to precisely tune primary chain dispersity within networks and demonstrates that polymer dispersity is an important parameter to consider when designing degradable materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Shimizu
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich Vladimir Prelog Weg 5 8093 Zurich Switzerland
- Science & Innovation Center, Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation 1000 Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku Yokohama-shi Kanagawa 227-8502 Japan
| | - Richard Whitfield
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich Vladimir Prelog Weg 5 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Glen R Jones
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich Vladimir Prelog Weg 5 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Ibrahim O Raji
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University 651 E High St Oxford OH 45056 USA
| | - Dominik Konkolewicz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University 651 E High St Oxford OH 45056 USA
| | - Nghia P Truong
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich Vladimir Prelog Weg 5 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Athina Anastasaki
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich Vladimir Prelog Weg 5 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ma Q, Qiao GG, An Z. Visible Light Photoiniferter Polymerization for Dispersity Control in High Molecular Weight Polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202314729. [PMID: 37814139 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of polymers with high molecular weights, controlled sequence, and tunable dispersities remains a challenge. A simple and effective visible-light controlled photoiniferter reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization is reported here to realize this goal. Key to this strategy is the use of switchable RAFT agents (SRAs) to tune polymerization activities coupled with the inherent highly living nature of photoiniferter RAFT polymerization. The polymerization activities of SRAs were in situ adjusted by the addition of acid. In addition to a switchable chain-transfer coefficient, photolysis and polymerization kinetic studies revealed that neutral and protonated SRAs showed different photolysis and polymerization rates, which is unique to photoiniferter RAFT polymerization in terms of dispersity control. This strategy features no catalyst, no exogenous radical source, temporal regulation by visible light, and tunable dispersities in the unprecedented high molecular weight regime (up to 500 kg mol-1 ). Pentablock copolymers with three different dispersity combinations were also synthesized, highlighting that the highly living nature was maintained even for blocks with large dispersities. Tg was lowered for high-dispersity polymers of similar MWs due to the existence of more low-MW polymers. This strategy holds great potential for the synthesis of advanced materials with controlled molecular weight, dispersity and sequence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingchi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Greg G Qiao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Zesheng An
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang TT, Zhou YN, Luo ZH, Zhu S. Beauty of Explicit Dispersity ( Đ) Equations in Controlled Polymerizations. ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:1423-1436. [PMID: 37812608 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Dispersity (Đ) as a critical parameter indicates the level of uniformity of the polymer molar mass or chain length. In the past several decades, the development of explicit equations for calculating Đ experiences a continual revolution. This viewpoint tracks the historical evolution of the explicit equations from living to reversible-deactivation polymerization systems. Emphasis is laid on displaying the charm of explicit Đ equations in batch reversible-deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP), with highlights of the relevant elegant mathematical manipulations. Some representative emerging applications enabled by the existing explicit equations are shown, involving nitroxide-mediated polymerization (NMP), atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), and reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization systems. Stemming from the several outlined challenges and outlooks, sustained concerns about the explicit Đ equations are still highly deserved. It is expected that these equations will continue to play an important role not only in traditional polymerization kinetic simulation and design of experiments but also in modern intelligent manufacturing of precision polymers and classroom education.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Tian Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Yin-Ning Zhou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Zheng-Hong Luo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Shiping Zhu
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tan JD, Ramalingam B, Wong SL, Cheng JJW, Lim YF, Chellappan V, Khan SA, Kumar J, Hippalgaonkar K. Transfer Learning of Full Molecular Weight Distributions via High-Throughput Computer-Controlled Polymerization. J Chem Inf Model 2023; 63:4560-4573. [PMID: 37432764 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.3c00504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
The skew and shape of the molecular weight distribution (MWD) of polymers have a significant impact on polymer physical properties. Standard summary metrics statistically derived from the MWD only provide an incomplete picture of the polymer MWD. Machine learning (ML) methods coupled with high-throughput experimentation (HTE) could potentially allow for the prediction of the entire polymer MWD without information loss. In our work, we demonstrate a computer-controlled HTE platform that is able to run up to 8 unique variable conditions in parallel for the free radical polymerization of styrene. The segmented-flow HTE system was equipped with an inline Raman spectrometer and offline size exclusion chromatography (SEC) to obtain time-dependent conversion and MWD, respectively. Using ML forward models, we first predict monomer conversion, intrinsically learning varying polymerization kinetics that change for each experimental condition. In addition, we predict entire MWDs including the skew and shape as well as SHAP analysis to interpret the dependence on reagent concentrations and reaction time. We then used a transfer learning approach to use the data from our high-throughput flow reactor to predict batch polymerization MWDs with only three additional data points. Overall, we demonstrate that the combination of HTE and ML provides a high level of predictive accuracy in determining polymerization outcomes. Transfer learning can allow exploration outside existing parameter spaces efficiently, providing polymer chemists with the ability to target the synthesis of polymers with desired properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Da Tan
- Institute of Materials Research & Engineering, Agency for Science Technology and Research, 2 Fusionopolis Way, 138634 Singapore, Singapore
- National University of Singapore Graduate School - Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme, 21 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Balamurugan Ramalingam
- Institute of Materials Research & Engineering, Agency for Science Technology and Research, 2 Fusionopolis Way, 138634 Singapore, Singapore
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment, Agency for Science Technology and Research, 8 Biomedical Grove, Singapore 138665, Singapore
| | - Swee Liang Wong
- Institute of Materials Research & Engineering, Agency for Science Technology and Research, 2 Fusionopolis Way, 138634 Singapore, Singapore
- Home Team Science and Technology Agency, Singapore 138507, Singapore
| | - Jayce Jian Wei Cheng
- Institute of Materials Research & Engineering, Agency for Science Technology and Research, 2 Fusionopolis Way, 138634 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yee-Fun Lim
- Institute of Materials Research & Engineering, Agency for Science Technology and Research, 2 Fusionopolis Way, 138634 Singapore, Singapore
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment, Agency for Science Technology and Research, 8 Biomedical Grove, Singapore 138665, Singapore
| | - Vijila Chellappan
- Institute of Materials Research & Engineering, Agency for Science Technology and Research, 2 Fusionopolis Way, 138634 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Saif A Khan
- National University of Singapore Graduate School - Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme, 21 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119077, Singapore
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering - National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585, Singapore
| | - Jatin Kumar
- Institute of Materials Research & Engineering, Agency for Science Technology and Research, 2 Fusionopolis Way, 138634 Singapore, Singapore
- Xinterra Pte. Ltd., 77 Robinson Road, Singapore 068896, Singapore
| | - Kedar Hippalgaonkar
- Institute of Materials Research & Engineering, Agency for Science Technology and Research, 2 Fusionopolis Way, 138634 Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- Institute of Functional Intelligent Materials - National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117544, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Corrigan N, Boyer C. Living in the Moment: A Mathematically Verified Approach for Molecular Weight Distribution Analysis and Application to Data Storage. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Corrigan
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN), School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW2052, Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN), School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW2052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Liu J, Fan K, Li X, Qin R, Wang X, Liu X, Liu X. Brand-New Method toward Widely Regulating Polymer Dispersity by Two-Dimensional Confining Radical Polymerization. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c02231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxiang Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Kun Fan
- College of Electrical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Rui Qin
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Xu Wang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Xikui Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Xiangyang Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Controlling polymer molecular weight distributions by light through reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer‐hetero‐Diels–Alder click conjugation. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20220277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
9
|
Antonopoulou MN, Whitfield R, Truong NP, Anastasaki A. Controlling polymer dispersity using switchable RAFT agents: Unravelling the effect of the organic content and degree of polymerization. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
10
|
Facile control of molecular weight distribution via droplet‐flow light‐driven reversible‐deactivation radical polymerization. CHINESE J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202200236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
11
|
Kumar R. Materiomically Designed Polymeric Vehicles for Nucleic Acids: Quo Vadis? ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:2507-2535. [PMID: 35642794 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite rapid advances in molecular biology, particularly in site-specific genome editing technologies, such as CRISPR/Cas9 and base editing, financial and logistical challenges hinder a broad population from accessing and benefiting from gene therapy. To improve the affordability and scalability of gene therapy, we need to deploy chemically defined, economical, and scalable materials, such as synthetic polymers. For polymers to deliver nucleic acids efficaciously to targeted cells, they must optimally combine design attributes, such as architecture, length, composition, spatial distribution of monomers, basicity, hydrophilic-hydrophobic phase balance, or protonation degree. Designing polymeric vectors for specific nucleic acid payloads is a multivariate optimization problem wherein even minuscule deviations from the optimum are poorly tolerated. To explore the multivariate polymer design space rapidly, efficiently, and fruitfully, we must integrate parallelized polymer synthesis, high-throughput biological screening, and statistical modeling. Although materiomics approaches promise to streamline polymeric vector development, several methodological ambiguities must be resolved. For instance, establishing a flexible polymer ontology that accommodates recent synthetic advances, enforcing uniform polymer characterization and data reporting standards, and implementing multiplexed in vitro and in vivo screening studies require considerable planning, coordination, and effort. This contribution will acquaint readers with the challenges associated with materiomics approaches to polymeric gene delivery and offers guidelines for overcoming these challenges. Here, we summarize recent developments in combinatorial polymer synthesis, high-throughput screening of polymeric vectors, omics-based approaches to polymer design, barcoding schemes for pooled in vitro and in vivo screening, and identify materiomics-inspired research directions that will realize the long-unfulfilled clinical potential of polymeric carriers in gene therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Kumar
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, 1613 Illinois St, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Precision Polymer Synthesis by Controlled Radical Polymerization: Fusing the progress from Polymer Chemistry and Reaction Engineering. Prog Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2022.101555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
13
|
Rosenbloom SI, Hsu JH, Fors BP. Controlling the shape of the molecular weight distribution for tailored tensile and rheological properties in thermoplastics and thermoplastic elastomers. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jesse H. Hsu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Cornell University Ithaca New York USA
| | - Brett P. Fors
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Cornell University Ithaca New York USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Buckinx A, Rubens M, Cameron NR, Bakkali-Hassani C, Sokolova A, Junkers T. The effects of molecular weight dispersity on block copolymer self-assembly. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00318j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The influence of dispersity in the molecular weight distributions in the core forming block for block copolymer (BCP) self-assembly is analyzed via an automated flow synthesis approach. Polystyrenes with increasing...
Collapse
|
15
|
Wang HS, Parkatzidis K, Harrisson S, Truong NP, Anastasaki A. Controlling dispersity in aqueous atom transfer radical polymerization: rapid and quantitative synthesis of one-pot block copolymers. Chem Sci 2021; 12:14376-14382. [PMID: 34880988 PMCID: PMC8580105 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04241f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The dispersity (Đ) of a polymer is a key parameter in material design, and variations in Đ can have a strong influence on fundamental polymer properties. Despite its importance, current polymerization strategies to control Đ operate exclusively in organic media and are limited by slow polymerization rates, moderate conversions, significant loss of initiator efficiency and lack of dispersity control in block copolymers. Here, we demonstrate a rapid and quantitative method to tailor Đ of both homo and block copolymers in aqueous atom transfer radical polymerization. By using excess ligand to regulate the dissociation of bromide ions from the copper deactivator complexes, a wide range of monomodal molecular weight distributions (1.08 < Đ < 1.60) can be obtained within 10 min while achieving very high monomer conversions (∼99%). Despite the high conversions and the broad molecular weight distributions, very high end-group fidelity is maintained as exemplified by the ability to synthesize in situ diblock copolymers with absolute control over the dispersity of either block (e.g. low Đ → high Đ, high Đ → high Đ, high Đ → low Đ). The potential of our approach is further highlighted by the synthesis of complex pentablock and decablock copolymers without any need for purification between the iterative block formation steps. Other benefits of our methodology include the possibility to control Đ without affecting the M n, the interesting mechanistic concept that sheds light onto aqueous polymerizations and the capability to operate in the presence of air.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Suk Wang
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Kostas Parkatzidis
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Simon Harrisson
- LCPO, ENSCBP/CNRS/Université de Bordeaux, UMR5629 Pessac France
| | - Nghia P Truong
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Athina Anastasaki
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5 Zurich Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Shimizu T, Truong NP, Whitfield R, Anastasaki A. Tuning Ligand Concentration in Cu(0)-RDRP: A Simple Approach to Control Polymer Dispersity. ACS POLYMERS AU 2021; 1:187-195. [PMID: 34901951 PMCID: PMC8662723 DOI: 10.1021/acspolymersau.1c00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cu(0)-reversible deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP) is a versatile polymerization tool, providing rapid access to well-defined polymers while utilizing mild reaction conditions and low catalyst loadings. However, thus far, this method has not been applied to tailor dispersity, a key parameter that determines the physical properties and applications of polymeric materials. Here, we report a simple to perform method, whereby Cu(0)-RDRP can systematically control polymer dispersity (Đ = 1.07-1.72), while maintaining monomodal molecular weight distributions. By varying the ligand concentration, we could effectively regulate the rates of initiation and deactivation, resulting in polymers of various dispersities. Importantly, both low and high dispersity PMA possess high end-group fidelity, as evidenced by MALDI-ToF-MS, allowing for a range of block copolymers to be prepared with different dispersity configurations. The scope of our method can also be extended to include inexpensive ligands (i.e., PMDETA), which also facilitated the polymerization of lower propagation rate constant monomers (i.e., styrene) and the in situ synthesis of block copolymers. This work significantly expands the toolbox of RDRP methods for tailoring dispersity in polymeric materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Shimizu
- Laboratory
of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland,Science
& Innovation Center, Mitsubishi Chemical
Corporation, 1000 Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku,
Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 227-8502, Japan
| | - Nghia P. Truong
- Laboratory
of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Richard Whitfield
- Laboratory
of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland,
| | - Athina Anastasaki
- Laboratory
of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland,
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wallace MA, Sita LR. Temporal Control over Two‐ and Three‐State Living Coordinative Chain Transfer Polymerization for Modulating the Molecular Weight Distribution Profile of Polyolefins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202105937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Wallace
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Maryland College Park MD 20742 USA
| | - Lawrence R. Sita
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Maryland College Park MD 20742 USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Precise Control of Both Dispersity and Molecular Weight Distribution Shape by Polymer Blending. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202106729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
19
|
Whitfield R, Truong NP, Anastasaki A. Precise Control of Both Dispersity and Molecular Weight Distribution Shape by Polymer Blending. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:19383-19388. [PMID: 34133078 PMCID: PMC8456836 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202106729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The breadth and the shape of molecular weight distributions can significantly influence fundamental polymer properties that are critical for various applications. However, current approaches require the extensive synthesis of multiple polymers, are limited in dispersity precision and are typically incapable of simultaneously controlling both the dispersity and the shape of molecular weight distributions. Here we report a simplified approach, whereby on mixing two polymers (one of high Đ and one of low Đ), any intermediate dispersity value can be obtained (e.g. from 1.08 to 1.84). Unrivalled precision is achieved, with dispersity values obtained to even the nearest 0.01 (e.g. 1.37→1.38→1.39→1.40→1.41→1.42→1.43→1.44→1.45), while maintaining fairly monomodal molecular weight distributions. This approach was also employed to control the shape of molecular weight distributions and to obtain diblock copolymers with high dispersity accuracy. The straightforward nature of our methodology alongside its compatibility with a wide range of polymerisation protocols (e.g. ATRP, RAFT), significantly expands the toolbox of tailored polymeric materials and makes them accessible to all researchers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Whitfield
- Laboratory of Polymeric MaterialsDepartment of MaterialsETH ZurichVladimir-Prelog-Weg 58093ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Nghia P. Truong
- Laboratory of Polymeric MaterialsDepartment of MaterialsETH ZurichVladimir-Prelog-Weg 58093ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Athina Anastasaki
- Laboratory of Polymeric MaterialsDepartment of MaterialsETH ZurichVladimir-Prelog-Weg 58093ZurichSwitzerland
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wallace MA, Sita LR. Temporal Control over Two- and Three-State Living Coordinative Chain Transfer Polymerization for Modulating the Molecular Weight Distribution Profile of Polyolefins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:19671-19678. [PMID: 34196076 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202105937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A highly versatile new strategy for manipulating the molecular weight profiles, including breadth, asymmetry (skewness) and modal nature (mono-, bi-, and multimodal), of a variety of different polyolefins is reported. It involves temporal control over two- and three-state living coordinative chain transfer polymerization (LCCTP) of olefins in a programmable way. By changing the identity of the R' groups of the chain transfer agent, ER'n , with time, different populations of chains within a bi- or multimodal polyolefin product can be selectively tagged with different end-groups. By changing the nature of the main-group metal of the CTA, programmed manipulation of the relative magnitudes of the dispersities of the different maxima that make up the final MWD profile can be achieved. This strategy can be implemented with existing LCCTP materials and conventional reactor methods to provide access to scalable and practical quantities of an unlimited array of new polyolefin materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Wallace
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Lawrence R Sita
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Wallace MA, Sita LR. Multi-State Living Degenerative and Chain Transfer Coordinative Polymerization of α-Olefins via Sub-Stoichiometric Activation. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c02120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Wallace
- Laboratory for Applied Catalyst Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Lawrence R. Sita
- Laboratory for Applied Catalyst Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Rolland M, Lohmann V, Whitfield R, Truong NP, Anastasaki A. Understanding dispersity control in
photo‐
atom transfer radical polymerization: Effect of degree of polymerization and kinetic evaluation. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manon Rolland
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials ETH Zürich Zürich Switzerland
| | - Victoria Lohmann
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials ETH Zürich Zürich Switzerland
| | - Richard Whitfield
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials ETH Zürich Zürich Switzerland
| | - Nghia P. Truong
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials ETH Zürich Zürich Switzerland
| | - Athina Anastasaki
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials ETH Zürich Zürich Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wang CG, Chong AML, Goto A. One Reagent with Two Functions: Simultaneous Living Radical Polymerization and Chain-End Substitution for Tailoring Polymer Dispersity. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:584-590. [PMID: 35570769 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The molecular weight distribution of polymer, termed dispersity (Đ), is a fundamental parameter that determines polymer properties. Sodium azide (NaN3) functions as a catalyst in organocatalyzed living radical polymerization when the reaction medium is nonpolar. In contrast, NaN3 can act as a nucleophile when the reaction medium is polar. In this paper, we report an efficient approach to dispersity control by exploiting the dual functions of NaN3 under the varied solvent polarity. Simultaneous polymerization and chain-end substitution allowed us to tune the Đ values of various polymethacrylates and poly(butyl acrylate). Notably, the Đ value could be tuned to a wide range approximately from 1.2 to 2.0 for polymethacrylates and to 3.8 for poly(butyl acrylate). This approach afforded polymer brushes on surfaces with tailored Đ values. An interesting finding was that the polymer brushes exhibited a unique interaction with external molecules, depending on the Đ value.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Gang Wang
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, 637371 Singapore
| | - Amerlyn Ming Liing Chong
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, 637371 Singapore
| | - Atsushi Goto
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, 637371 Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Gu Y, Lin P, Zhou C, Chen M. Machine learning-assisted systematical polymerization planning: case studies on reversible-deactivation radical polymerization. Sci China Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-020-9969-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
25
|
Marien YW, Edeleva M, Figueira FL, Arraez FJ, Van Steenberge PHM, D'hooge DR. Translating Simulated Chain Length and Molar Mass Distributions in Chain‐Growth Polymerization for Experimental Comparison and Mechanistic Insight. MACROMOL THEOR SIMUL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/mats.202100008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshi W. Marien
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT) Ghent University Technologiepark 125 Gent B‐9052 Belgium
| | - Mariya Edeleva
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT) Ghent University Technologiepark 125 Gent B‐9052 Belgium
| | - Freddy L. Figueira
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT) Ghent University Technologiepark 125 Gent B‐9052 Belgium
| | - Francisco J. Arraez
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT) Ghent University Technologiepark 125 Gent B‐9052 Belgium
| | | | - Dagmar R. D'hooge
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT) Ghent University Technologiepark 125 Gent B‐9052 Belgium
- Centre for Textile Science and Engineering Ghent University Technologiepark 70a Gent B‐9052 Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Parkatzidis K, Rolland M, Truong NP, Anastasaki A. Tailoring polymer dispersity by mixing ATRP initiators. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01044a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Herein we present a simple batch method to control polymer dispersity using a mixture of two ATRP initiators with different reactivities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kostas Parkatzidis
- Laboratory for Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Manon Rolland
- Laboratory for Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nghia P. Truong
- Laboratory for Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Athina Anastasaki
- Laboratory for Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Rosenbloom SI, Sifri RJ, Fors BP. Achieving molecular weight distribution shape control and broad dispersities using RAFT polymerizations. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00399b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Metered additions of chain transfer agents are used to control molecular weight distribution (MWD) features in reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer polymerizations, giving polymers with tailored MWD shapes and dispersities as high as 6.2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie I. Rosenbloom
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - Renee J. Sifri
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - Brett P. Fors
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Jia R, Tu Y, Glauber M, Huang Z, Xuan S, Zhang W, Zhou N, Li X, Zhang Z, Zhu X. Fine control of the molecular weight and polymer dispersity via a latent monomeric retarder. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01569e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A latent monomeric retarder was used for a one-shot polymerization with a defined MW and Đ.
Collapse
|
29
|
Park NH, Zubarev DY, Hedrick JL, Kiyek V, Corbet C, Lottier S. A Recommender System for Inverse Design of Polycarbonates and Polyesters. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel H. Park
- IBM Research−Almaden, 650 Harry Rd., San Jose, California 95120, United States
| | - Dmitry Yu. Zubarev
- IBM Research−Almaden, 650 Harry Rd., San Jose, California 95120, United States
| | - James L. Hedrick
- IBM Research−Almaden, 650 Harry Rd., San Jose, California 95120, United States
| | - Vivien Kiyek
- IBM Research−Almaden, 650 Harry Rd., San Jose, California 95120, United States
| | - Christiaan Corbet
- IBM Research−Almaden, 650 Harry Rd., San Jose, California 95120, United States
| | - Simon Lottier
- IBM Research−Almaden, 650 Harry Rd., San Jose, California 95120, United States
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Liu K, Corrigan N, Postma A, Moad G, Boyer C. A Comprehensive Platform for the Design and Synthesis of Polymer Molecular Weight Distributions. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Liu
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Nathaniel Corrigan
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine (ACN) and School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Almar Postma
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) Manufacturing, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Graeme Moad
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) Manufacturing, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine (ACN) and School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Rosenbloom SI, Fors BP. Shifting Boundaries: Controlling Molecular Weight Distribution Shape for Mechanically Enhanced Thermoplastic Elastomers. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie I. Rosenbloom
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Brett P. Fors
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Junkers
- Polymer Reaction Design Group School of Chemistry Monash University 19 Rainforest Walk Clayton VIC 3800 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Zaquen N, Rubens M, Corrigan N, Xu J, Zetterlund PB, Boyer C, Junkers T. Polymer Synthesis in Continuous Flow Reactors. Prog Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2020.101256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
|
34
|
Junkers T, Vrijsen JH. Designing molecular weight distributions of arbitrary shape with selectable average molecular weight and dispersity. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
35
|
Walsh DJ, Schinski DA, Schneider RA, Guironnet D. General route to design polymer molecular weight distributions through flow chemistry. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3094. [PMID: 32555179 PMCID: PMC7303143 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16874-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The properties of a polymer are known to be intrinsically related to its molecular weight distribution (MWD); however, previous methodologies of MWD control do not use a design and result in arbitrary shaped MWDs. Here we report a precise design to synthesis protocol for producing a targeted MWD design with a simple to use, and chemistry agnostic computer-controlled tubular flow reactor. To support the development of this protocol, we constructed general reactor design rules by combining fluid mechanical principles, polymerization kinetics, and experiments. The ring opening polymerization of lactide, the anionic polymerization of styrene, and the ring opening metathesis polymerization are used as model polymerizations to develop the reactor design rules and synthesize MWD profiles. The derivation of a mathematical model enables the quantitative prediction of the experimental results, and this model provides a tool to explore the limits of any MWD design protocol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dylan J Walsh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Devin A Schinski
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Robert A Schneider
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Damien Guironnet
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
|
37
|
Rolland M, Truong NP, Whitfield R, Anastasaki A. Tailoring Polymer Dispersity in Photoinduced Iron-Catalyzed ATRP. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:459-463. [PMID: 35648502 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Although dispersity (Đ) plays an important role in controlling polymer properties, there are very few chemical methods that can sufficiently tune it. Here we report a simple, batch, and environmentally benign photoinduced iron-catalyzed ATRP methodology that enables the efficient control of Đ for both homopolymers and block copolymers. We show that by judiciously varying the concentration of the FeBr3/TBABr catalyst, a range of dispersities can be obtained (1.18 < Đ < 1.80) while maintaining monomodal molecular weight distributions. High end-group fidelity was confirmed by MALDI-ToF-MS and was further supported by the efficient synthesis of in situ block copolymers where the dispersity of the second block could be controlled upon demand. Importantly, through the use of low ppm amounts of the catalyst, perfect temporal control could be attained during intermittent "on/off" cycles. This work considerably expands the chemical toolbox for tuning Đ of homo- and block copolymers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manon Rolland
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nghia P. Truong
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Richard Whitfield
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Athina Anastasaki
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Vrijsen JH, Rubens M, Junkers T. Simple and secure data encryption via molecular weight distribution fingerprints. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01071e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A method for encryption and safe transmission of data in the shape of molecular weight distributions (MWD) is presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen H. Vrijsen
- Organic and (Bio-)Polymer Chemistry
- Institute for Materials Research
- Hasselt University
- 3590 Diepenbeek
- Belgium
| | - Maarten Rubens
- Organic and (Bio-)Polymer Chemistry
- Institute for Materials Research
- Hasselt University
- 3590 Diepenbeek
- Belgium
| | - Tanja Junkers
- Organic and (Bio-)Polymer Chemistry
- Institute for Materials Research
- Hasselt University
- 3590 Diepenbeek
- Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Parkatzidis K, Truong NP, Antonopoulou MN, Whitfield R, Konkolewicz D, Anastasaki A. Tailoring polymer dispersity by mixing chain transfer agents in PET-RAFT polymerization. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00823k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Here we report a simple and versatile batch methodology to tailor polymer dispersity utilizing PET-RAFT polymerization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kostas Parkatzidis
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials
- Department of Materials
- Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - Nghia P. Truong
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials
- Department of Materials
- Zurich
- Switzerland
| | | | - Richard Whitfield
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials
- Department of Materials
- Zurich
- Switzerland
| | | | - Athina Anastasaki
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials
- Department of Materials
- Zurich
- Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Knox ST, Warren NJ. Enabling technologies in polymer synthesis: accessing a new design space for advanced polymer materials. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9re00474b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses how developments in laboratory technologies can push the boundaries of what is achievable using existing polymer synthesis techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen T. Knox
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering
- University of Leeds
- Leeds
- UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Wang CG, Chong AML, Pan HM, Sarkar J, Tay XT, Goto A. Recent development in halogen-bonding-catalyzed living radical polymerization. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00939c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The development and applications of an organocatalyzed living radical polymerization via halogen-bonding catalysis, i.e., reversible complexation mediated polymerization (RCMP), are highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Gang Wang
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences
- Nanyang Technological University
- 637371 Singapore
| | - Amerlyn Ming Liing Chong
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences
- Nanyang Technological University
- 637371 Singapore
| | - Houwen Matthew Pan
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences
- Nanyang Technological University
- 637371 Singapore
| | - Jit Sarkar
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences
- Nanyang Technological University
- 637371 Singapore
| | - Xiu Ting Tay
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences
- Nanyang Technological University
- 637371 Singapore
| | - Atsushi Goto
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences
- Nanyang Technological University
- 637371 Singapore
| |
Collapse
|