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De Salvo A, Mancuso R, Wu XF. Carbonylative synthesis and functionalization of indoles. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:973-1000. [PMID: 38711593 PMCID: PMC11070973 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Carbonylation processes have become widely recognized as a versatile, convenient, and low-cost method for the synthesis of high-value compounds. Given the great importance of heterocyclic compounds, the carbonylative approach has become increasingly important for their synthesis. In this mini-review, as a class of benzo-fused nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds, we summarized and discussed the recent achievements on the synthesis and functionalization of indole derivatives via carbonylative approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex De Salvo
- Laboratory of Industrial and Synthetic Organic Chemistry (LISOC), Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, Via Pietro Bucci 12/C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V., Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Raffaella Mancuso
- Laboratory of Industrial and Synthetic Organic Chemistry (LISOC), Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, Via Pietro Bucci 12/C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Xiao-Feng Wu
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V., Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 116023 Liaoning, China
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2
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Vakati SR, Vanderlaan G, Gacura MD, Ji X, Chen L, Piovesan D. Synthesis of Poly-Lactic Acid by Ring Open Polymerization from Beer Spent Grain for Drug Delivery. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:483. [PMID: 38399861 PMCID: PMC10892441 DOI: 10.3390/polym16040483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Poly-lactic acid (PLA) is a synthetic polymer that has gained popularity as a scaffold due to well-established manufacturing processes, predictable biomaterial properties, and sustained therapeutic release rates. However, its drawbacks include weak mechanical parameters and reduced medicinal delivery efficacy after PLA degradation. The development of synthetic polymers that can release antibiotics and other medicines remains a top research priority. This study proposes a novel approach to produce PLA by converting Brewer's spent grain (BSG) into lactic acid by bacterial fermentation followed by lactide ring polymerization with a metal catalyst. The elution properties of the PLA polymer are evaluated using modified Kirby-Bauer assays involving the antimicrobial chemotherapeutical, trimethoprim (TMP). Molded PLA polymer disks are impregnated with a known killing concentration of TMP, and the PLA is evaluated as a drug vehicle against TMP-sensitive Escherichia coli. This approach provides a practical means of assessing the polymer's ability to release antimicrobials, which could be beneficial in exploring new drug-eluting synthetic polymer strategies. Overall, this study highlights the potential of using BSG waste materials to produce valuable biomaterials of medical value with the promise of expanded versatility of synthetic PLA polymers in the field of drug-impregnated tissue grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snehal R. Vakati
- Department of Bioengineering and Biomedical Engineering, Gannon University, Erie, PA 16541, USA; (S.R.V.); (X.J.); (L.C.)
| | - Gary Vanderlaan
- Department of Biology, Gannon University, Erie, PA 16541, USA (M.D.G.)
| | - Matthew D. Gacura
- Department of Biology, Gannon University, Erie, PA 16541, USA (M.D.G.)
| | - Xiaoxu Ji
- Department of Bioengineering and Biomedical Engineering, Gannon University, Erie, PA 16541, USA; (S.R.V.); (X.J.); (L.C.)
| | - Longyan Chen
- Department of Bioengineering and Biomedical Engineering, Gannon University, Erie, PA 16541, USA; (S.R.V.); (X.J.); (L.C.)
| | - Davide Piovesan
- Department of Bioengineering and Biomedical Engineering, Gannon University, Erie, PA 16541, USA; (S.R.V.); (X.J.); (L.C.)
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3
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Xu L, Mavrikakis M. Adsorbate-Induced Adatom Formation on Lithium, Iron, Cobalt, Ruthenium, and Rhenium Surfaces. JACS Au 2023; 3:2216-2225. [PMID: 37654598 PMCID: PMC10466328 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent experimental and theoretical studies have demonstrated the reaction-driven metal-metal bond breaking in metal catalytic surfaces even under relatively mild conditions. Here, we construct a density functional theory (DFT) database for the adsorbate-induced adatom formation energy on the close-packed facets of three hexagonal close-packed metals (Co, Ru, and Re) and two body-centered cubic metals (Li and Fe), where the source of the ejected metal atom is either a step edge or a close-packed surface. For Co and Ru, we also considered their metastable face-centered cubic structures. We studied 18 different adsorbates relevant to catalytic processes and predicted noticeably easier adatom formation on Li and Fe compared to the other three metals. The NH3- and CO-induced adatom formation on Fe(110) is possible at room temperature, a result relevant to NH3 synthesis and Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, respectively. There also exist other systems with favorable adsorbate effects for adatom formation relevant to catalytic processes at elevated temperatures (500-700 K). Our results offer insight into the reaction-driven formation of metal clusters, which could play the role of active sites in reactions catalyzed by Li, Fe, Co, Ru, and Re catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang Xu
- Department of Chemical &
Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Manos Mavrikakis
- Department of Chemical &
Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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4
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Duan Y, Cheng Y, Hu Z, Wang C, Sui D, Yang Y, Lu T. A Comprehensive Review on Metal Catalysts for the Production of Cyclopentanone Derivatives from Furfural and HMF. Molecules 2023; 28:5397. [PMID: 37513268 PMCID: PMC10383880 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The catalytic transformation of biomass-based furan compounds (furfural and HMF) for the synthesis of organic chemicals is one of the important ways to utilize renewable biomass resources. Among the numerous high-value products, cyclopentanone derivatives are a kind of valuable compound obtained by the hydrogenation rearrangement of furfural and HMF in the aqueous phase of metal-hydrogen catalysis. Following the vast application of cyclopentanone derivatives, this reaction has attracted wide attention since its discovery, and a large number of catalytic systems have been reported to be effective in this transformation. Among them, the design and synthesis of metal catalysts are at the core of the reaction. This review briefly introduces the application of cyclopentanone derivatives, the transformation mechanism, and the pathway of biomass-based furan compounds for the synthesis of cyclopentanone derivatives. The important progress of metal catalysts in the reaction since the first report in 2012 up to now is emphasized, the characteristics and catalytic performance of different metal catalysts are introduced, and the critical role of metal catalysts in the reaction is discussed. Finally, the future development of this transformation process was prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Duan
- Henan Key Laboratory of Function-Oriented Porous Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, China
- College of Food and Drug, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, China
| | - Yiyi Cheng
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zhi Hu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Chenxu Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Function-Oriented Porous Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, China
| | - Dong Sui
- Henan Key Laboratory of Function-Oriented Porous Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, China
| | - Yanliang Yang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Function-Oriented Porous Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, China
| | - Tianliang Lu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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Liu J, Zhang X, Peng H, Li T, Liu P, Gao H, Wang Y, Tang J, Li Q, Qi Z, Peng L, Xia T. Full-Chain FeCl(3) Catalyzation Is Sufficient to Boost Cellulase Secretion and Cellulosic Ethanol along with Valorized Supercapacitor and Biosorbent Using Desirable Corn Stalk. Molecules 2023; 28. [PMID: 36903307 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellulosic ethanol is regarded as a perfect additive for petrol fuels for global carbon neutralization. As bioethanol conversion requires strong biomass pretreatment and overpriced enzymatic hydrolysis, it is increasingly considered in the exploration of biomass processes with fewer chemicals for cost-effective biofuels and value-added bioproducts. In this study, we performed optimal liquid-hot-water pretreatment (190 °C for 10 min) co-supplied with 4% FeCl3 to achieve the near-complete biomass enzymatic saccharification of desirable corn stalk for high bioethanol production, and all the enzyme-undigestible lignocellulose residues were then examined as active biosorbents for high Cd adsorption. Furthermore, by incubating Trichoderma reesei with the desired corn stalk co-supplied with 0.05% FeCl3 for the secretion of lignocellulose-degradation enzymes in vivo, we examined five secreted enzyme activities elevated by 1.3-3.0-fold in vitro, compared to the control without FeCl3 supplementation. After further supplying 1:2 (w/w) FeCl3 into the T. reesei-undigested lignocellulose residue for the thermal-carbonization process, we generated highly porous carbon with specific electroconductivity raised by 3-12-fold for the supercapacitor. Therefore, this work demonstrates that FeCl3 can act as a universal catalyst for the full-chain enhancement of biological, biochemical, and chemical conversions of lignocellulose substrates, providing a green-like strategy for low-cost biofuels and high-value bioproducts.
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Wang Y, Hao M. Metal Nanoclusters Synthesized in Alkaline Ethylene Glycol: Mechanism and Application. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 13:565. [PMID: 36770526 PMCID: PMC9922003 DOI: 10.3390/nano13030565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The "unprotected" metal and alloy nanoclusters (UMCs) prepared by the alkaline ethylene glycol method, which are stabilized with simple ions and solvent molecules, have the advantages of a small particle size, a narrow size distribution, good stability, highly efficient preparation, easy separation, surface modification and transfer between different phases. They can be composited with diverse materials to prepare catalytic systems with controllable structures, providing an effective means of studying the different factors' effects on the catalytic properties separately. UMCs have been widely used in the development of high-performance catalysts for a variety of functional systems. This paper will review the research progress on the formation mechanism of the unprotected metal nanoclusters, exploring the structure-function relationship of metal nanocluster catalysts and the preparation of excellent metal catalysts using the unprotected metal nanoclusters as building blocks or starting materials. A principle of the influence of carriers, ligands and modifiers in metal nanocluster catalysts on the catalytic properties is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Sunan Institute for Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Changshu 215500, China
| | - Menggeng Hao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Zhang C, Fu Y, Gao W, Bai T, Cao T, Jin J, Xin B. Deep Eutectic Solvent-Mediated Electrocatalysts for Water Splitting. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27228098. [PMID: 36432198 PMCID: PMC9694663 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27228098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
As green, safe, and cheap solvents, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) provide tremendous opportunities to open up attractive perspectives for electrocatalysis. In this review, the achievement of DESs in the preparation of catalysts for electrolytic water splitting is described in detail according to their roles combined with our own work. DESs are generally employed as green media, templates, and electrolytes. A large number of hydrogen bonds in DESs result in supramolecular structures which have the ability to shape the morphologies of nanomaterials and then tune their performance. DESs can also serve as reactive reagents of metal electrocatalysts through directly participating in synthesis. Compared with conventional heteroatom sources, they have the advantages of high safety and designability. The "all-in-one" transformation strategy is expected to realize 100% atomic transformation of reactants. The aim of this review is to offer readers a deeper understanding on preparing DES-mediated electrocatalysts with higher performance for water splitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyun Zhang
- School of Intelligent Manufacturing, Wuxi Vocational College of Science and Technology, Wuxi 214028, China
| | - Yongqi Fu
- School of Intelligent Manufacturing, Wuxi Vocational College of Science and Technology, Wuxi 214028, China
| | - Wei Gao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, China
| | - Te Bai
- School of Intelligent Manufacturing, Wuxi Vocational College of Science and Technology, Wuxi 214028, China
| | - Tianyi Cao
- School of Intelligent Manufacturing, Wuxi Vocational College of Science and Technology, Wuxi 214028, China
| | - Jianjiao Jin
- School of Intelligent Manufacturing, Wuxi Vocational College of Science and Technology, Wuxi 214028, China
| | - Bingwei Xin
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-13685345517
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Rangraz Y, Heravi MM, Elhampour A. Recent Advances on Heteroatom-Doped Porous Carbon/Metal Materials: Fascinating Heterogeneous Catalysts for Organic Transformations. CHEM REC 2021; 21:1985-2073. [PMID: 34396670 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Design and preparation of low-cost, effective, and novel catalysts are important topics in the field of heterogeneous catalysis from academic and industrial perspectives. Recently, heteroatom-doped porous carbon/metal materials have received significant attention as promising catalysts in divergent organic reactions. Incorporation of heteroatom into the carbon framework can tailor the properties of carbon, providing suitable interaction between support and metal, resulting in superior catalytic performance compared with those of traditional pure carbon/metal catalytic systems. In this review, we try to underscore the recent advances in the design, preparation, and application of heteroatom-doped porous carbon/metal catalysts towards various organic transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalda Rangraz
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physics and Chemistry, Alzahra University, PO Box 19938-93973, Vanak, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid M Heravi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physics and Chemistry, Alzahra University, PO Box 19938-93973, Vanak, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Elhampour
- Department of Chemistry, Semnan University, PO Box 35131-19111, Semnan, Iran
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9
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Zhu B, Yi D, Wang Y, Sun H, Sha G, Zheng G, Garnett EC, Tian B, Ding F, Zhu J. Self-inhibition effect of metal incorporation in nanoscaled semiconductors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2010642118. [PMID: 33468669 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2010642118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been a persistent effort to understand and control the incorporation of metal impurities in semiconductors at nanoscale, as it is important for semiconductor processing from growth, doping to making contact. Previously, the injection of metal atoms into nanoscaled semiconductor, with concentrations orders of magnitude higher than the equilibrium solid solubility, has been reported, which is often deemed to be detrimental. Here our theoretical exploration reveals that this colossal injection is because gold or aluminum atoms tend to substitute Si atoms and thus are not mobile in the lattice of Si. In contrast, the interstitial atoms in the Si lattice such as manganese (Mn) are expected to quickly diffuse out conveniently. Experimentally, we confirm the self-inhibition effect of Mn incorporation in nanoscaled silicon, as no metal atoms can be found in the body of silicon (below 1017 atoms per cm-3) by careful three-dimensional atomic mappings using highly focused ultraviolet-laser-assisted atom-probe tomography. As a result of self-inhibition effect of metal incorporation, the corresponding field-effect devices demonstrate superior transport properties. This finding of self-inhibition effect provides a missing piece for understanding the metal incorporation in semiconductor at nanoscale, which is critical not only for growing nanoscale building blocks, but also for designing and processing metal-semiconductor structures and fine-tuning their properties at nanoscale.
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Wang L, Sun J, Guo W, Dong Y, Xie Y, Xiong F, Du Z, Li L, Deng J, Xu C. High Quality Graphene Thin Films Synthesized by Glow Discharge Method in A Chemical Vapor Deposition System Using Solid Carbon Source. Materials (Basel) 2020; 13:ma13092026. [PMID: 32357507 PMCID: PMC7254304 DOI: 10.3390/ma13092026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Arc discharge is traditionally used to synthesize randomly arranged graphene flakes. In this paper, we substantially modify it into a glow discharge method so that the discharge current is much more reduced. The H2 and/or Ar plasma etching of the graphitic electrode (used to ignite the plasma) is hence much gentler, rendering it possible to grow graphene in thin film format. During the growth at a few mbar, there is no external carbon gas precursor introduced. The carbon atoms and/or carbon containing particles as a result of the plasma etching are emitted in the chamber, some of which undergo gas phase scattering and deposit onto the metallic catalyst substrates (Cu-Ni alloy thin films or Cu foils) as graphene sheets. It is found that high quality monolayer graphene can be synthesized on Cu foil at 900 °C. On Cu-Ni, under the same growth condition, somewhat more bilayer regions are observed. It is observed that the material quality is almost indifferent to the gas ratios, which makes the optimization of the deposition process relatively easy. Detailed study on the deposition procedure and the material characterization have been carried out. This work reveals the possibility of producing thin film graphene by a gas discharge based process, not only from fundamental point of view, but it also provides an alternative technique other than standard chemical vapor deposition to synthesize graphene that is compatible with the semiconductor planar process. As the process uses solid graphite as a source material that is rich in the crust, it is a facile and relatively cheap method to obtain high quality graphene thin films in this respect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (L.W.); (W.G.); (Y.D.); (Y.X.); (F.X.); (Z.D.); (L.L.); (J.D.); (C.X.)
| | - Jie Sun
- National and Local United Engineering Laboratory of Flat Panel Display Technology, College of Physics and Information Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350100, China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou 350100, China
| | - Weiling Guo
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (L.W.); (W.G.); (Y.D.); (Y.X.); (F.X.); (Z.D.); (L.L.); (J.D.); (C.X.)
| | - Yibo Dong
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (L.W.); (W.G.); (Y.D.); (Y.X.); (F.X.); (Z.D.); (L.L.); (J.D.); (C.X.)
| | - Yiyang Xie
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (L.W.); (W.G.); (Y.D.); (Y.X.); (F.X.); (Z.D.); (L.L.); (J.D.); (C.X.)
| | - Fangzhu Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (L.W.); (W.G.); (Y.D.); (Y.X.); (F.X.); (Z.D.); (L.L.); (J.D.); (C.X.)
| | - Zaifa Du
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (L.W.); (W.G.); (Y.D.); (Y.X.); (F.X.); (Z.D.); (L.L.); (J.D.); (C.X.)
| | - Longfei Li
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (L.W.); (W.G.); (Y.D.); (Y.X.); (F.X.); (Z.D.); (L.L.); (J.D.); (C.X.)
| | - Jun Deng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (L.W.); (W.G.); (Y.D.); (Y.X.); (F.X.); (Z.D.); (L.L.); (J.D.); (C.X.)
| | - Chen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (L.W.); (W.G.); (Y.D.); (Y.X.); (F.X.); (Z.D.); (L.L.); (J.D.); (C.X.)
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Wang Y, Liu J, Wang Y, Al-Enizi AM, Zheng G. Tuning of CO 2 Reduction Selectivity on Metal Electrocatalysts. Small 2017; 13:1701809. [PMID: 28910510 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201701809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Climate change, caused by heavy CO2 emissions, is driving new demands to alleviate the rising concentration of atmospheric CO2 levels. Enlightened by the photosynthesis of green plants, photo(electro)chemical catalysis of CO2 reduction, also known as artificial photosynthesis, is emerged as a promising candidate to address these demands and is widely investigated during the past decade. Among various artificial photosynthetic systems, solar-driven electrochemical CO2 reduction is widely recognized to possess high efficiencies and potentials for practical application. The efficient and selective electroreduction of CO2 is the key to the overall solar-to-chemical efficiency of artificial photosynthesis. Recent studies show that various metallic materials possess the capability to play as electrocatalysts for CO2 reduction. In order to achieve high selectivity for CO2 reduction products, various efforts are made including studies on electrolytes, crystal facets, oxide-derived catalysts, electronic and geometric structures, nanostructures, and mesoscale phenomena. In this Review, these methods for tuning the selectivity of CO2 electrochemical reduction of metallic catalysts are summarized. The challenges and perspectives in this field are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Wang
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Department of Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Junlang Liu
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Department of Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yifei Wang
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Department of Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Abdullah M Al-Enizi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gengfeng Zheng
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Department of Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
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Hemmingson SL, Campbell CT. Trends in Adhesion Energies of Metal Nanoparticles on Oxide Surfaces: Understanding Support Effects in Catalysis and Nanotechnology. ACS Nano 2017; 11:1196-1203. [PMID: 28045491 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b07502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles on surfaces are ubiquitous in nanotechnologies, especially in catalysis, where metal nanoparticles anchored to oxide supports are widely used to produce and use fuels and chemicals, and in pollution abatement. We show that for hemispherical metal particles of the same diameter, D, the chemical potentials of the metal atoms in the particles (μM) differ between two supports by approximately -2(Eadh,A - Eadh,B)Vm/D, where Ead,i is the adhesion energy between the metal and support i, and Vm is the molar volume of the bulk metal. This is consistent with calorimetric measurements of metal vapor adsorption energies onto clean oxide surfaces where the metal grows as 3D particles, which proved that μM increases with decreasing particle size below 6 nm and, for a given size, decreases with Eadh. Since catalytic activity and sintering rates correlate with metal chemical potential, it is thus crucial to understand what properties of catalyst materials control metal/oxide adhesion energies. Trends in how Eadh varies with the metal and the support oxide are presented. For a given oxide, Eadh increases linearly from metal to metal with increasing heat of formation of the most stable oxide of the metal (per mole metal), or metal oxophilicity, suggesting that metal-oxygen bonds dominate interfacial bonding. For the two different stoichiometric oxide surfaces that have been studied on multiple metals (MgO(100) and CeO2(111), the slopes of these lines are the same, but their offset is large (∼2 J/m2). Adhesion energies increase as MgO(100) ≈ TiO2(110) < α-Al2O3(0001) < CeO2(111) ≈ Fe3O4(111).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Hemmingson
- Department of Chemistry University of Washington Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Charles T Campbell
- Department of Chemistry University of Washington Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
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Salvo AMP, Giacalone F, Gruttadauria M. Advances in Organic and Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Polymeric Supports for Catalytic Applications. Molecules 2016; 21:E1288. [PMID: 27689980 PMCID: PMC6274031 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21101288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, the most recent advances (2014-2016) on the synthesis of new polymer-supported catalysts are reported, focusing the attention on the synthetic strategies developed for their preparation. The polymer-supported catalysts examined will be organic-based polymers and organic-inorganic hybrids and will include, among others, polystyrenes, poly-ionic liquids, chiral ionic polymers, dendrimers, carbon nanotubes, as well as silica and halloysite-based catalysts. Selected examples will show the synthesis and application in the field of organocatalysis and metal-based catalysis both for non-asymmetric and asymmetric transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Pia Salvo
- Dipartimento Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF) Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Francesco Giacalone
- Dipartimento Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF) Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Michelangelo Gruttadauria
- Dipartimento Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF) Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy.
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14
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Dubey SP, Abhyankar HA, Marchante V, Brighton JL, Blackburn K, Temple C, Bergmann B, Trinh G, David C. Modelling and Validation of Synthesis of Poly Lactic Acid Using an Alternative Energy Source through a Continuous Reactive Extrusion Process. Polymers (Basel) 2016; 8:polym8040164. [PMID: 30979253 PMCID: PMC6432386 DOI: 10.3390/polym8040164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PLA is one of the most promising bio-compostable and bio-degradable thermoplastic polymers made from renewable sources. PLA is generally produced by ring opening polymerization (ROP) of lactide using the metallic/bimetallic catalyst (Sn, Zn, and Al) or other organic catalysts in a suitable solvent. In this work, reactive extrusion experiments using stannous octoate Sn(Oct)2 and tri-phenyl phosphine (PPh)3 were considered to perform ROP of lactide. Ultrasound energy source was used for activating and/or boosting the polymerization as an alternative energy (AE) source. Ludovic® software, designed for simulation of the extrusion process, had to be modified in order to simulate the reactive extrusion of lactide and for the application of an AE source in an extruder. A mathematical model for the ROP of lactide reaction was developed to estimate the kinetics of the polymerization process. The isothermal curves generated through this model were then used by Ludovic software to simulate the “reactive” extrusion process of ROP of lactide. Results from the experiments and simulations were compared to validate the simulation methodology. It was observed that the application of an AE source boosts the polymerization of lactide monomers. However, it was also observed that the predicted residence time was shorter than the experimental one. There is potentially a case for reducing the residence time distribution (RTD) in Ludovic® due to the ‘liquid’ monomer flow in the extruder. Although this change in parameters resulted in validation of the simulation, it was concluded that further research is needed to validate this assumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satya P Dubey
- Advanced Vehicle Engineering Centre (AVEC), School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing (SATM), Cranfield University, MK43 0AL Cranfield, UK.
| | - Hrushikesh A Abhyankar
- Advanced Vehicle Engineering Centre (AVEC), School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing (SATM), Cranfield University, MK43 0AL Cranfield, UK.
| | - Veronica Marchante
- Advanced Vehicle Engineering Centre (AVEC), School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing (SATM), Cranfield University, MK43 0AL Cranfield, UK.
| | - James L Brighton
- Advanced Vehicle Engineering Centre (AVEC), School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing (SATM), Cranfield University, MK43 0AL Cranfield, UK.
| | - Kim Blackburn
- Advanced Vehicle Engineering Centre (AVEC), School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing (SATM), Cranfield University, MK43 0AL Cranfield, UK.
| | - Clive Temple
- Advanced Vehicle Engineering Centre (AVEC), School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing (SATM), Cranfield University, MK43 0AL Cranfield, UK.
| | - Björn Bergmann
- Polymer Engineering, Fraunhofer.-ICT, Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Straße 7, 76327 Pfinztal, Germany.
| | - Giang Trinh
- Sciences Computers Consultants (SCC), 10 Rue du Plateau des Glières, 42000 Saint-Étienne, France.
| | - Chantal David
- Sciences Computers Consultants (SCC), 10 Rue du Plateau des Glières, 42000 Saint-Étienne, France.
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15
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Kou Z, Cheng K, Wu H, Sun R, Guo B, Mu S. Observable Electrochemical Oxidation of Carbon Promoted by Platinum Nanoparticles. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2016; 8:3940-3947. [PMID: 26788962 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b11086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The radical degradation of Pt-based catalysts toward oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), predominantly caused by the oxidation of carbon supports, heavily blocks the commercialization of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). As reported, the electrochemical oxidation of carbon could be accelerated by Pt catalysts; however, hitherto no direct evidence is present for the promotion of Pt catalysts. Herein, a unique ultrathin carbon layer (approximately 2.9 nm in thickness) covered Pt catalyst (Pt/C-GC) is designed and synthesized by a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. This magnifies the catalysis effect of Pt to carbon oxidation due to the greatly increased contact sites between the metal-support, making it easy to investigate the carbon oxidation process by observing the thinning of the carbon layer on Pt nanoparticles from TEM observations. Undoubtedly, this finding can better guide the structural design of the durable metal catalysts for PEMFCs and other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongkui Kou
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology , Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Kun Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology , Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology , Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ronghui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology , Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Beibei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology , Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shichun Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology , Wuhan 430070, China
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