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Shabbir S, Yang N, Wang D. Enhanced uranium extraction from seawater: from the viewpoint of kinetics and thermodynamics. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:4937-4960. [PMID: 38362657 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr05905g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Uranium extraction from seawater (UES) is recognized as one of the seven pivotal chemical separations with the potential to revolutionize global paradigms. The forthcoming decade is anticipated to witness a surge in UES, driven by escalating energy demands. The oceanic reservoirs, possessing uranium quantities approximately 1000-fold higher than terrestrial mines, present a more sustainable and environmentally benign alternative. Empirical evidence from historical research indicates that adsorption emerges as the most efficacious process for uranium recovery from seawater, considering operational feasibility, cost-effectiveness, and selectivity. Over the years, scientific exploration has led to the development of a plethora of adsorbents with superior adsorption capacity. It would be efficient to design materials with a deep understanding of the adsorption from the perspective of kinetics and thermodynamics. Here, we summarize recent advancements in UES technology and the contemporary challenges encountered in this domain. Furthermore, we present our perspectives on the future trajectory of UES and finally offer our insights into this subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sania Shabbir
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Nailiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Dan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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Tofan L. Insights into the Applications of Natural Fibers to Metal Separation from Aqueous Solutions. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15092178. [PMID: 37177324 PMCID: PMC10181014 DOI: 10.3390/polym15092178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a wide range of renewable materials with attractive prospects for the development of green technologies for the removal and recovery of metals from aqueous streams. A special category among them are natural fibers of biological origin, which combine remarkable biosorption properties with the adaptability of useful forms for cleanup and recycling purposes. To support the efficient exploitation of these advantages, this article reviews the current state of research on the potential and real applications of natural cellulosic and protein fibers as biosorbents for the sequestration of metals from aqueous solutions. The discussion on the scientific literature reports is made in sections that consider the classification and characterization of natural fibers and the analysis of performances of lignocellulosic biofibers and wool, silk, and human hair waste fibers to the metal uptake from diluted aqueous solutions. Finally, future research directions are recommended. Compared to other reviews, this work debates, systematizes, and correlates the available data on the metal biosorption on plant and protein biofibers, under non-competitive and competitive conditions, from synthetic, simulated, and real solutions, providing a deep insight into the biosorbents based on both types of eco-friendly fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavinia Tofan
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, "Cristofor Simionescu" Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Protection, "Gheorghe Asachi" Technical University of Iasi, 73 Prof.Dr. D. Mangeron Blvd., 700050 Iasi, Romania
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Wang Z, Meng X, Du Z, Wang S, Qu C, Mo H, Jiang C, Wang J, Zang Y, Chen S. Zinc loaded amidoxime polyacrylonitrile porous resin microcapsules for uranium extraction from seawater. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-023-08851-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
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Xie Y, Liu Z, Geng Y, Li H, Wang N, Song Y, Wang X, Chen J, Wang J, Ma S, Ye G. Uranium extraction from seawater: material design, emerging technologies and marine engineering. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:97-162. [PMID: 36448270 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00595f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Uranium extraction from seawater (UES), a potential approach to securing the long-term uranium supply and sustainability of nuclear energy, has experienced significant progress in the past decade. Promising adsorbents with record-high capacities have been developed by diverse innovative synthetic strategies, and scale-up marine field tests have been put forward by several countries. However, significant challenges remain in terms of the adsorbents' properties in complex marine environments, deployment methods, and the economic viability of current UES systems. This review presents an up-to-date overview of the latest advancements in the UES field, highlighting new insights into the mechanistic basis of UES and the methodologies towards the function-oriented development of uranium adsorbents with high adsorption capacity, selectivity, biofouling resistance, and durability. A distinctive emphasis is placed on emerging electrochemical and photochemical strategies that have been employed to develop efficient UES systems. The most recent achievements in marine tests by the major countries are summarized. Challenges and perspectives related to the fundamental, technical, and engineering aspects of UES are discussed. This review is envisaged to inspire innovative ideas and bring technical solutions towards the development of technically and economically viable UES systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xie
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Nuclear Energy Technology, Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Zeyu Liu
- AVIC Manufacturing Technology Institute, Beijing 100024, China
| | - Yiyun Geng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Nuclear Energy Technology, Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Hao Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Nuclear Energy Technology, Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China. .,China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Ning Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yanpei Song
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76201, USA
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Nuclear Energy Technology, Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Jianchen Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Nuclear Energy Technology, Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Shengqian Ma
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76201, USA
| | - Gang Ye
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Nuclear Energy Technology, Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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An antibacterial and antifouling amidoxime-functionalized graphene oxide aerogel for selective uranium adsorption in Salt Lake water. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.129367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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He Y, Hou G, Lu X, Chang P, Shao D. Application of poly(vinylphosphonic acid) modified poly(amidoxime) in uptake of uranium from seawater. RSC Adv 2022; 12:4054-4060. [PMID: 35425411 PMCID: PMC8981067 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra09118b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To enhance the anti-biofouling properties and adsorption capability of poly(amidoxime) (PAO), vinylphosphonic acid (VPA, CH2
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CH-PO3H2) was polymerized on poly(acrylonitrile) (PAN) surface by plasma technique, followed by amidoximation treatment to convert the cyano group (–C
Created by potrace 1.16, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2019
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N) into an amidoxime group (AO, –C(NH2)N–OH). The obtained poly(vinylphosphonic acid)/PAO (PVPA/PAO) was used as an adsorbent in the uptake of U(vi) from seawater. The effect of environmental conditions on the anti-biofouling property and adsorption capability of PVPA/PAO for U(vi) were studied. Results show that the modified PVPA enhances the anti-biofouling properties and adsorption capability of PAO for U(vi). The adsorption process is well described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and reached equilibrium in 24 h. Adsorption isotherms of U(vi) on PVPA/PAO can be well fitted by the Langmuir model, and the maximum adsorption capability was calculated to be 145 mg g−1 at pH 8.2 and 298 K. Experimental results highlight the application of PVPA/PAO in the extraction of U(vi) from seawater. Our modified poly(vinylphosphonic acid) (PVPA) enhances the anti-biofouling properties and adsorption capability of poly(amidoxime) (PAO); the PVPA/PAO presents exceptional ability in the selective uptake of U(vi) from seawater.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangchun He
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 P. R. China
| | - Guangshun Hou
- Institute of Resources and Environment, Henan Polytechnic University Jiaozuo 454000 P. R. China
| | - Xirui Lu
- Fundamental Science on Nuclear Wastes and Environmental Safety Laboratory, Southwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang 621010 P. R. China
| | - Pengpeng Chang
- CNNP Jiangsu Nuclear Power Co. Ltd. Lianyungang 222042 P. R. China
| | - Dadong Shao
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 P. R. China
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Yi Z, Junwen L, Sijin W, Haiming C. Ion-imprinted guanidine-functionalized zeolite molecular sieves enhance the adsorption selectivity and antibacterial properties for uranium extraction. RSC Adv 2022; 12:15470-15478. [PMID: 35693237 PMCID: PMC9121788 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01651f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The important properties in the development of adsorbents for uranium extraction from seawater include specific selectivity to uranium ions and anti-biofouling ability in the ocean environment. In this paper, we report a novel strategy for efficient selective extraction of uranium from aqueous solutions and good anti-bacterial properties by surface ion-imprinted zeolite molecular sieves. Guanidine-modified zeolite molecular sieves 13X (ZMS-G) were synthesized and used as the support for the preparation of uranium(vi) ion-imprinted adsorbents (IIZMS-G) by ligands with phosphonic groups. The prepared IIZMS-G adsorbent was characterized via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The results showed that guanidine groups have been successfully introduced onto the support while its morphology structure was maintained. The adsorption performance and selectivity to U(vi) ions, antibacterial property, and reusability of IIZMS-G were evaluated. The results showed that the maximum adsorption capacity reached 141.09 mg g−1 when the initial concentration of metal ions was 50 mg L−1 at pH 6 and 20 °C. The adsorption process followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. The IIZMS-G exhibits an efficient selective adsorption of U(vi) ions from aqueous solutions with competing ions. In addition, the IIZMS-G exhibited excellent inhibitory effects on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, and the inhibitory rate was 99.99% and 98.96% respectively. These results suggest that the prepared IIZMS-G adsorbent may promote the development strategy of novel high selectivity and antifouling adsorbents for uranium recovery from seawater. The important properties in the development of adsorbents for uranium extraction from seawater include specific selectivity to uranium ions and anti-biofouling ability in the ocean environment.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Yi
- The Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Li Junwen
- The Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Wu Sijin
- The Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Cheng Haiming
- The Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
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He N, Li H, Li L, Cheng C, Lu X, Wen J, Wang X. Polyguanidine-modified adsorbent to enhance marine applicability for uranium recovery from seawater. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 416:126192. [PMID: 34492956 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The marine applicability of adsorbents intended for recovering uranium from seawater is crucial. For such applicability, the materials must exhibit anti-biofouling properties, seawater pH adaptability (pH~8), and salt tolerance. Extracting uranium from seawater is a long-term project; hence, biofouling, high salt concentrations, and weak alkaline environments negatively affect the adsorption of uranium and damage the recovered materials. Most studies on the extraction of uranium from seawater focus on increasing the adsorption capacity of the employed adsorbent, while its marine applicability is neglected. In the present study, three types of guanidine polymer (GP)-modified acrylic fibers were prepared to investigate the impact of the introduced structure on the marine applicability of the fibers. After screening, the introduction of polyhexamethylene biguanidine (PHMB) is observed to produce PAO-PHMB-A, characterized by excellent marine applicability. The enhanced properties include high antimicrobial activity (109 CFU/mL, 99.71%), good salt tolerance, and optimal adsorption at a pH of 8. Owing to the synergistic effect of its functional groups, the PAO-PHMB-A material exhibits excellent adsorption performance (525.89 mg/g), as well as high selectivity and durability. More importantly, long-term marine tests revealed that PAO-PHMB-A shows a remarkable uranium adsorption capacity (30 d, 3.19 mg/g) and excellent antibacterial activity. Considering its excellent marine applicability and good adsorption performance, the PAO-PHMB-A material developed in this work could serve as a potential adsorbent for engineering applications associated with uranium recovery from seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningning He
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China; State Key Laboratory of Environment-friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Hao Li
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Nuclear Energy Technology, Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Luyan Li
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Chong Cheng
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Xirui Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Jun Wen
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China.
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China.
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Sun Y, Liu R, Wen S, Wang J, Chen L, Yan B, Peng S, Ma C, Cao X, Ma C, Duan G, Wang H, Shi S, Yuan Y, Wang N. Antibiofouling Ultrathin Poly(amidoxime) Membrane for Enhanced U(VI) Recovery from Wastewater and Seawater. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:21272-21285. [PMID: 33940792 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c02882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Although eco-friendly amidoxime-based adsorbents own an excellent uranium (U)-adsorption capacity, their U-adsorption efficiency is commonly reduced and even damaged by the biological adhesion from bacteria/microorganisms in an aqueous environment. Herein, we present an antibiofouling ultrathin poly(amidoxime) membrane (AUPM) with highly enhanced U-adsorption performance, through dispersing the quaternized chitosan (Q-CS) and poly(amidoxime) in a cross-linked sulfonated cellulose nanocrystals (S-CNC) network. The cross-linked S-CNC not only can elevate the hydrophilicity to improve the U-adsorption efficiency of AUPM but also can enhance the mechanical strength to form a self-supporting ultrathin membrane (17.21 MPa, 10 μm thickness). More importantly, this AUPM owns a good antibiofouling property, owing to the broad-spectrum antibacterial quaternary ammonium groups of the Q-CS. As a result, within the 1.00 L of low-concentration (100 ppb) U-added pure water (pH ≈ 5) and seawater (pH ≈ 8) for 48 h, 30 mg of AUPM can recover 93.7% U and 91.4% U, respectively. Furthermore, compared with the U-absorption capacity of a blank membrane without the Q-CS, that of AUPM can significantly increase 37.4% reaching from 6.39 to 8.78 mg/g after being in natural seawater for only 25 d. Additionally, this AUPM can still maintain almost constant tensile strength during 10 cycles of adsorption-desorption, which indicates the relatively long-term usability of AUPM. This AUPM will be a promising candidate for highly efficient and large-scale U-recovery from both U-containing waste freshwater/seawater and natural seawater, which will be greatly helpful to deal with the U-pollution and enrich U for the consumption of nuclear power. More importantly, the work will provide a new convenient but universal strategy to fabricate new highly enhanced low-cost U-adsorbents, through the introduction of both an antibacterial property and a high mechanical performance, which will be a good reference for the design of new highly efficient U-adsorbents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, P. R. China
| | - Rongrong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, P. R. China
| | - Shunxi Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, P. R. China
| | - Jiawen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, P. R. China
| | - Lin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, P. R. China
| | - Bingjie Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, P. R. China
| | - Shuyi Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, P. R. China
| | - Chao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, P. R. China
| | - Xingyu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, P. R. China
| | - Chunxin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, P. R. China
- Research Institute, Zhejiang University-Taizhou, Taizhou 318000, P. R. China
| | - Gaigai Duan
- International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, P. R. China
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, P. R. China
| | - Se Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, P. R. China
| | - Yihui Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, P. R. China
| | - Ning Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, P. R. China
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Oliva C, Huang W, El Badri S, Lee MAL, Ronholm J, Chen L, Wang Y. Concentrated sulfuric acid aqueous solution enables rapid recycling of cellulose from waste paper into antimicrobial packaging. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 241:116256. [PMID: 32507215 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Waste paper is a major contributor to municipal and industrial waste, and its recycle and reuse are a current challenge. The aim of this research is to convert waste paper into value-added cellulose films through rapid dissolution in pre-cooled H2SO4 aqueous solution. Two types of waste paper, office paper and cardboard, could be dissolved within 210 s. The regenerated office paper films were transparent, and exhibited excellent mechanical properties (tensile strength: 77.55 ± 6.52 MPa, elongation at break: 2.67 ± 0.30 %, and Young's modulus: 5451.67 ± 705.23 MPa), which were comparable to those of cellulose films prepared from spruce pulp in the same solvent. The mixed paper films showed a dramatically reduced UV transmittance due to the existence of lignin. Moreover, the regenerated films were a promising matrix to load antimicrobial compounds, and thus inhibited the growth of pathogenic bacteria. Therefore, this work provides a convenient way to directly convert waste paper into biodegradable antimicrobial packaging materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camelia Oliva
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Weijuan Huang
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Souhaïla El Badri
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada; Institut Polytechnique Lasalle Beauvais Campus, Beauvais, 60026, France
| | - Maria Ai Lan Lee
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Jennifer Ronholm
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Lingyun Chen
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Yixiang Wang
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada.
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