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Chen J, Liu X, Zhang P, Zhang S, Zhou H, Li L, Luo H, Wang H, Sun Y. Aerobic Oxidative Carboxylation of Styrene Over Cobalt Catalysts: Integrated CO 2 Capture and Conversion. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202301567. [PMID: 38517635 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
The direct synthesis of cyclic carbonates through oxidative carboxylation of alkenes using CO2 and O2 offers a sustainable and carbon-neutral method for CO2 utilization, which is, however, still a largely unexplored field. Here we develop a single-atom catalyst (SAC) Co-N/O-C as the earth-abundant metal catalyst for the oxidative carboxylation of styrene with CO2 and O2. Remarkably, even using the flue gas as an impure CO2 and O2 source, desired cyclic carbonate could be obtained with moderate productivity, which shows the potential for integrated CO2 capture and conversion, leveraging the high CO2 adsorption capacity of Co-N/O-C. In addition, the catalyst can be reused five times without an obvious decline in activity. Detailed characterizations and theoretical calculations elucidate the crucial role of single Co atoms in activating O2 and CO2, as well as controlling selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofang Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China
| | - Peipei Zhang
- CNOOC Institute of Chemical & Advanced Materials (Beijing) Co. Ltd., Beijing, 102209, P. R. China
| | - Shunan Zhang
- Institute of Carbon Neutrality, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
| | - Haozhi Zhou
- Institute of Carbon Neutrality, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
| | - Lin Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Hu Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China
| | - Hui Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China
- Institute of Carbon Neutrality, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
| | - Yuhan Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China
- Institute of Carbon Neutrality, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
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2
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Zainul R, Abdullah MN, Saeed SM, Idan AH, Ahmed Alsultany NM, Arshadi S, Behmagham F, Vessally E. Recent trends in incorporation of CO 2 into organosulfur compounds via C-S bond cleavage. RSC Adv 2024; 14:15680-15690. [PMID: 38752156 PMCID: PMC11095090 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra02405b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Desulfurative functionalization of organosulfur compounds to form various carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds has become established as a powerful tool in organic chemistry. In this context, desulfurative carboxylation of this class of compounds using carbon dioxide (CO2) as a sustainable and renewable source of carboxyl has recently been developed as an efficient option for the synthesis of carboxylic acid derivatives. The aim of this Focus Review is to summarize the major progress in this appealing research field with particular emphasis on the mechanistic features of the reactions. Literature has been surveyed until the end of February 2024, according to the data collected using SciFinder and Google Scholar engines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahadian Zainul
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Padang Indonesia
- Center for Advanced Material Processing, Artificial Intelligence, and Biophysics Informatics (CAMPBIOTICS), Universitas Negeri Padang Indonesia
| | - Media Noori Abdullah
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Salahaddin University-Erbil Erbil Kurdistan Region Iraq
| | | | | | | | - Sattar Arshadi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of Mazandaran Behshahr Iran
| | - Farnaz Behmagham
- Department of Chemistry, Miandoab Branch, Islamic Azad University Miandoab Iran
| | - Esmail Vessally
- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University P. O. Box 19395-1697 Tehran Iran
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3
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Ren J, Proust A, Launay F, Villanneau R. Halide-free CO 2 cycloaddition onto styrene oxide catalysed by first row transition-metal derivatives of polyoxotungstates. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:4549-4552. [PMID: 38577743 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00522h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium salts of metal derivatives of polyoxometalates [XW11O39M(H2O)]n- (X = P, Si; M = Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Zn) were successfully tested instead of quaternary ammonium halides as catalysts in the cycloaddition of CO2 to styrene oxide. Remarkably, they gave very satisfactory yields of styrene carbonate at moderate temperature (80 °C).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Ren
- Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, CNRS UMR 8232, Sorbonne Université, Campus Pierre et Marie Curie, 4 Place Jussieu, Paris F-75005, France.
| | - Anna Proust
- Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, CNRS UMR 8232, Sorbonne Université, Campus Pierre et Marie Curie, 4 Place Jussieu, Paris F-75005, France.
| | - Franck Launay
- Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surface, UMR CNRS 7197, Sorbonne Université, Campus Pierre et Marie Curie, 4 Place Jussieu, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Richard Villanneau
- Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, CNRS UMR 8232, Sorbonne Université, Campus Pierre et Marie Curie, 4 Place Jussieu, Paris F-75005, France.
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Recent Progress of Non-Isocyanate Polyurethane Foam and Their Challenges. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15020254. [PMID: 36679134 PMCID: PMC9866265 DOI: 10.3390/polym15020254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyurethane foams (PUFs) are a significant group of polymeric foam materials. Thanks to their outstanding mechanical, chemical, and physical properties, they are implemented successfully in a wide range of applications. Conventionally, PUFs are obtained in polyaddition reactions between polyols, diisoycyanate, and water to get a CO2 foaming agent. The toxicity of isocyanate has attracted considerable attention from both scientists and industry professionals to explore cleaner synthesis routes for polyurethanes excluding the use of isocyanate. The polyaddition of cyclic carbonates (CCs) and polyfunctional amines in the presence of an external blowing agent or by self-blowing appears to be the most promising route to substitute the conventional PUFs process and to produce isocyanate-free polyurethane foams (NIPUFs). Especially for polyhydroxyurethane foams (PHUFs), the use of a blowing agent is essential to regenerate the gas responsible for the creation of the cells that are the basis of the foam. In this review, we report on the use of different blowing agents, such as Poly(methylhydrogensiloxane) (PHMS) and liquid fluorohydrocarbons for the preparation of NIPUFs. Furthermore, the preparation of NIPUFs using the self-blowing technique to produce gas without external blowing agents is assessed. Finally, various biologically derived NIPUFs are presented, including self-blown NIPUFs and NIPUFs with an external blowing agent.
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5
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Nitrogen-rich cobalt (II) MOFs as efficient bifunctional catalysts for single or tandem oxidation and CO2 conversion reactions. J CO2 UTIL 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2022.102298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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6
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Balas M, Villanneau R, Launay F. Bibliographic survey of the strategies implemented for the one-pot synthesis of cyclic carbonates from styrene and other alkenes using CO2 and green oxidants. J CO2 UTIL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2022.102215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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7
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Knowlden SW, Popp BV. Regioselective Boracarboxylation of α-Substituted Vinyl Arenes. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven W. Knowlden
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, 100 Prospect Street, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Brian V. Popp
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, 100 Prospect Street, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
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8
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Jiang Z, Mahmood EA, Harofteh NZ, Ebadi AG, Toughani M, Vessally E. Methods for Direct Reductive N-Methylation of Nitro Compounds. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2022; 380:27. [PMID: 35606628 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-022-00382-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Direct reductive N-methylation of inexpensive and readily available nitro compounds as raw material feedstocks is more attractive and straightforward compared with conventional N-methylation of amines to prepare biologically and pharmaceutically important N-methylated amine derivatives. This strategy for synthesis of N-methylamines avoids prepreparation of NH-free amines and therefore significantly shortens the separation and purification steps. In recent years, numerous methylating agents and catalytic systems have been reported for this appealing transformation. Thus, it is an appropriate time to summarize such advances. This review elaborates on the most important discoveries and advances in this research arena, with special emphasis on the mechanistic aspect of reactions that may provide new insights into catalyst improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Xueqian Normal University, Xi'an, 710100, China.
| | - Evan Abdulkareem Mahmood
- Medical Laboratory Sciences Department, College of Health Sciences, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
| | - Nazanin Zare Harofteh
- General Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Abdol Ghaffar Ebadi
- Department of Agriculture, Jouybar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jouybar, Iran
| | - Mohsen Toughani
- Department of Fishery, Babol Branch, Islamic Azad University, Babol, Iran
| | - Esmail Vessally
- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, P.O. Box 19395-4697, Tehran, Iran.
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9
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Recent Achievements in the Synthesis of Cyclic Carbonates from Olefins and CO2: The Rational Design of the Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalytic System. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12050563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
With the consumption of fossil fuels, the level of CO2 in the atmosphere is growing rapidly, which leads to global warming. Hence, the chemical conversion of CO2 into high value-added products is one of the most important approaches to reducing CO2 emissions. Due to being simple, inexpensive and environmentally friendly, the direct synthesis of cyclic carbonates from olefins and CO2 is a promising project for industrial application. In this review, we discuss the design of the homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic system for the synthesis of cyclic carbonates from the reaction of olefins and CO2. Usually, the catalyst contains the epoxidation active site and the cycloaddition active site, which could achieve the oxidation of oleifins and the CO2-insert, respectively. This review will provide a comprehensive overview of the direct synthesis of cyclic carbonates from olefins and CO2 catalyzed by homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts. The focus mainly lies on the rational fabrication of multifunctional catalysts, and provides a new perspective for the design of catalysts.
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Abstract
Organic carbonates are considered the chemicals of the future. In particular, propylene carbonate is widely used as a non-reactive solvent, plasticizer, fuel additive, and reagent, especially in the production of environmentally friendly polymers that are not harmful to human health. This paper reviews recent literature findings regarding the development of propylene carbonate synthetic methods starting from propane-1,2-diol and urea. The ammonia formed during the synthesis is recycled to obtain urea from carbon dioxide.
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11
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Gu JX, Chen H, Ren Y, Gu ZG, Li G, Xu WJ, Yang XY, Wen JX, Wu JT, Jin HG. A Novel Cerium(IV)-Based Metal-Organic Framework for CO 2 Chemical Fixation and Photocatalytic Overall Water Splitting. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202102368. [PMID: 34766733 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202102368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cerium (IV)-based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are highly desirable due to their unique potential in fields such as redox catalysis and photocatalysis. However, due to the high reduction potential of CeIV species in solution, it is still a great challenge to synthesize CeIV -MOFs with novel structures, which are extremely dominated by the hexanuclear Ce-O cluster inorganic building units (IBUs). Herein, a Ce-O IBU chain containing CeIV -MOF, CSUST-3 (CSUST: Changsha University of Science and Technology), was successfully prepared using the kinetic stabilization study of UiO-66(Ce)-NDC (H2 NDC=2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid). Furthermore, owing to the superior redox activity, Lewis acidity and semiconductor-like behavior owing to Ce4+ , activated CSUST-3 was demonstrated to be an excellent catalyst for CO2 chemical fixation. One-pot synthesis of styrene carbonate from styrene and CO2 was achieved under mild conditions (1 atm CO2 , 80 °C, and solvent free). Moreover, activated CSUST-3 was shown to be a remarkable co-catalyst-free photocatalyst for overall water splitting (OWS), rendering 59 μmol g-1 h-1 of H2 and 22 μmol g-1 h-1 of O2 under simulated sunlight irradiation (Na2 S-Na2 SO3 as sacrificial agent).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Xin Gu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410114, P. R. China
| | - Hao Chen
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yu Ren
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410114, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Gang Gu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Guangli Li
- College of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, 412007, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Jie Xu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410114, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Yu Yang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410114, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Xin Wen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410114, P. R. China
| | - Jing-Tao Wu
- College of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, 412007, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Guang Jin
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410114, P. R. China
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12
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El-Hendawy MM, Desoky IM, Mohamed MMA. A DFT-design of single component bifunctional organocatalysts for the carbon dioxide/propylene oxide coupling reaction. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:26919-26930. [PMID: 34825905 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04091j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work is to develop single-component bifunctional organic catalysts capable of effective coupling reactions between CO2 and propylene epoxide (PO) under mild conditions using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The dual functionalities of the target catalysts come from their inclusion of a hydroxyl-containing electrophile and the nucleophilicity of iodide ion. In this respect, a series of hydroxyl-functionalized quaternary onium-based ionic liquids were studied using M062X-D3/def2-TZVP//M062X-D3/def2-SVPP model chemistry. The design of catalysts was based on tailoring two structural factors; the first one is the onium center of pnictogens (N, P, As, Sb and Bi), and the second one is the number of hydrogen bond donor groups (n = 1-3). The proposed catalysts were examined by investigation of their catalytic mechanisms to afford the cyclic carbonate. Additionally, the highest active transition state, along with the potential energy difference, was examined using non-covalent interaction (NCI) analysis. Also, the activation strain model (ASM) was used to explain the kinetic behavior of PO activation. The findings showed that the ring-opening step of PO is always the critical step of the reaction. Among the suggested catalysts, the results indicated that the dihydroxyl ammonium-based catalyst (2OH-NI) is a good choice for this catalysis under mild and solvent-free conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morad M El-Hendawy
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, New Valley University, Kharga 72511, Egypt.
| | - Ibtesam M Desoky
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, New Valley University, Kharga 72511, Egypt.
| | - Mahmoud M A Mohamed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, New Valley University, Kharga 72511, Egypt.
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Han F, Li H, Zhuang H, Hou Q, Yang Q, Zhang B, Miao C. Direct synthesis of cyclic carbonates from olefins and CO2: Single- or multi-component catalytic systems via epoxide or halohydrin intermediate. J CO2 UTIL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2021.101742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Zhang S, Feng X, Bao M. Palladium-Catalyzed Three-Component Coupling Reaction via Benzylpalladium Intermediate. CHEM REC 2021; 21:3559-3572. [PMID: 34028180 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Transition-metal catalyzed multi-component reactions have captured the attention of researchers in organic synthesis and drug synthesis due to their advantages of simple operation, easy availability of raw materials and without separation of intermediates. Among the multi-component reactions, the three-component processes have been developed into effective organic procedures. This personal account reviews our and other group's studies on the development of three-component coupling reaction for the rapid construction of two new chemical bonds simultaneously via benzylpalladium intermediates. Catalyst-switched three-component reactions of benzyl halides, activated olefins, and allyltributylstannane were successfully conducted to produce the corresponding benzylallylation products. Activation and conversion of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide via π-benzylpalladium intermediates provide access to a wide range of unsaturated ketones and esters with excellent functional group tolerance. Meanwhile, other methods to produce benzylpalladium intermediates, including Heck insertion of alkenes into arylpalladium complexes, the oxidative addition of benzyl carbonate to palladium complexes and palladium-carbene migratory insertion, were also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Xiujuan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Ming Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116023, China
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15
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Hassanpour A, Poor Heravi MR, Ebadi A, Hosseinian A, Vessally E. Oxidative trifluoromethyl(thiol/selenol)ation of terminal alkynes: An overview. J Fluor Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2021.109762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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17
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Mesoporous Silica-Supported Ionic Liquids as Catalysts for Styrene Carbonate Synthesis from CO2. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10111363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Various types of mesoporous silica were used as carriers to synthesize a series of immobilized imidazolium-based ionic liquids. Their activity was tested in the synthesis of styrene carbonate from CO2 and styrene. This is one-pot process, whereby two stages are carried out in one reactor and there is no need to isolate the intermediate product, epoxide. A systematic study on the influence of parameters such as temperature, the reaction time, CO2 pressure, as well as the amount and type of catalyst used was carried out. A strong synergistic catalytic effect of ionic liquid and Lewis acid was observed in promoting this reaction. The addition sequence of regents and amount of immobilized catalyst were considered crucial for the synthesis of styrene carbonate from CO2 and styrene. The tested silica-supported ionic liquids gave an easily-recyclable system which under the most favorable conditions ([mtespim]Cl/@SiO2; ZnBr2, 0.1 mol%; 110 °C, 4 h, 1 MPa) can be reused without a significant loss of catalytic activity nor selectivity.
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Hydrocarboxylation of alkynes utilizing CO2 as C1 synthon: A facile and environmentally benign access to α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acids. J CO2 UTIL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2020.101220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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