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Liu J, Zhao J, Li C, Liu Y, Li D, Li H, Valtchev V, Qiu S, Wang Y, Fang Q. Precise Modulation of Carbon Activity Sites in Metal-Free Covalent Organic Frameworks for Enhanced Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysis. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2305759. [PMID: 37700638 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202305759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Metal-free carbon-based materials have gained recognition as potential electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in new environmentally-friendly electrochemical energy conversion technologies. The presence of effective active centers is crucial for achieving productive ORR. In this study, we present the synthesis of two metal-free dibenzo[a,c]phenazine-based covalent organic frameworks (DBP-COFs), specifically JUC-650 and JUC-651, which serve as ORR electrocatalysts. Among them, JUC-650 demonstrates exceptional catalytic performance for ORR in alkaline electrolytes, exhibiting an onset potential of 0.90 V versus RHE and a half-wave potential of 0.72 V versus RHE. Consequently, JUC-650 stands out as one of the most outstanding metal-free COF-based ORR electrocatalysts report to date. Experimental investigations and density functional theory calculations confirm that modulation of the frameworks' electronic configuration allows for the reduction of adsorption energy at the Schiff-base carbon active sites, leading to more efficient ORR processes. Moreover, the DBP-COFs can be assembled as excellent air cathode catalysts for zinc-air batteries (ZAB), rivaling the performance of commercial Pt/C. This study provides valuable insights for the development of efficient metal-free organoelectrocatalysts through precise regulation of active site strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianchuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Jie Zhao
- SINOPEC Research Institute of Petroleum Processing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Cuiyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yaozu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Daohao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-fibers and Eco-textiles, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, P. R. China
| | - Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Valentin Valtchev
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Songling Road, Laoshan District, Qingdao, Shandong, 266101, P. R. China
- Normandie Univ, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS, Laboratoire Catalyse et Spectrochimie, 6 Marechal Juin, Caen, 14050, France
| | - Shilun Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yujie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Qianrong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
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Lu X, Xiao L, Yang P, Xu H, Liu L, Li R, Li Y, Zhang H, Zhang J, An M. Highly exposed surface pore-edge FeN x sites for enhanced oxygen reduction performance in Zn-air batteries. Inorg Chem Front 2023. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qi02228a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Atomically dispersed pore-edge FeNx sites anchored on porous carbon exhibit excellent activity and stability towards ORR. The assembled Zn-air battery presents a high peak power density (150 mW cm−2) and long-cycle stability (450 h).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Lu
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150001 Harbin, China
| | - Lihui Xiao
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150001 Harbin, China
| | - Peixia Yang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150001 Harbin, China
| | - Hao Xu
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150001 Harbin, China
| | - Lilai Liu
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Heilongjiang University of Science and Technology, Harbin, 150022, China
| | - Ruopeng Li
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150001 Harbin, China
| | - Yaqiang Li
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150001 Harbin, China
| | - Huiling Zhang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150001 Harbin, China
| | - Jinqiu Zhang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150001 Harbin, China
| | - Maozhong An
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150001 Harbin, China
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Muhyuddin M, Testa D, Lorenzi R, Vanacore GM, Poli F, Soavi F, Specchia S, Giurlani W, Innocenti M, Rosi L, Santoro C. Iron-based electrocatalysts derived from scrap tires for oxygen reduction reaction: Evolution of synthesis-structure-performance relationship in acidic, neutral and alkaline media. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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TEMPO-mediated oxidized cellulose nanofibers-Cd2+ derived hierarchically porous carbon aerogel for oxygen reduction electrocatalysis. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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5
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Muhyuddin M, Filippi J, Zoia L, Bonizzoni S, Lorenzi R, Berretti E, Capozzoli L, Bellini M, Ferrara C, Lavacchi A, Santoro C. Waste Face Surgical Mask Transformation into Crude Oil and Nanostructured Electrocatalysts for Fuel Cells and Electrolyzers. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202102351. [PMID: 34889066 PMCID: PMC9300040 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202102351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A novel route for the valorization of waste into valuable products was developed. Surgical masks commonly used for COVID 19 protection by stopping aerosol and droplets have been widely used, and their disposal is critical and often not properly pursued. This work intended to transform surgical masks into platinum group metal-free electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) as well as into crude oil. Surgical masks were subjected to controlled-temperature and -atmosphere pyrolysis, and the produced char was then converted into electrocatalysts by functionalizing it with metal phthalocyanine of interest. The electrocatalytic performance characterization towards ORR and HER was carried out highlighting promising activity. At different temperatures, condensable oil fractions were acquired and thoroughly analyzed. Transformation of waste surgical masks into electrocatalysts and crude oil can open new routes for the conversion of waste into valuable products within the core of the circular economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsin Muhyuddin
- Department of Materials ScienceUniversity of Milano-BicoccaU5 Via Cozzi 5520125MilanItaly
| | - Jonathan Filippi
- Istituto di Chimica Dei Composti OrganoMetallici (ICCOM)Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR)Via Madonna Del Piano 1050019Sesto FiorentinoFirenzeItaly
| | - Luca Zoia
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Milano-Bicocca Building U01Piazza della Scienza 120126MilanItaly
| | - Simone Bonizzoni
- Department of Materials ScienceUniversity of Milano-BicoccaU5 Via Cozzi 5520125MilanItaly
| | - Roberto Lorenzi
- Department of Materials ScienceUniversity of Milano-BicoccaU5 Via Cozzi 5520125MilanItaly
| | - Enrico Berretti
- Istituto di Chimica Dei Composti OrganoMetallici (ICCOM)Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR)Via Madonna Del Piano 1050019Sesto FiorentinoFirenzeItaly
| | - Laura Capozzoli
- Istituto di Chimica Dei Composti OrganoMetallici (ICCOM)Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR)Via Madonna Del Piano 1050019Sesto FiorentinoFirenzeItaly
| | - Marco Bellini
- Istituto di Chimica Dei Composti OrganoMetallici (ICCOM)Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR)Via Madonna Del Piano 1050019Sesto FiorentinoFirenzeItaly
| | - Chiara Ferrara
- Department of Materials ScienceUniversity of Milano-BicoccaU5 Via Cozzi 5520125MilanItaly
| | - Alessandro Lavacchi
- Istituto di Chimica Dei Composti OrganoMetallici (ICCOM)Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR)Via Madonna Del Piano 1050019Sesto FiorentinoFirenzeItaly
| | - Carlo Santoro
- Department of Materials ScienceUniversity of Milano-BicoccaU5 Via Cozzi 5520125MilanItaly
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Abstract
Fuel cells are a promising alternative to non-renewable energy production industries such as petroleum and natural gas. The cathodic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), which makes fuel cell technology possible, is sluggish under normal conditions. Thus, catalysts must be used to allow fuel cells to operate efficiently. Traditionally, platinum (Pt) catalysts are often utilized as they exhibit a highly efficient ORR with low overpotential values. However, Pt is an expensive and precious metal, posing economic problems for commercialization. Herein, advances in carbon-based catalysts are reviewed for their application in ORRs due to their abundance and low-cost syntheses. Various synthetic methods from different renewable sources are presented, and their catalytic properties are compared. Likewise, the effects of heteroatom and non-precious metal doping, surface area, and porosity on their performance are investigated. Carbon-based support materials are discussed in relation to their physical properties and the subsequent effect on Pt ORR performance. Lastly, advances in fuel cell electrolytes for various fuel cell types are presented. This review aims to provide valuable insight into current challenges in fuel cell performance and how they can be overcome using carbon-based materials and next generation electrolytes.
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Muhyuddin M, Mustarelli P, Santoro C. Recent Advances in Waste Plastic Transformation into Valuable Platinum-Group Metal-Free Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:3785-3800. [PMID: 34288512 PMCID: PMC8519148 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202101252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plastic waste causes severe environmental hazards, owing to inadequate disposal and limited recycling. Under the framework of circular economy, there are urgent demands to valorize plastic waste more safely and sustainably. Therefore, much scientific interest has been witnessed recently in plastic waste-derived electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), where the plastic waste acts as a cost-effective and easily available precursor for the carbon backbone. The ORR is not only a key efficiency indicator for fuel cells and metal-air batteries but also a major obstacle for their commercial realization. The applicability of the aforementioned electrochemical devices is limited, owing to sluggish ORR activity and expensive platinum-group metal electrocatalysts. However, waste-derived ORR electrocatalysts are emerging as a potential substitute that could be inexpensively fabricated upon the conversion of plastic waste into active materials containing earth-abundant transition metals. In this Minireview, very recent research developments regarding plastic waste-derived ORR electrocatalysts are critically summarized with a prime focus on the followed synthesis routes, physicochemical properties of the derived electrocatalysts, and their ultimate electrochemical performance. Finally, the prospects for the future development of plastic waste-derived electrocatalysts are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsin Muhyuddin
- Department of Material ScienceUniversity of Milano-BicoccaU5 Via Cozzi 5520125MilanItaly
| | - Piercarlo Mustarelli
- Department of Material ScienceUniversity of Milano-BicoccaU5 Via Cozzi 5520125MilanItaly
| | - Carlo Santoro
- Department of Material ScienceUniversity of Milano-BicoccaU5 Via Cozzi 5520125MilanItaly
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Rangraz Y, Heravi MM, Elhampour A. Recent Advances on Heteroatom-Doped Porous Carbon/Metal Materials: Fascinating Heterogeneous Catalysts for Organic Transformations. CHEM REC 2021; 21:1985-2073. [PMID: 34396670 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Design and preparation of low-cost, effective, and novel catalysts are important topics in the field of heterogeneous catalysis from academic and industrial perspectives. Recently, heteroatom-doped porous carbon/metal materials have received significant attention as promising catalysts in divergent organic reactions. Incorporation of heteroatom into the carbon framework can tailor the properties of carbon, providing suitable interaction between support and metal, resulting in superior catalytic performance compared with those of traditional pure carbon/metal catalytic systems. In this review, we try to underscore the recent advances in the design, preparation, and application of heteroatom-doped porous carbon/metal catalysts towards various organic transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalda Rangraz
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physics and Chemistry, Alzahra University, PO Box 19938-93973, Vanak, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid M Heravi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physics and Chemistry, Alzahra University, PO Box 19938-93973, Vanak, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Elhampour
- Department of Chemistry, Semnan University, PO Box 35131-19111, Semnan, Iran
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Zhou J, He Y, Wang Y, Li X, Xu C. Metal-free N and O Co-doped carbon directly derived from bicrystal Zn-based zeolite-like metal-organic frameworks as durable high-performance pH-universal oxygen reduction reaction catalyst. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:405401. [PMID: 34167092 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac0e6a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A simple and green approach is studied for the preparation of a high-activity metal-free N,O-codoped porous carbon (NOPC) electrocatalyst by one-step pyrolysis of pristine zinc-based zeolite-like metal-organic framework (Zn-ZMOF) synthesized by hydrothermal method from Zn2+and 4,5-imidazoledicarboxylic acid (H3IDC) in H2O solvent. It is found that the structure and electroactivity of Zn-ZMOF and NOPC vary with the molar ratio of H3IDC to zinc acetate. NOPC shows pH-universal electrocatalytic property for oxygen reduction reaction and its electrocatalytic performance is similar to that of Pt/C in alkaline and neutral electrolytes, and is close to that of Pt/C in acidic electrolyte, which is a relatively rare case for metal-free porous carbon derived from pristine MOF. Meanwhile, NOPC displays higher long-term stability and better tolerance to methanol and carbon monoxide poisoning than that of commercial Pt/C. The excellent performance of NOPC is mainly due to the special structure of the precursor Zn-ZMOF, and the synergism of abundant active sites, micro/mesoporous structure, large specific surface area, and high degree of graphitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (Shaanxi Normal University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710119, People's Republic of China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Chang'an West Street 620, Xi'an 710119, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu He
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (Shaanxi Normal University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710119, People's Republic of China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Chang'an West Street 620, Xi'an 710119, People's Republic of China
| | - Yini Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (Shaanxi Normal University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710119, People's Republic of China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Chang'an West Street 620, Xi'an 710119, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (Shaanxi Normal University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710119, People's Republic of China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Chang'an West Street 620, Xi'an 710119, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunli Xu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (Shaanxi Normal University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710119, People's Republic of China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Chang'an West Street 620, Xi'an 710119, People's Republic of China
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Liang S, Wang ZD, Guo ZF, Chen XY, Li SQ, Wang BD, Lu GL, Sun H, Liu ZN, Zang HY. N-Doped porous biocarbon materials derived from soya peptone as efficient electrocatalysts for the ORR. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj06080a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A non-noble metal oxygen reduction catalyst was designed and fabricated via a facile carbonization of soya peptone and ZnCl2.
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12
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Boosting the oxygen reduction performance of MOF-5-derived Fe-N-C electrocatalysts via a dual strategy of cation-exchange and guest-encapsulation. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.137408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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13
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Wu F, Pan C, He CT, Han Y, Ma W, Wei H, Ji W, Chen W, Mao J, Yu P, Wang D, Mao L, Li Y. Single-Atom Co–N4 Electrocatalyst Enabling Four-Electron Oxygen Reduction with Enhanced Hydrogen Peroxide Tolerance for Selective Sensing. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:16861-16867. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c07790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academies of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Cong Pan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academies of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chun-Ting He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Yunhu Han
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wenjie Ma
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academies of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huan Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academies of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenliang Ji
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
| | - Wenxing Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Construction Tailorable Advanced Functional Materials and Green Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Junjie Mao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Ping Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academies of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dingsheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lanqun Mao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academies of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yadong Li
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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14
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Hou K, Sun Z, Liu Y, Guan L. A NH4Cl–NaCl mixed salts assisted pyrolysis route for preparation of a high performance Fe/N/C oxygen reduction reaction catalyst. Inorg Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qi00453g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A mixed salts NH4Cl + NaCl assisted pyrolysis approach is presented to prepare a highly efficient Fe/N/C electrocatalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction under both acidic and basic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Hou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures
- and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Fuzhou
| | - Zhen Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures
- and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Fuzhou
| | - Yang Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures
- and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Fuzhou
| | - Lunhui Guan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures
- and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Fuzhou
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