1
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Jaros SW, Sokolnicki J, Siczek M, Smoleński P. Strategy for an Effective Eco-Optimized Design of Heteroleptic Cu(I) Coordination Polymers Exhibiting Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence. Inorg Chem 2023. [PMID: 38010323 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c01908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
The new series of copper(I) coordination polymers [Cu(N-N)(μ-PTA)]n[PF6]n {N-N = dmbpy (1), bpy (2), ncup (3), and phen (4)} were generated by straightforward reaction in solution or through a mechanochemical route, of [Cu(MeCN)4][PF6] with 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane (PTA) and the corresponding polypyridines, namely, 5,5'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine (dmbpy), 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy), 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (ncup), and 1,10-phenanthroline (phen). The compounds were obtained as air-stable solids and fully characterized by IR, NMR spectroscopy, and elemental analyses. The molecular structures were confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis (for 1, 2, and 4), revealing infinite one-dimensional (1D) linear chains driven by μ-PTA N,P-linkers. All tested Cu(I) polymeric compounds show emission at room temperature, which was attributed to thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF). Evidence of the involvement of the excited singlet state in the emission process is presented. Comparing the photophysical properties of 1 and 2 as well as 3 and 4, of which 1 and 3 have a stiffened structure, by introducing a methyl group to one of the ligands, we demonstrate how TADF properties depend on molecular rigidity. It is shown that stiffening of the structure reduces the flattening distortion around the Cu(I) center in the 3MLCT state. As a result, the ΔE(S1-T1) energy gap becomes smaller and the fluorescence quantum yield increases without significantly extending the emission lifetime. In particular, the ΔE(S1-T1) values for complexes 1 and 3 are among the shortest reported in the scientific literature, 253 and 337 cm-1, and the TADF lifetimes are τ(300 K) = 5.7 and 4.2 μs, respectively. The fluorescence quantum yields for these complexes are measured to be ΦPL(300 K) = 70 and 80%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina W Jaros
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jerzy Sokolnicki
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Miłosz Siczek
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Piotr Smoleński
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
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2
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Song XF, Peng LY, Chen WK, Gao YJ, Cui G. Theoretical studies on thermally activated delayed fluorescence of "carbene-metal-amide" Cu and Au complexes: geometric structures, excitation characters, and mechanisms. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:29603-29613. [PMID: 37877743 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03444e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
"Carbene-metal(I)-amide" (CMA) complexes have garnered significant attention due to their remarkable properties and potential TADF applications in organic electronics. However, the atomistic working mechanism is still elusive. Herein, we chose two CMA complexes, i.e., cyclic (alkyl)(amino) carbene-copper[gold](I)-carbazole (CAAC-Cu[Au]-Cz), and employed both DFT and TD-DFT methods, in combination with radiative and nonradiative rate calculations, to investigate geometric and electronic structures of these two complexes in the ground and excited states, including orbital compositions, electronic transitions, absorption and emission spectra, and the luminescence mechanism. It is found that the coplanar or perpendicular conformations are coexistent in the ground state (S0), the lowest excited singlet state (S1), and the triplet state (T1). Both the coplanar and perpendicular S1 and T1 states have similar ligand-to-ligand charge transfer (LLCT) character between CAAC and Cz, and some charge-transfer character between metal atoms and ligands, which is beneficial to minimize the singlet-triplet energy gaps (ΔEST) and increase the spin-orbit coupling (SOC). An interesting three-state (S0, S1, T1) model involving two regions (coplanar and perpendicular) is proposed to rationalize the experimental TADF phenomena in the CMA complexes. In addition to the coplanar ones, the perpendicular S1 and T1 states also play a role in promoting the repopulation of the coplanar S1 exciton, which is a primary source for the delayed fluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Fang Song
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, Chemistry College, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China.
| | - Ling-Ya Peng
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, Chemistry College, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China.
| | - Wen-Kai Chen
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, Chemistry College, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China.
| | - Yuan-Jun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China.
| | - Ganglong Cui
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, Chemistry College, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China.
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230088, China
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3
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Peng LY, Li ZW, Pan GN, Chen WK, Gao YJ, Cui G. Thermally activated delayed fluorescence of a Ir(III) complex: absorption and emission properties, nonradiative rates, and mechanism. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:6454-6460. [PMID: 36779957 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05577e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
One recent experimental study reported a Ir(III) complex with thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) phenomenon in solution, but its luminescent mechanism is elusive. In this work, we combined density functional theory (DFT), time-dependent DFT (TDDFT) and multi-state complete active space second-order perturbation theory (MS-CASPT2) methods to investigate excited-state properties, photophysics, and emission mechanism of this Ir(III) complex. Two main absorption bands observed in experiments can be attributed to the electronic transition from the S0 state to the S1 and S2 states; while, the fluorescence and phosphorescence are generated from the S1 and T1 states, respectively. Both the S1 and T1 states have clear metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) character. The present computational results reveal a three-state model including the S0, S1 and T1 states to rationalize the TADF behavior. The small energy gap between the S1 and T1 states benefits the forward and reverse intersystem crossing (ISC and rISC) processes. At 300 K, the rISC rate is five orders of magnitude larger than the phosphorescence rate therefore enabling TADF. At 77 K, the rISC rate is sharply decreased but remains close to the phosphorescence rate; therefore, in addition to the phosphorescence, the delayed fluorescence could also contribute to the experimental emission. The estimated TADF lifetime agrees well with experiments, 9.80 vs. 6.67 μs, which further verifies this three-state model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Ya Peng
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Zi-Wen Li
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Guang-Ning Pan
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Wen-Kai Chen
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Yuan-Jun Gao
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Ganglong Cui
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
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4
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Sun XW, Peng LY, Gao YJ, Fang Q, Cui G. Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence of a Pyromellitic Diimide Derivative in the Film Environment Investigated by Combined QM/MM and MS-CASPT2 Methods. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:4176-4184. [PMID: 35737507 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c02145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Arylene diimide compounds exhibit thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF), but its mechanism remains elusive. Herein we studied the TADF mechanism of a carbazole-substituted pyromellitic diimide derivative (CzPhPmDI) in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) film by using DFT, TD-DFT, and MS-CASPT2 methods within the QM/MM framework. We found that the TADF mechanism involves three electronic states (i.e., S0, S1, and T1), but the T2 state is not involved because its energy is higher than the S1 state by 6.9 kcal/mol. By contrast, the T1 state is only 3.2 kcal/mol lower than the S1 state and such small energy difference benefits the reverse intersystem crossing (rISC) process from T1 to S1 thereto TADF. This point is seconded by relevant radiative and nonradiative rates calculated. At room temperature, the ISC rate from S1 to T1 is calculated to be 6.1 × 106 s-1, which is larger than the fluorescence emission rate, 2.2 × 105 s-1; thus, the dominant S1 population converts to the T1 state. However, in the T1 state, the rISC process (1.8 × 104 s-1) becomes the most important channel because of the negligible phosphorescence emission rate (3.5 × 10-2 s-1). So, the T1 population is still converted back to the S1 state to fluoresce enabling TADF. Unfortunately, the rISC process is blocked in low temperature. Besides, we found that relevant Huang-Rhys factors have dominant contribution from low-frequency vibrational motion related to the torsional motion of functional groups. These gained insights could provide useful information for the design of organic TADF materials with excellent luminescence efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Wei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Ling-Ya Peng
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yuan-Jun Gao
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Qiu Fang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Ganglong Cui
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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5
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Sun X, Peng L, Gao Y, Ye J, Cui G. Theoretical studies on
excited‐state
properties and luminescence mechanism of a
Carbene–Metal–Amide
Au(I) complex with thermally activated delayed fluorescence. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.202200193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin‐Wei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University Beijing PR China
| | - Ling‐Ya Peng
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University Beijing PR China
| | - Yuan‐Jun Gao
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University Beijing PR China
| | - Jin‐Ting Ye
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University Beijing PR China
| | - Ganglong Cui
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University Beijing PR China
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6
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Housecroft CE, Constable EC. TADF: Enabling luminescent copper(i) coordination compounds for light-emitting electrochemical cells. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. C 2022; 10:4456-4482. [PMID: 35433007 PMCID: PMC8944257 DOI: 10.1039/d1tc04028f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The last decade has seen a surge of interest in the emissive behaviour of copper(i) coordination compounds, both neutral compounds that may have applications in organic light-emitting doides (OLEDs) and copper-based ionic transition metal complexes (Cu-iTMCs) with potential use in light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs). One of the most exciting features of copper(i) coordination compounds is their possibility to exhibit thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) in which the energy separation of the excited singlet (S1) and excited triplet (T1) states is very small, permitting intersystem crossing (ISC) and reverse intersystem crossing (RISC) to occur at room temperature without the requirement for the large spin-orbit coupling inferred by the presence of a heavy metal such as iridium. In this review, we focus mainly in Cu-iTMCs, and illustrate how the field of luminescent compounds and those exhibiting TADF has developed. Copper(i) coordination compounds that class as Cu-iTMCs include those containing four-coordinate [Cu(P^P)(N^N)]+ (P^P = large-bite angle bisphosphane, and N^N is typically a diimine), [Cu(P)2(N^N)]+ (P = monodentate phosphane ligand), [Cu(P)(tripodal-N3)]+, [Cu(P)(N^N)(N)]+ (N = monodentate N-donor ligand), [Cu(P^P)(N^S)]+ (N^S = chelating N,S-donor ligand), [Cu(P^P)(P^S)]+ (P^S = chelating P,S-donor ligand), [Cu(P^P)(NHC)]+ (NHC = N-heterocyclic carbene) coordination domains, dinuclear complexes with P^P and N^N ligands, three-coordinate [Cu(N^N)(NHC)]+ and two-coordinate [Cu(N)(NHC)]+ complexes. We pay particular attention to solid-state structural features, e.g. π-stacking interactions and other inter-ligand interactions, which may impact on photoluminescence quantum yields. Where emissive Cu-iTMCs have been tested in LECs, we detail the device architectures, and this emphasizes differences which make it difficult to compare LEC performances from different investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine E Housecroft
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1096 4058-Basel Switzerland
| | - Edwin C Constable
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1096 4058-Basel Switzerland
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7
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Song XF, Li ZW, Chen WK, Gao YJ, Cui G. Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Mechanism of a Bicyclic "Carbene-Metal-Amide" Copper Compound: DFT/MRCI Studies and Roles of Excited-State Structure Relaxation. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:7673-7681. [PMID: 35200011 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Herein we investigated the luminescence mechanism of one "carbene-metal-amide" copper compound with thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) using density functional theory (DFT)/multireference configuration interaction, DFT, and time-dependent DFT methods with the polarizable continuum model. The experimentally observed low-energy absorption and emission peaks are assigned to the S1 state, which exhibits clear interligand and partial ligand-to-metal charge-transfer character. Moreover, it was found that a three-state (S0, S1, and T1) model is sufficient to describe the TADF mechanism, and the T2 state should play a negligible role. The calculated S1-T1 energy gap of 0.10 eV and proper spin-orbit couplings facilitate the reverse intersystem crossing (rISC) from T1 to S1. At 298 K, the rISC rate of T1 → S1 (∼106 s-1) is more than 3 orders of magnitude larger than the T1 phosphorescence rate (∼103 s-1), thereby enabling TADF. However, it disappears at 77 K because of a very slow rISC rate (∼101 s-1). The calculated TADF rate, lifetime, and quantum yield agree very well with the experimental data. Methodologically, the present work shows that only considering excited-state information at the Franck-Condon point is insufficient for certain emitting systems and including excited-state structure relaxation is important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Fang Song
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, Chemistry College, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Zi-Wen Li
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, Chemistry College, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Kai Chen
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, Chemistry College, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Yuan-Jun Gao
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, Chemistry College, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Ganglong Cui
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, Chemistry College, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
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8
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Liu D, Cai Z, Wu YN, Chen S. First-principles identification of V I + Cu idefect cluster in cuprous iodide: origin of red light photoluminescence. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33:195203. [PMID: 35021166 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac4aa5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Theγ-phase cuprous iodide (CuI) emerges as a promising transparent p-type semiconductor for next-generation display technology because of its wide direct band gap, intrinsic p-type conductivity, and high carrier mobility. Two main peaks are observed in its photoluminescence (PL). One is short wavelength (410-430 nm) emission, which is well attributed to the electronic transitions at Cu vacancy, whereas the other long wavelength emission (680-720 nm) has not been fully understood. In this paper, through first-principles simulations, we investigate the formation energies and emission line shapes for various defects, and discover that the intrinsic point defect clusterVI+Cui2+is the source of the long wavelength emission. Our finding is further supported by the prediction that the defect concentration decreases dramatically as the chemical condition changes from Cu-rich to I-rich, explaining the significant reduction in the red light emission if CuI is annealed in abundant I environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingrong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Polar Materials and Devices (MOE) and Department of Electronics, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Zenghua Cai
- Key Laboratory of Computational Physical Sciences (MOE), and State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Ning Wu
- Key Laboratory of Polar Materials and Devices (MOE) and Department of Electronics, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiyou Chen
- Key Laboratory of Computational Physical Sciences (MOE), and State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Qi Zhi Institute, Shanghai 200030, People's Republic of China
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9
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Dhali R, Phan Huu DKA, Terenziani F, Sissa C, Painelli A. Thermally activated delayed fluorescence: A critical assessment of environmental effects on the singlet-triplet energy gap. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:134112. [PMID: 33832272 DOI: 10.1063/5.0042058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The effective design of dyes optimized for thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) requires the precise control of two tiny energies: the singlet-triplet gap, which has to be maintained within thermal energy, and the strength of spin-orbit coupling. A subtle interplay among low-energy excited states having dominant charge-transfer and local character then governs TADF efficiency, making models for environmental effects both crucial and challenging. The main message of this paper is a warning to the community of chemists, physicists, and material scientists working in the field: the adiabatic approximation implicitly imposed to the treatment of fast environmental degrees of freedom in quantum-classical and continuum solvation models leads to uncontrolled results. Several approximation schemes were proposed to mitigate the issue, but we underline that the adiabatic approximation to fast solvation is inadequate and cannot be improved; rather, it must be abandoned in favor of an antiadiabatic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama Dhali
- Department of Chemistry, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - D K Andrea Phan Huu
- Department of Chemistry, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Francesca Terenziani
- Department of Chemistry, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Cristina Sissa
- Department of Chemistry, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Anna Painelli
- Department of Chemistry, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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10
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Cao M, Zhao Y, Gu M, Liu C, Zhu Q, Chen Y, Wei B, Du C, Zhang B. Syntheses, Crystal Structures and Photophysical Properties of Dinuclear Copper(I) Complexes Bearing Diphenylphosphino‐Substituted Benzimidazole Ligands. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202004251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Cao
- College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 P. R. China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Microelectronic R&D Center, School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation Shanghai University Shanghai 200072 P. R. China
| | - Mengsi Gu
- College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 P. R. China
| | - Chunmei Liu
- College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 P. R. China
| | - Qianqian Zhu
- College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 P. R. China
| | - Yahui Chen
- College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 P. R. China
| | - Bin Wei
- Microelectronic R&D Center, School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation Shanghai University Shanghai 200072 P. R. China
| | - Chenxia Du
- College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 P. R. China
| | - Bin Zhang
- College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 P. R. China
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11
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Sun ZZ, Zhu N, Pan X, Wang G, Li ZF, Xin XL, Han HL, Feng YB, Jin QH, Yang YP, Yang W. A new application of terahertz time-domain absorption spectra in luminescent complexes: characterization of the C-Hπ weak interactions in Cu(I) complexes. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:10214-10224. [PMID: 34232237 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt01023a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Six Cu(i) complexes, [Cu(2,3-f)(bdppmapy)]BF4 (1), [Cu(2,3-f)(bdppmapy)]ClO4 (2), [Cu(2,3-f)(bdppmapy)]CF3SO3 (3), [Cu(imidazo[4,5-f])(bdppmapy)]BF4 (4), [Cu(imidazo[4,5-f])(bdppmapy)]ClO4 (5), and [Cu(imidazo[4,5-f])(bdppmapy)]CF3SO3·MeOH (6·MeOH) (bdppmapy = N,N-bis[(diphenylphosphino)methyl]-2-pyridinamine, 2,3-f = pyrazine[2,3-f][1,10]-phenanthroline, and imidazo[4,5-f] = 1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]-phenanthroline), have been synthesized to explore the effects of counteranions on their crystal structures, photophysical properties, and terahertz (THz) spectra. Time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) shows that the luminescence performance of these complexes is attributed to the metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) in combination with ligand-to-ligand charge transfer (LLCT). In complexes 1-3, the characteristic peak at 1.4 THz is mainly related to the C-Hπ interaction formed by the H atom on the 4#/5# position of 2,3-f and the benzene ring from the bdppmapy on the adjacent asymmetric unit. The common C-Hπ interaction enhances the rigidity of the structure and has non-negligible influence on the photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQYs): the stronger the C-Hπ interaction is, the higher the quantum yield (QY) is. In complexes 4-6, similar absorption peaks (1.10-1.30 THz) are mainly related to the C-Hπ interactions, and strong absorption peaks (1.50-1.90 THz) are affected by the typical hydrogen bonds N-HF/O and O-HO. These results show that some weak interactions can be characterized by THz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS). So, the THz spectroscopy method would make it possible to tune some of the weak interactions in complex structures to regulate the luminescence of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Zhou Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Ning Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Xun Pan
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Guo Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Zhong-Feng Li
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Xiu-Lan Xin
- School of Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Hong-Liang Han
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Yue-Bing Feng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Qiong-Hua Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China. and State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Yu-Ping Yang
- School of Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Suzhou Polytechnical Institute of Agriculture, Suzhou 215008, P. R. China.
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12
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Xu C, Li Y, Lv L, Lin F, Lin F, Zhang Z, Luo C, Luo D, Liu W. Synthesis, characterization, luminescence properties of copper(I) bromide based coordination compounds. Inorganica Chim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2020.119893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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