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Xuan W, Ma JA. Pinpointing Acidic Residues in Proteins. ChemMedChem 2024; 19:e202300623. [PMID: 38303683 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
It is of great importance to pinpoint specific residues or sites of a protein in biological contexts to enable desired mechanism of action for small molecules or to precisely control protein function. In this regard, acidic residues including aspartic acid (Asp) and glutamic acid (Glu) hold great potential due to their great prevalence and unique function. To unlock the largely untapped potential, great efforts have been made recently by synthetic chemists, chemical biologists and pharmacologists. Herein, we would like to highlight the remarkable progress and particularly introduce the electrophiles that exhibit reactivity to carboxylic acids, the light-induced reactivities to carboxylic acids and the genetically encoded noncanonical amino acids that allow protein manipulations at acidic residues. We also comment on certain unresolved challenges, hoping to draw more attention to this rapidly developing area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimin Xuan
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Jun-An Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
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2
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Krivolapova YV, Tomashenko OA, Funt LD, Spiridonova DV, Novikov MS, Khlebnikov AF. Azirine-triazole hybrids: selective synthesis of 5-(2 H-azirin-2-yl)-, 5-(1 H-pyrrol-2-yl)-1 H-1,2,3-triazoles and 2-(5-(2 H-azirin-2-yl)-1 H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)pyridines. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:5434-5443. [PMID: 35766322 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00908k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Azirine-triazole hybrids, 1-R-5-(3-aryl-2H-azirin-2-yl)-1H-1,2,3-triazoles, were selectively synthesized by reaction of 1-(3-aryl-2H-azirin-2-yl)-2-(triphenylphosphoranylidene)ethanones with tosyl and (E)-2-benzoylvinyl azides in high yields at rt. The reaction with 2-azidopyridine makes it possible to obtain azirine-triazole-pyridine hybrids, albeit in moderate yields, at 170 °C. The mechanism and selectivity of the reaction of α-carbonylphosphoranes with azides are discussed on the basis of DFT calculations. According to the calculation, the reaction of α-carbonylphosphoranes with model mesyl azide, leading to 1,5-disubstituted triazoles proceeds via a non-concerted cycloaddition, while the reaction leading to 1,4-disubstituted triazoles proceeds via a concerted azide cycloaddition, but through the transition state which has much higher energy. In contrast to the reaction of α-(triphenylphosphoranylidene)ketones with TsN3, the reaction with TfN3 yields the α-diazo ketones. Ni-Catalyzed reaction of azirinyl-1,2,3-triazoles with acetylacetone provides pyrrole-triazole and pyrrole-triazole-pyridine hybrids in good yields under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia V Krivolapova
- St. Petersburg State University, Institute of Chemistry, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia.
| | - Olesya A Tomashenko
- St. Petersburg State University, Institute of Chemistry, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia.
| | - Liya D Funt
- St. Petersburg State University, Institute of Chemistry, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia.
| | - Dar'ya V Spiridonova
- St. Petersburg State University, Institute of Chemistry, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia.
| | - Mikhail S Novikov
- St. Petersburg State University, Institute of Chemistry, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia.
| | - Alexander F Khlebnikov
- St. Petersburg State University, Institute of Chemistry, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia.
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3
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Łowicki D, Przybylski P. Cascade synthetic strategies opening access to medicinal-relevant aliphatic 3- and 4-membered N-heterocyclic scaffolds. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 238:114438. [PMID: 35567964 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cascade reactions are often 'employed' by nature to construct structurally diverse nitrogen-containing heterocycles in a highly stereoselective fashion, i.e., secondary metabolites important for pharmacy. Nitrogen-containing heterocycles of three- and four-membered rings, as standalone and bicyclic compounds, inhibit different enzymes and are pharmacophores of approved drugs or drug candidates considered in many therapies, e.g. anticancer, antibacterial or antiviral. Domino transformations are in most cases in line with modern green chemistry concepts due to atom economy, one-pot procedures often without use the protective groups, time-saving and at markedly lower costs than multistep transformations. The tandem approaches can help to obtain novel N-heterocyclic scaffolds, functionalized according to structural requirements of the target in cells, taking into account the nature of functional group and stereochemistry. On the other hand cascade strategies allow to modify small N-heterocyclic rings in a systematic way, which is beneficial for structure-activity relationship (SAR) analyses. This review is focused on the biological relevance of the N-heterocyclic scaffolds with smaller 3- and 4-membered rings among approved drugs and leading structures of drug candidates. The cascade synthetic strategies offering N-heterocyclic scaffolds, at relatively good yields and high stereoselectivity, are discussed here. The review covers mainly years from 2015 to 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Łowicki
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614, Poznan, Poland
| | - Piotr Przybylski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614, Poznan, Poland.
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Gunasekera SP, Kokkaliari S, Ratnayake R, Sauvage T, dos Santos LAH, Luesch H, Paul VJ. Anti-Inflammatory Dysidazirine Carboxylic Acid from the Marine Cyanobacterium Caldora sp. Collected from the Reefs of Fort Lauderdale, Florida. Molecules 2022; 27:1717. [PMID: 35268819 PMCID: PMC8911782 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysidazirine carboxylic acid (1) was isolated from the lipophilic extract of a collection of the benthic marine cyanobacterium Caldora sp. from reefs near Fort Lauderdale, Florida. The planar structure of this new compound was determined by spectroscopic methods and comparisons between HRMS and NMR data with its reported methyl ester. The absolute configuration of the single chiral center was determined by the conversion of 1 to the methyl ester and the comparison of its specific rotation data with the two known methyl ester isomers, 2 and 3. Molecular sequencing with 16S rDNA indicated that this cyanobacterium differs from Caldora penicillata (Oscillatoriales) and represents a previously undocumented and novel Caldora species. Dysidazirine (2) showed weak cytotoxicity against HCT116 colorectal cancer cells (IC50 9.1 µM), while dysidazirine carboxylic acid (1) was non-cytotoxic. Similar cell viability patterns were observed in RAW264.7 cells with dysidazirine only (2), displaying cytotoxicity at the highest concentration tested (50 µM). The non-cytotoxic dysidazirine carboxylic acid (1) demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity in RAW264.7 cells stimulated with LPS. After 24 h, 1 inhibited the production of NO by almost 50% at 50 µM, without inducing cytotoxicity. Compound 1 rapidly decreased gene expression of the pro-inflammatory gene iNOS after 3 h post-LPS treatment and in a dose-dependent manner (IC50 ~1 µM); the downregulation of iNOS persisted at least until 12 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarath P. Gunasekera
- Smithsonian Marine Station, 701 Seaway Drive, Ft. Pierce, FL 34949, USA; (S.P.G.); (T.S.); (L.A.H.d.S.)
| | - Sofia Kokkaliari
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), University of Florida, 1345 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (S.K.); (R.R.); (H.L.)
| | - Ranjala Ratnayake
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), University of Florida, 1345 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (S.K.); (R.R.); (H.L.)
| | - Thomas Sauvage
- Smithsonian Marine Station, 701 Seaway Drive, Ft. Pierce, FL 34949, USA; (S.P.G.); (T.S.); (L.A.H.d.S.)
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90650, RS, Brazil
| | - Larissa A. H. dos Santos
- Smithsonian Marine Station, 701 Seaway Drive, Ft. Pierce, FL 34949, USA; (S.P.G.); (T.S.); (L.A.H.d.S.)
| | - Hendrik Luesch
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), University of Florida, 1345 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (S.K.); (R.R.); (H.L.)
| | - Valerie J. Paul
- Smithsonian Marine Station, 701 Seaway Drive, Ft. Pierce, FL 34949, USA; (S.P.G.); (T.S.); (L.A.H.d.S.)
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5
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De A, Majee A. Synthesis of various functionalized
2
H
‐azirines: An
updated library. J Heterocycl Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.4415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aramita De
- Department of Chemistry Visva‐Bharati (A Central University) Santiniketan India
| | - Adinath Majee
- Department of Chemistry Visva‐Bharati (A Central University) Santiniketan India
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7
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Nguyen TK, Titov GD, Khoroshilova OV, Kinzhalov MA, Rostovskii NV. Light-induced one-pot synthesis of pyrimidine derivatives from vinyl azides. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 18:4971-4982. [PMID: 32558855 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00693a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A one-pot procedure for the synthesis of tetrasubstituted dihydropyrimidine and pyrimidine derivatives from α-azidocinnamates was developed. The synthesis is based on the finding that the outcome of LED photolysis of α-azidocinnamates depends on the light wavelength employed. Blue light (455 nm) leads to the formation of 2H-azirines only, but violet light (395 nm), UV-A light (365 nm), or sunlight result in the transformation of the in situ formed 2H-azirines to 1,3-diazabicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-enes. Under basic catalysis (DBU), the latter were isomerized to 1,6-dihydropyrimidines which were oxidized to pyrimidines using DDQ. A successful use of Cs2CO3 as a base and air as an oxidant was also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuan K Nguyen
- Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Nab., Saint Petersburg, 199034 Russian Federation.
| | - Gleb D Titov
- Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Nab., Saint Petersburg, 199034 Russian Federation.
| | - Olesya V Khoroshilova
- Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Nab., Saint Petersburg, 199034 Russian Federation.
| | - Mikhail A Kinzhalov
- Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Nab., Saint Petersburg, 199034 Russian Federation.
| | - Nikolai V Rostovskii
- Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Nab., Saint Petersburg, 199034 Russian Federation.
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Rostovskii NV, Koronatov AN, Sakharov PA, Agafonova AV, Novikov MS, Khlebnikov AF, Rogacheva EV, Kraeva LA. Azirine-containing dipeptides and depsipeptides: synthesis, transformations and antibacterial activity. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:9448-9460. [PMID: 33170920 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob02023k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Azirine-containing dipeptides and depsipeptides with a wide range of substituents have been synthesized in high yields via the Passerini and Ugi multicomponent reactions (MCRs) using 2H-azirine-2-carboxylic acids as the acid component. The obtained MCR adducts have been transformed to lactam-fused aziridines, as well as pyrrole, imidazole, aziridine, and other derivatives, containing the dipeptide or depsipeptide moiety. The azirine-containing depsipeptides exhibit antibacterial activity against the ESKAPE pathogens, especially Gram-positive bacterial strains (E. faecium - MIC 16 μg mL-1, S. aureus - MIC 9 μg mL-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai V Rostovskii
- Saint Petersburg State University, Institute of Chemistry, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., Saint Petersburg, 199034, Russia.
| | - Alexander N Koronatov
- Saint Petersburg State University, Institute of Chemistry, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., Saint Petersburg, 199034, Russia.
| | - Pavel A Sakharov
- Saint Petersburg State University, Institute of Chemistry, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., Saint Petersburg, 199034, Russia.
| | - Anastasiya V Agafonova
- Saint Petersburg State University, Institute of Chemistry, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., Saint Petersburg, 199034, Russia.
| | - Mikhail S Novikov
- Saint Petersburg State University, Institute of Chemistry, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., Saint Petersburg, 199034, Russia.
| | - Alexander F Khlebnikov
- Saint Petersburg State University, Institute of Chemistry, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., Saint Petersburg, 199034, Russia.
| | - Elizaveta V Rogacheva
- Saint Petersburg State University, Institute of Chemistry, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., Saint Petersburg, 199034, Russia. and Pasteur Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, 14 Mira Street, Saint Petersburg, 197101, Russia
| | - Liudmila A Kraeva
- Pasteur Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, 14 Mira Street, Saint Petersburg, 197101, Russia
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