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Ni Y, Pu Y, Zhang J, Cui W, Gao M, You D. Charged functional groups modified porous spherical hollow carbon material as CDI electrode for salty water desalination. J Environ Sci (China) 2025; 149:254-267. [PMID: 39181640 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
As a new electrochemical technology, capacitive deionization (CDI) has been increasingly applied in environmental water treatment and seawater desalination. In this study, functional groups modified porous hollow carbon (HC) were synthesized as CDI electrode material for removing Na+ and Cl- in salty water. Results showed that the average diameter of HC was approximately 180 nm, and the infrared spectrum showed that its surface was successfully modified with sulfonic and amino groups, respectively. The sulfonic acid functionalized HC (HC-S) showed better electrochemical and desalting performance than the amino-functionalized HC (HCN), with a maximum Faradic capacity of 287.4 F/g and an adsorptive capacity of 112.97 mg/g for NaCl. Additionally, 92.63% capacity retention after 100 adsorption/desorption cycles demonstrates the excellent stability of HC-S. The main findings prove that HC-S is viable as an electrode material for desalination by high-performance CDI applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushan Ni
- School of Environmental and Material Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Yunlong Pu
- School of Environmental and Material Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- School of Environmental and Material Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Weiyan Cui
- School of Environmental and Material Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Mingjun Gao
- School of Environmental and Material Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Dongjiang You
- School of Environmental and Material Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China.
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2
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Lado JJ, García-Quismondo E, Fombona-Pascual A, Mavrandonakis A, de la Cruz C, Oropeza FE, de la Peña O'Shea VA, de Smet LCPM, Palma J. Tuning mono-divalent cation water composition by the capacitive ion-exchange mechanism. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 255:121469. [PMID: 38493740 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Soil salinization poses a significant challenge to agricultural activities. To address this, the agricultural industry seeks an irrigation water solution that reduces both ionic conductivity and sodium adsorption rate (SAR), thereby diminishing the risks of soil sodification and fostering sustainable crop production. Capacitive deionization (CDI) is an attractive electrochemical technology to advance this search. Recently, a one-dimensional transient CDI model unveiled a capacitive ion-exchange mechanism presenting the potential to adjust the treated water composition by modifying monovalent and divalent cation concentrations, thereby influencing the SAR index. This behavior would be achieved by using electrodes rich in surface functional groups able to efficiently capture divalent cations during conditioning and releasing them during charging while capturing monovalent ions. Beyond the theoretical modelling, the current experimental research demonstrates, for the first time, the effectiveness of the capacitive ion-exchange mechanism in a CDI pilot plant using real water samples spiked with solutions containing specific mono and divalent ions. Electrosorption experiments and computational modeling, specifically Density-Functional Theory (DFT), were used along with the analysis of the surface functional groups present in the electrodes to describe the capacitive ion-exchange phenomenon and validate the steps involved on it, highlighting the conditioning as a critical step. Various operational and flow modes confirm the versatility of CDI technology, achieving separation factors (RMg/Na) of 5-6 in batch, raising production from 0.5 to 0.8 L m-2 h-1 (batch) to 8.0-8.1 L m-2 h-1 when using single pass although reducing RMg/Na to 2. The reliability of the CDI technology in reducing SAR was also successfully tested with different influent compositions, including magnesium and calcium. Finally, the robustness of the capacitive ion-exchange mechanism was validated by a second CDI laboratory 9-cell stack cycled over 350 cycles. Our results confirm the reported theoretical model and expands the conclusions through the experiments in a pilot plant showing direct implications for employing CDI in agricultural applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio J Lado
- Electrochemical Processes Unit, IMDEA Energy Institute, Avda. Ramón de la Sagra 3, Móstoles 28935, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Enrique García-Quismondo
- Electrochemical Processes Unit, IMDEA Energy Institute, Avda. Ramón de la Sagra 3, Móstoles 28935, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alba Fombona-Pascual
- Electrochemical Processes Unit, IMDEA Energy Institute, Avda. Ramón de la Sagra 3, Móstoles 28935, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andreas Mavrandonakis
- Electrochemical Processes Unit, IMDEA Energy Institute, Avda. Ramón de la Sagra 3, Móstoles 28935, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos de la Cruz
- Electrochemical Processes Unit, IMDEA Energy Institute, Avda. Ramón de la Sagra 3, Móstoles 28935, Madrid, Spain
| | - Freddy E Oropeza
- Photoactivated Processes Unit, IMDEA Energy Institute, Avda. Ramón de la Sagra 3, Móstoles, 28935, Madrid, Spain
| | - Victor A de la Peña O'Shea
- Photoactivated Processes Unit, IMDEA Energy Institute, Avda. Ramón de la Sagra 3, Móstoles, 28935, Madrid, Spain
| | - Louis C P M de Smet
- Advanced Interfaces & Materials, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen 6708 WE, the Netherlands
| | - Jesús Palma
- Electrochemical Processes Unit, IMDEA Energy Institute, Avda. Ramón de la Sagra 3, Móstoles 28935, Madrid, Spain
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Chen J, Zuo K, Li B, Xia D, Lin L, Liang J, Li XY. Embedment of graphene in binder-free fungal hypha-based electrodes for enhanced membrane capacitive deionization. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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4
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Jiang Y, Jin L, Wei D, Alhassan SI, Wang H, Chai L. Energy Consumption in Capacitive Deionization for Desalination: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10599. [PMID: 36078322 PMCID: PMC9517846 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Capacitive deionization (CDI) is an emerging eco-friendly desalination technology with mild operation conditions. However, the energy consumption of CDI has not yet been comprehensively summarized, which is closely related to the economic cost. Hence, this study aims to review the energy consumption performances and mechanisms in the literature of CDI, and to reveal a future direction for optimizing the consumed energy. The energy consumption of CDI could be influenced by a variety of internal and external factors. Ion-exchange membrane incorporation, flow-by configuration, constant current charging mode, lower electric field intensity and flowrate, electrode material with a semi-selective surface or high wettability, and redox electrolyte are the preferred elements for low energy consumption. In addition, the consumed energy in CDI could be reduced to be even lower by energy regeneration. By combining the favorable factors, the optimization of energy consumption (down to 0.0089 Wh·gNaCl-1) could be achieved. As redox flow desalination has the benefits of a high energy efficiency and long lifespan (~20,000 cycles), together with the incorporation of energy recovery (over 80%), a robust future tendency of energy-efficient CDI desalination is expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Jiang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Linfeng Jin
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Dun Wei
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Sikpaam Issaka Alhassan
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Haiying Wang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
- Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control and Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha 410083, China
- Water Pollution Control Technology Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Liyuan Chai
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
- Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control and Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha 410083, China
- Water Pollution Control Technology Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha 410083, China
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5
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Liu Z, Di Luccio M, García S, Puig-Bargués J, Zhao X, Trueba A, Muhammad T, Xiao Y, Li Y. Effect of magnetic field on calcium - silica fouling and interactions in brackish water distribution systems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 798:148900. [PMID: 34375249 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fouling growth in brackish water distribution systems (BWDS), especially calcium-silica fouling, is inevitable issue in brackish water desalination, chemical and agricultural industry, eventually threaten the cleaner production process and environment. Magnetic Field (MF) has been a greener and effective technology to control calcium carbonate fouling. However, the effects of MF on composite calcium-silica fouling are still elusive. Therefore, this paper assessed the effect of MF on calcium and silica fouling. We found that MF not only significantly reduce the calcium carbonate fouling, but also obviously decreased the silica fouling. The MF reduced the calcite fouling reached 38.2%-64.3% by changing water quality parameters to trigger the transformation rate of CaCO3 crystal from compact calcite to looser aragonite, as well as increase the unit-cell parameters and chemical bond lengths of calcite and aragonite. The MF also decreased the content of silica fouling (silica and silicate) reached 22.4-46.3% by reducing the concentration of soluble silica and accelerating the flocculation settlement to form large size solid particles in BW. Furthermore, MF broke the synergistic interactions among calcium and silica fouling. In addition, the anti-fouling ability of permanent MF was higher by 12.3-35.1% than electric MF. Overall, these findings demonstrate that MF is an effective and chemical-free technology to control calcium-silica fouling in BWDS, and provide a new perspective for sustainable application of brackish water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyuan Liu
- College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; Engineering Research Center for Agricultural Water-Saving and Water Resources, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Marco Di Luccio
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Sergio García
- Department of Sciences & Techniques of Navigation and Shipbuilding, University of Cantabria, C/ Gamazo 1, 39004 Santander, Spain
| | - Jaume Puig-Bargués
- Department of Chemical and Agricultural Engineering and Technology, University of Girona, Girona 17003, Spain
| | - Xiao Zhao
- College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; Engineering Research Center for Agricultural Water-Saving and Water Resources, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Alfredo Trueba
- Department of Sciences & Techniques of Navigation and Shipbuilding, University of Cantabria, C/ Gamazo 1, 39004 Santander, Spain
| | - Tahir Muhammad
- College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; Engineering Research Center for Agricultural Water-Saving and Water Resources, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yang Xiao
- College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; Engineering Research Center for Agricultural Water-Saving and Water Resources, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yunkai Li
- College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; Engineering Research Center for Agricultural Water-Saving and Water Resources, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China.
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6
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Honarparvar S, Zhang X, Chen T, Alborzi A, Afroz K, Reible D. Frontiers of Membrane Desalination Processes for Brackish Water Treatment: A Review. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:246. [PMID: 33805438 PMCID: PMC8066301 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11040246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Climate change, population growth, and increased industrial activities are exacerbating freshwater scarcity and leading to increased interest in desalination of saline water. Brackish water is an attractive alternative to freshwater due to its low salinity and widespread availability in many water-scarce areas. However, partial or total desalination of brackish water is essential to reach the water quality requirements for a variety of applications. Selection of appropriate technology requires knowledge and understanding of the operational principles, capabilities, and limitations of the available desalination processes. Proper combination of feedwater technology improves the energy efficiency of desalination. In this article, we focus on pressure-driven and electro-driven membrane desalination processes. We review the principles, as well as challenges and recent improvements for reverse osmosis (RO), nanofiltration (NF), electrodialysis (ED), and membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI). RO is the dominant membrane process for large-scale desalination of brackish water with higher salinity, while ED and MCDI are energy-efficient for lower salinity ranges. Selective removal of multivalent components makes NF an excellent option for water softening. Brackish water desalination with membrane processes faces a series of challenges. Membrane fouling and scaling are the common issues associated with these processes, resulting in a reduction in their water recovery and energy efficiency. To overcome such adverse effects, many efforts have been dedicated toward development of pre-treatment steps, surface modification of membranes, use of anti-scalant, and modification of operational conditions. However, the effectiveness of these approaches depends on the fouling propensity of the feed water. In addition to the fouling and scaling, each process may face other challenges depending on their state of development and maturity. This review provides recent advances in the material, architecture, and operation of these processes that can assist in the selection and design of technologies for particular applications. The active research directions to improve the performance of these processes are also identified. The review shows that technologies that are tunable and particularly efficient for partial desalination such as ED and MCDI are increasingly competitive with traditional RO processes. Development of cost-effective ion exchange membranes with high chemical and mechanical stability can further improve the economy of desalination with electro-membrane processes and advance their future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Honarparvar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (S.H.); (X.Z.); (T.C.); (K.A.)
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (S.H.); (X.Z.); (T.C.); (K.A.)
| | - Tianyu Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (S.H.); (X.Z.); (T.C.); (K.A.)
| | - Ashkan Alborzi
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Construction Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA;
| | - Khurshida Afroz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (S.H.); (X.Z.); (T.C.); (K.A.)
| | - Danny Reible
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (S.H.); (X.Z.); (T.C.); (K.A.)
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Construction Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA;
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7
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Xing W, Zhang M, Liang J, Tang W, Li P, Luo Y, Tang N, Guo J. Facile synthesis of pinecone biomass-derived phosphorus-doping porous carbon electrodes for efficient electrochemical salt removal. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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8
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Liu T, Serrano J, Elliott J, Yang X, Cathcart W, Wang Z, He Z, Liu G. Exceptional capacitive deionization rate and capacity by block copolymer-based porous carbon fibers. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz0906. [PMID: 32426453 PMCID: PMC7164930 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz0906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Capacitive deionization (CDI) is energetically favorable for desalinating low-salinity water. The bottlenecks of current carbon-based CDI materials are their limited desalination capacities and time-consuming cycles, caused by insufficient ion-accessible surfaces and retarded electron/ion transport. Here, we demonstrate porous carbon fibers (PCFs) derived from microphase-separated poly(methyl methacrylate)-block-polyacrylonitrile (PMMA-b-PAN) as an effective CDI material. PCF has abundant and uniform mesopores that are interconnected with micropores. This hierarchical porous structure renders PCF a large ion-accessible surface area and a high desalination capacity. In addition, the continuous carbon fibers and interconnected porous network enable fast electron/ion transport, and hence a high desalination rate. PCF shows desalination capacity of 30 mgNaCl g-1 PCF and maximal time-average desalination rate of 38.0 mgNaCl g-1 PCF min-1, which are about 3 and 40 times, respectively, those of typical porous carbons. Our work underlines the promise of block copolymer-based PCF for mutually high-capacity and high-rate CDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Joel Serrano
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - John Elliott
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Xiaozhou Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - William Cathcart
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Zixuan Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Zhen He
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Guoliang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Macromolecules Innovation Institute, and Division of Nanoscience, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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Chaleawlert-umpon S, Pimpha N. Sustainable lignin-derived hierarchically porous carbon for capacitive deionization applications. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj02424d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cross-linked lignin with glyoxal leads to a support mesopore structure of lignin-based porous carbon with improved capacitive deionization performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saowaluk Chaleawlert-umpon
- National Nanotechnology Center
- National Science and Technology Development Agency
- Thailand Science Park
- Pathum Thani 12120
- Thailand
| | - Nuttaporn Pimpha
- National Nanotechnology Center
- National Science and Technology Development Agency
- Thailand Science Park
- Pathum Thani 12120
- Thailand
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Vafakhah S, Sim GJ, Saeedikhani M, Li X, Valdivia Y Alvarado P, Yang HY. 3D printed electrodes for efficient membrane capacitive deionization. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2019; 1:4804-4811. [PMID: 36133144 PMCID: PMC9418887 DOI: 10.1039/c9na00507b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing interests in cost-effective and energy-efficient technologies for the desalination of salt water. However, the challenge in the scalability of the suitable compositions of electrodes has significantly hindered the development of capacitive deionization (CDI) as a promising technology for the desalination of brackish water. Herein, we introduced a 3D printing technology as a new route to fabricate electrodes with adjustable composition, which exhibited large-scale applications as free-standing, binder-free, and robust electrodes. The 3D printed electrodes were designed with ordered macro-channels that facilitated effective ion diffusion. The high salt removal capacity of 75 mg g-1 was achieved for membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI) using 3D printed nitrogen-doped graphene oxide/carbon nanotube electrodes with the total electrode mass of 20 mg. The improved mechanical stability and strong bonding of the chemical components in the electrodes allowed a long cycle lifetime for the MCDI devices. The adjusted operational mode (current density) enabled a low energy consumption of 0.331 W h g-1 and high energy recovery of ∼27%. Furthermore, the results obtained from the finite element simulations of the ion diffusion behavior quantified the structure-function relationships of the MCDI electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sareh Vafakhah
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design Singapore 487372
| | - Glenn Joey Sim
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design Singapore 487372
| | - Mohsen Saeedikhani
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore 9 Engineering Drive 1 Singapore 117576
| | - Xiaoxia Li
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design Singapore 487372
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Beihang University Beijing 100191 P. R. China
| | - Pablo Valdivia Y Alvarado
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design Singapore 487372
| | - Hui Ying Yang
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design Singapore 487372
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