1
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Chen YZ, He YC, Yan L, Zhao W, Wu B. Selective Solid-Liquid Extraction of Lithium Cation Using Tripodal Sulfate-Binding Receptors Driven by Electrostatic Interactions. Molecules 2024; 29:2445. [PMID: 38893321 PMCID: PMC11173669 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29112445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Owing to the important role of and increasing demand for lithium resources, lithium extraction is crucial. The use of molecular extractants is a promising strategy for selective lithium recovery, in which the interaction between lithium and the designed extractant can be manipulated at the molecular level. Herein, we demonstrate that anion receptors of tripodal hexaureas can selectively extract Li2SO4 solids into water containing DMSO (0.8% water) compared to other alkali metal sulfates. The hexaurea receptor with terminal hexyl chains displays the best Li+ extraction selectivity at 2-fold over Na+ and 12.5-fold over K+. The driving force underpinning selective lithium extraction is due to the combined interactions of Li+-SO42- electrostatics and the ion-dipole interaction of the lithium-receptor (carbonyl groups and N atoms); the latter was found to be cation size dependent, as supported by computational calculations. This work indicates that anion binding receptors could drive selective cation extraction, thus providing new insights into the design of receptors for ion recognition and separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Zhi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Ying-Chun He
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, China
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Li Yan
- Analysis & Testing Center, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Biao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, China
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2
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Álvarez-Ruiz E, Sancho I, Navarro M, Fernández I, Santamaría C, Hernán-Gómez A. A Mixed-Valence Ti(II)/Ti(III) Inverted Sandwich Compound as a Regioselective Catalyst for the Uncommon 1,3,5-Alkyne Cyclotrimerization. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:8642-8653. [PMID: 38690944 PMCID: PMC11094787 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
The synthesis, structure, and catalytic activity of a Ti(II)/Ti(III) inverted sandwich compound are presented in this study. Synthesis of the arene-bridged dititanium compound begins with the preparation of the titanium(IV) precursor [TiCl2(MesPDA)(thf)2] (MesPDA = N,N'-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-o-phenylenediamide) (2). The reduction of 2 with sodium metal results in species [{Ti(MesPDA)(thf)}2(μ-Cl)3{Na}] (3) in oxidation state III. To achieve the lower oxidation state II, 2 undergoes reduction through alkylation with lithium cyclopentyl. This alkylation approach triggers a cascade of reactions, including β-hydride abstraction/elimination, hydrogen evolution, and chemical reduction, to generate the Ti(II)/Ti(III) compound [Li(thf)4][(TiMesPDA)2(μ-η6: η6-C6H6)] (4). X-ray and EPR characterization confirms the mixed-valence states of the titanium species. Compound 4 catalyzes a mild, efficient, and regiospecific cyclotrimerization of alkynes to form 1,3,5-substituted arenes. Kinetic data support a mechanism involving a binuclear titanium arene compound, similar to compound 4, as the resting state. The active catalyst promotes the oxidative coupling of two alkynes in the rate-limiting step, followed by a rapid [4 + 2] cycloaddition to form the arene product. Computational analysis of the resting state for the cycloaddition of trimethylsilylacetylene indicates a thermodynamic preference for stabilizing the 1,3,5-arene within the space between the two [TiMesPDA] fragments, consistent with the observed regioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Álvarez-Ruiz
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica,
Instituto de Investigación Química “Andrés
M. del Río” (IQAR), Universidad
de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid E-28805, Spain
| | - Ignacio Sancho
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica,
Instituto de Investigación Química “Andrés
M. del Río” (IQAR), Universidad
de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid E-28805, Spain
| | - Marta Navarro
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica,
Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real 13071, Spain
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas
and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO−CINQA), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Cristina Santamaría
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica,
Instituto de Investigación Química “Andrés
M. del Río” (IQAR), Universidad
de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid E-28805, Spain
| | - Alberto Hernán-Gómez
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica,
Instituto de Investigación Química “Andrés
M. del Río” (IQAR), Universidad
de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid E-28805, Spain
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3
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Hernández SI, Altava B, Portillo-Rodríguez JA, Santamaría-Holek I, García-Alcántara C, Luis SV, Compañ V. The Debye length and anionic transport properties of composite membranes based on supported ionic liquid-like phases (SILLPS). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:29731-29746. [PMID: 36458515 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01519f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
An analysis of the ionic transport properties of BMIM [NTf2] in supported ionic-liquid-like phase (SILLP)-based membranes has been carried out based on experimental impedance spectroscopy measurements. The direct current (dc)-conductivity was analyzed to determine the temperature and frequency dependence. The fit of the loss tangent curve data with the Cole-Cole approximation of the electrode polarization model provides the conductivity, diffusivity, and density of charge carriers. Among these quantities, a significant increase in conductivity is observed when an ionic liquid is added to the polymeric matrix containing imidazolium fragments. The use of a recent generalization of Eyring's absolute rate theory allowed the elucidation of how the local entropy restrictions, due to the porosity of the polymeric matrix, control the conductive process. The fit of the conductivity data as a function of temperature manifests the behavior of the excess entropy with respect to the temperature. The activation entropy and enthalpy were also determined. Our results correlate the Debye length (LD) with the experimental values of conductivity, electrode polarization relaxation time, and sample relaxation time involved. Our work provides novel insights into the description of ionic transport in membranes as the diffusivity, mobility, and free charge density depend on the LD. Moreover, we discuss the behavior of the polarization relaxation time, the sample relaxation time, and the static permittivity as a function of the temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- S I Hernández
- Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación-Juriquilla, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Juriquilla, Querétaro, CP 76230, Mexico.
| | - Belen Altava
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universitat Jaume I, 12080-Castellón de la Plana, Spain.
| | - J A Portillo-Rodríguez
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Quéretaro, Cerro de las Campanas s/n, Centro Universitario, C.P. 760009, Querétaro, Mexico.
| | - Iván Santamaría-Holek
- Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación-Juriquilla, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Juriquilla, Querétaro, CP 76230, Mexico.
| | - C García-Alcántara
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Juriquilla, Querétaro, CP 76230, Mexico.
| | - Santiago V Luis
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universitat Jaume I, 12080-Castellón de la Plana, Spain.
| | - Vicente Compañ
- Departamento de Termodinámica Aplicada, Universitat Politécnica de Valencia, C/Camino de Vera s/n, 46022-Valencia, Spain.
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4
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Valls A, Altava B, Aseyev V, Carreira-Barral I, Conesa L, Falomir E, García-Verdugo E, Luis SV, Quesada R. Structure-antitumor activity relationships of tripodal imidazolium-amino acid based salts. Effect of the nature of the amino acid, amide substitution and anion. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:10575-10586. [PMID: 34734950 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01825f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The antitumor activity of imidazolium salts is highly dependent upon their lipophilicity that can be tuned by the introduction of different hydrophobic substituents on the nitrogen atoms of the imidazolium ring of the molecule. Taking this into consideration, we have synthesized and characterized a series of tripodal imidazolium salts derived from L-valine and L-phenylalanine containing different hydrophobic groups and tested them against four cancer cell lines at physiological and acidic pH. At acidic pH (6.2) the anticancer activity of some of the tripodal compounds changes dramatically, and this parameter is crucial to control their cytotoxicity and selectivity. Moreover, several of these compounds displayed selectivity against the control healthy cell line higher than four. The transmembrane anion transport studies revealed moderate transport abilities suggesting that the observed biological activity is likely not the result of just their transport activity. The observed trends in biological activity at acidic pH agree well with the results for the CF leakage assay. These results strongly suggest that this class of compounds can serve as potential chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Valls
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, ESTCE, University Jaume I, Av. Sos Baynat, s/n, 12004, Castellón, Spain.
| | - Belén Altava
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, ESTCE, University Jaume I, Av. Sos Baynat, s/n, 12004, Castellón, Spain.
| | - Vladimir Aseyev
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55 (A413, A. I. Virtasen aukio 1), FIN-00014 HY Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Laura Conesa
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, ESTCE, University Jaume I, Av. Sos Baynat, s/n, 12004, Castellón, Spain.
| | - Eva Falomir
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, ESTCE, University Jaume I, Av. Sos Baynat, s/n, 12004, Castellón, Spain.
| | - Eduardo García-Verdugo
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, ESTCE, University Jaume I, Av. Sos Baynat, s/n, 12004, Castellón, Spain.
| | - Santiago Vicente Luis
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, ESTCE, University Jaume I, Av. Sos Baynat, s/n, 12004, Castellón, Spain.
| | - Roberto Quesada
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universidad de Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain
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5
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Valls A, Altava B, Aseyev V, García-Verdugo E, Luis SV. Imidazolium based gemini amphiphiles derived from L-valine. Structural elements and surfactant properties. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.117434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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6
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Tellez-Cruz MM, Escorihuela J, Solorza-Feria O, Compañ V. Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs): Advances and Challenges. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3064. [PMID: 34577965 PMCID: PMC8468942 DOI: 10.3390/polym13183064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of the electrochemical catalyst conversion of renewable electricity and carbon oxides into chemical fuels attracts a great deal of attention by different researchers. The main role of this process is in mitigating the worldwide energy crisis through a closed technological carbon cycle, where chemical fuels, such as hydrogen, are stored and reconverted to electricity via electrochemical reaction processes in fuel cells. The scientific community focuses its efforts on the development of high-performance polymeric membranes together with nanomaterials with high catalytic activity and stability in order to reduce the platinum group metal applied as a cathode to build stacks of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) to work at low and moderate temperatures. The design of new conductive membranes and nanoparticles (NPs) whose morphology directly affects their catalytic properties is of utmost importance. Nanoparticle morphologies, like cubes, octahedrons, icosahedrons, bipyramids, plates, and polyhedrons, among others, are widely studied for catalysis applications. The recent progress around the high catalytic activity has focused on the stabilizing agents and their potential impact on nanomaterial synthesis to induce changes in the morphology of NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam M. Tellez-Cruz
- Department of Chemistry, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Av. IPN 2508, Ciudad de México 07360, Mexico; (M.M.T.-C.); (O.S.-F.)
| | - Jorge Escorihuela
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universitat de València, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain
| | - Omar Solorza-Feria
- Department of Chemistry, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Av. IPN 2508, Ciudad de México 07360, Mexico; (M.M.T.-C.); (O.S.-F.)
| | - Vicente Compañ
- Departamento de Termodinámica Aplicada (ETSII), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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7
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Vicent C, Valls A, Escorihuela J, Altava B, Luis S. Unveiling anion-induced folding in tripodal imidazolium receptors by ion-mobility mass spectrometry. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:8616-8619. [PMID: 34369516 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02818a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The anion-induced folding of tripodal imidazolium receptors has been investigated by NMR spectroscopy, electrospray ionization ion mobility mass spectrometry and DFT calculations. Such folding can be switched by anion release upon collision induced dissociation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Vicent
- Servei Central d'Instrumentació Científica (SCIC), Universitat Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, 12006 Castellón, Spain.
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8
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Doll JS, Eichelmann R, Hertwig LE, Bender T, Kohler VJ, Bill E, Wadepohl H, Roşca DA. Iron-Catalyzed Trimerization of Terminal Alkynes Enabled by Pyrimidinediimine Ligands: A Regioselective Method for the Synthesis of 1,3,5-Substituted Arenes. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c00978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julianna S. Doll
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 276, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Robert Eichelmann
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 276, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Leif E. Hertwig
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 276, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Thilo Bender
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 276, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Vincenz J. Kohler
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 276, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Eckhard Bill
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion, Stiftstraße 24-36, Mülheim/Ruhr 45470, Germany
| | - Hubert Wadepohl
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 276, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Dragoş-Adrian Roşca
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 276, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
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9
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Barjola A, Escorihuela J, García-Bernabé A, Sahuquillo Ó, Giménez E, Compañ V. Diffusivity and free anion concentration of ionic liquid composite polybenzimidazole membranes. RSC Adv 2021; 11:26379-26390. [PMID: 35479428 PMCID: PMC9037350 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra05364g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PBI composite membranes containing 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (BMIM-NTf2) at 1, 5, 10, 20 and 50 wt% have been prepared and the conductivity has been analyzed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Barjola
- Instituto de Tecnología de Materiales
- Universitat Politècnica de València
- 46022 Valencia
- Spain
| | - Jorge Escorihuela
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Universitat de València
- 46100 Valencia
- Spain
| | - Abel García-Bernabé
- Departamento de Termodinámica Aplicada
- Universitat Politècnica de València
- 46022 Valencia
- Spain
| | - Óscar Sahuquillo
- Instituto de Tecnología de Materiales
- Universitat Politècnica de València
- 46022 Valencia
- Spain
| | - Enrique Giménez
- Instituto de Tecnología de Materiales
- Universitat Politècnica de València
- 46022 Valencia
- Spain
| | - Vicente Compañ
- Departamento de Termodinámica Aplicada
- Universitat Politècnica de València
- 46022 Valencia
- Spain
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10
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Escorihuela J, Olvera-Mancilla J, Alexandrova L, del Castillo LF, Compañ V. Recent Progress in the Development of Composite Membranes Based on Polybenzimidazole for High Temperature Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cell Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1861. [PMID: 32825111 PMCID: PMC7564738 DOI: 10.3390/polym12091861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid increasing of the population in combination with the emergence of new energy-consuming technologies has risen worldwide total energy consumption towards unprecedent values. Furthermore, fossil fuel reserves are running out very quickly and the polluting greenhouse gases emitted during their utilization need to be reduced. In this scenario, a few alternative energy sources have been proposed and, among these, proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells are promising. Recently, polybenzimidazole-based polymers, featuring high chemical and thermal stability, in combination with fillers that can regulate the proton mobility, have attracted tremendous attention for their roles as PEMs in fuel cells. Recent advances in composite membranes based on polybenzimidazole (PBI) for high temperature PEM fuel cell applications are summarized and highlighted in this review. In addition, the challenges, future trends, and prospects of composite membranes based on PBI for solid electrolytes are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Escorihuela
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universitat de València, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain
| | - Jessica Olvera-Mancilla
- Departamento de Polímeros, Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (J.O.-M.); (L.A.); (L.F.d.C.)
| | - Larissa Alexandrova
- Departamento de Polímeros, Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (J.O.-M.); (L.A.); (L.F.d.C.)
| | - L. Felipe del Castillo
- Departamento de Polímeros, Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (J.O.-M.); (L.A.); (L.F.d.C.)
| | - Vicente Compañ
- Departamento de Termodinámica Aplicada (ETSII), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera. s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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11
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Esteve F, Altava B, Bolte M, Burguete MI, García-Verdugo E, Luis SV. Highly Selective Anion Template Effect in the Synthesis of Constrained Pseudopeptidic Macrocyclic Cyclophanes. J Org Chem 2020; 85:1138-1145. [PMID: 31858803 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b03048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report the synthesis of a novel family of constrained pseudopeptidic macrocyclic compounds containing the hexahydropyrrolo[3,4-f]isoindolocyclophane scaffold and involving four coupled substitution reactions in the macrocyclization process. Although the increase in the number of steps involved in the macrocyclization could lead to a larger number of possible side products, the optimization of the methodology and the study of the driving forces have made it possible to obtain the desired macrocycles in excellent yields. A thorough computational study has been carried out to understand the macrocyclization process, and the results obtained nicely agree with experimental data. Moreover, the bromide anion had a clear catalytic template effect in the macrocyclization reaction, and surprisingly, the chloride anion had a negative template effect in opposition to the results obtained for analogous macrocycles. The parameters responsible for the specific kinetic template effect observed have been studied in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferran Esteve
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica , Universitat JaumeI , Av. Sos Baynat s/n , 12071 Castellón , Spain
| | - Belen Altava
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica , Universitat JaumeI , Av. Sos Baynat s/n , 12071 Castellón , Spain
| | - Michael Bolte
- Institut fur Anorganische Chemie , J. W. Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt , 60438 Frankfurt/Main , Germany
| | - M Isabel Burguete
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica , Universitat JaumeI , Av. Sos Baynat s/n , 12071 Castellón , Spain
| | - Eduardo García-Verdugo
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica , Universitat JaumeI , Av. Sos Baynat s/n , 12071 Castellón , Spain
| | - Santiago V Luis
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica , Universitat JaumeI , Av. Sos Baynat s/n , 12071 Castellón , Spain
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