1
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Shen T, Jiang Z, Wang Y, Liu Y. Rational Molecular Design of Diketopyrrolopyrrole-Based n-Type and Ambipolar Polymer Semiconductors. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401812. [PMID: 38887976 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)-based polymer semiconductors have drawn great attention in the field of organic electronics due to the planar structure, decent solubilizing capability, and high crystallinity. However, the electron-deficient capacity of DPP derivatives are not strong enough, leading to relatively high-lying lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy levels of the corresponding polymers. As a result, n-type and ambipolar DPP-based polymers are rare and their electron mobilities also lag far behind the p-type counterparts, which limits the development of important p-n-junction-based electronic devices. Therefore, new design strategies have been proposed recent years to develop n-type/ambipolar DPP-based polymers with improved performances. In this view, these molecular design strategies are summarized, including copolymerization of DPP with different acceptors and weak donors, DPP flanked aromatic ring modification, DPP-core ring expansion and DPP dimerization. The relationship between the chemical structures and organic thin-film transistor performances is intensively discussed. Finally, a perspective on future trends in the molecular design of DPP-based n-type/ambipolar polymers is also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Shen
- Department of Materials Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, 2005, Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Zhen Jiang
- Department of Materials Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, 2005, Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Materials Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, 2005, Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Yunqi Liu
- Department of Materials Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, 2005, Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100190, China
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2
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Wang L, Jiang W, Guo S, Wang S, Zhang M, Liu Z, Wang G, Miao Y, Yan L, Shao JY, Zhong YW, Liu Z, Zhang D, Fu H, Yao J. Robust singlet fission process in strong absorption π-expanded diketopyrrolopyrroles. Chem Sci 2022; 13:13907-13913. [PMID: 36544745 PMCID: PMC9710207 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05580e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Singlet fission (SF) has drawn tremendous attention as a multiexciton generation process that could mitigate the thermal loss and boost the efficiency of solar energy conversion. Although a SF-based solar cell with an EQE above 100% has already been fabricated successfully, the practical efficiency of the corresponding devices is plagued by the limited scope of SF materials. Therefore, it is of great importance to design and develop new SF-capable compounds aiming at practical device application. In the current contribution, via a π-expanded strategy, we presented a new series of robust SF chromophores based on polycyclic DPP derivatives, Ex-DPPs. Compared to conventional DPP molecules, Ex-DPPs feature strong absorption with a fivefold extinction coefficient, good molecular rigidity to effectively restrain non-radiative deactivation, and an expanded π-skeleton which endow them with well-suited intermolecular packing geometries for achieving efficient SF process. These results not only provide a new type of high-efficiency SF chromophore but also address some basic guidelines for the design of potential SF materials targeting practical light harvesting applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Wang
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Taiyuan University of TechnologyTaiyuan 030024China
| | - Wenlin Jiang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory for Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
| | - Shaoting Guo
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Taiyuan University of TechnologyTaiyuan 030024China
| | - Senhao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Taiyuan University of TechnologyTaiyuan 030024China
| | - Mengfan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Taiyuan University of TechnologyTaiyuan 030024China
| | - Zuyuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Taiyuan University of TechnologyTaiyuan 030024China
| | - Guoliang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Taiyuan University of TechnologyTaiyuan 030024China
| | - Yanqin Miao
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Taiyuan University of TechnologyTaiyuan 030024China
| | - Lingpeng Yan
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Taiyuan University of TechnologyTaiyuan 030024China
| | - Jiang-Yang Shao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100190China
| | - Yu-Wu Zhong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100190China
| | - Zitong Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory for Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China,State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), Key Laboratory of Special Function Materials and Structure Design, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou UniversityLanzhou 730000China
| | - Deqing Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory for Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
| | - Hongbing Fu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Optical Materials and Photonic Devices, Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal UniversityBeijing 100048China
| | - Jiannian Yao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100190China
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3
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Meng J, Luo N, Zhang G, Shao X, Liu Z, Zhang D. N-Aryl diketopyrrolopyrrole derivatives towards organic optical and electronic materials. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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4
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Wang L, Ding H, Xiong Z, Ran X, Tang H, Cao D. Design, synthesis and applications of NIR-emissive scaffolds of diketopyrrolopyrrole-aza-BODIPY hybrids. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:5996-5999. [PMID: 35485395 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc00774f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report a facile synthetic method towards diketopyrrolopyrrole-aza-BODIPY hybrids by a two-step strategy. The three resulting fluorophores (LAB-TH4 ∼ LAB-TH6) showed absorption maxima up to 637 nm with molar extinction coefficients (ε) up to 32 300 M-1 cm-1 and emission maxima at 661 nm with a fluorescence quantum yield of 25.2% in solution. Due to good biocompatibility and strong ROS generation ability, they are useful fluorophores for bioimaging and photodynamic therapy (PDT). In addition, as a useful scaffold, a novel NIR-emissive conjugated polymer can be constructed by further bromination and Suzuki coupling polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China.
| | - Hui Ding
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China.
| | - Zihao Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China.
| | - Xueguang Ran
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangzhou, 510641, China
| | - Hao Tang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China.
| | - Derong Cao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China.
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5
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Jiang W, Liu Z, Zhu D, Zheng W, Chen L, Zhang X, Zhang G, Yi Y, Jiang L, Zhang D. New Synthetic Approaches to
N
‐Aryl and π‐Expanded Diketopyrrolopyrroles as New Building Blocks for Organic Optoelectronic Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202102131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenlin Jiang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences CAS Key Laboratory for Organic Solids Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- School of Chemical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Zitong Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences CAS Key Laboratory for Organic Solids Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Danlei Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences CAS Key Laboratory for Organic Solids Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- School of Chemical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Wenyu Zheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences CAS Key Laboratory for Organic Solids Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- School of Chemical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Liangliang Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences CAS Key Laboratory for Organic Solids Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- School of Chemical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Xisha Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences CAS Key Laboratory for Organic Solids Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- School of Chemical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Guanxin Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences CAS Key Laboratory for Organic Solids Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Yuanping Yi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences CAS Key Laboratory for Organic Solids Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Lang Jiang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences CAS Key Laboratory for Organic Solids Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Deqing Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences CAS Key Laboratory for Organic Solids Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- School of Chemical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
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6
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Jiang W, Liu Z, Zhu D, Zheng W, Chen L, Zhang X, Zhang G, Yi Y, Jiang L, Zhang D. New Synthetic Approaches to N-Aryl and π-Expanded Diketopyrrolopyrroles as New Building Blocks for Organic Optoelectronic Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:10700-10708. [PMID: 33634550 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202102131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) as a building block has been intensively investigated for organic semiconductors and light emitting materials. The synthesis of N-aryl DPPs remains challenging. Herein, we firstly report a new easily handled synthetic method toward N-aryl DPPs through H-DPP with diaryliodonium salt in the presence of CuI, which shows broad reaction scope. Sixteen N-aryl DPPs, including phenyl, furan and thiophene as flanking aromatic groups, were synthesized with yields up to 78 %. These N-aryl DPPs are fluorescent in both solutions and solid states, with quantum yields up to 96 % and 40 %, respectively. Moreover, we show that the reaction between H-DPP and diaryliodonium salt can lead to π-expanded DPPs by using Pd(OAc)2 as catalyst. Nine π-expanded DPPs were obtained in 27-61 % yields. These π-expanded DPPs exhibit good semiconducting properties with hole mobility of 0.71 cm2 V-1 s-1 , demonstrating that they are useful building blocks for high performance organic semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlin Jiang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory for Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zitong Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory for Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Danlei Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory for Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wenyu Zheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory for Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Liangliang Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory for Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xisha Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory for Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Guanxin Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory for Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yuanping Yi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory for Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Lang Jiang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory for Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Deqing Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory for Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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7
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Luo N, Zhang G, Liu Z. Keep glowing and going: recent progress in diketopyrrolopyrrole synthesis towards organic optoelectronic materials. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00613d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress in the syntheses of DPP derivatives is summarized as well as the structure–property relationships of the derivatives, including the syntheses of DPP cores, N-functionalization reactions, and π-extensions on and along the DPP cores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC)
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- China
| | - Guanxin Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Zitong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC)
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- China
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8
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Yao L, Zhu D, Liao H, Haseena S, Ravva MK, Cong S, Lan L, Wang Y, Li Z, Jiang L, Yue W. Fused ambipolar aza-isoindigos with NIR absorption. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo01495h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A series of large and extended novel electron-deficient aza-isoindigos with up to 14 rings was synthesized exhibit excellent solubility, high EA, NIR absorption, planar backbonhole mobility of 0.076 cm2 V−1 s−1 and electron mobility of 0.003 cm2 V−1 s−1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Sun Yat-Sen University
| | - Danlei Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Key Laboratory of Organic Solids.Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- China
| | - Hailiang Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Sun Yat-Sen University
| | | | | | - Shengyu Cong
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Sun Yat-Sen University
| | - Liuyuan Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Sun Yat-Sen University
| | - Yazhou Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Sun Yat-Sen University
| | - Zhengke Li
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Sun Yat-Sen University
| | - Lang Jiang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Key Laboratory of Organic Solids.Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- China
| | - Wan Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Sun Yat-Sen University
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9
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Yao L, Liao H, Ravva MK, Guo Y, Duan J, Wang Y, Yu Y, Li Z, McCulloch I, Yue W. Metal-free polymerization: synthesis and properties of fused benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]bis[b]benzothiophene (BBBT) polymers. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00623h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A family of fused semiconducting polymers containing the thienoacenes BBBT has been synthesized efficiently by non-metal and environmentally benign polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Yao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products
- Guangxi University for Nationalities
- Nanning 530006
| | - Hailiang Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education
- School of Materials and Engineering
- Sun Yet-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
| | | | - Yanjun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education
- School of Materials and Engineering
- Sun Yet-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
| | - Jiayao Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education
- School of Materials and Engineering
- Sun Yet-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
| | - Yazhou Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education
- School of Materials and Engineering
- Sun Yet-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
| | - Yaping Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education
- School of Materials and Engineering
- Sun Yet-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
| | - Zhengke Li
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education
- School of Materials and Engineering
- Sun Yet-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
| | - Iain McCulloch
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) KAUST Solar Centre
- Thuwal
- Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics
- Imperial College London
| | - Wan Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education
- School of Materials and Engineering
- Sun Yet-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
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