1
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Vandeputte E, Antonetti E, Nava P, Dutasta JP, Chatelet B, Moraleda D, Nuel D, Giordano L, Martinez A. Straightforward Access to Chiral Phosphangulene Derivatives. J Org Chem 2024; 89:5314-5319. [PMID: 38568746 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons including heteroatoms have found a wide range of applications, for instance, in supramolecular chemistry or material science. Phosphangulene derivatives are P-containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons presenting a concave aromatic surface suitable for building supramolecular receptors. However, the applications of this convenient building block have been strongly hampered by a difficult and multistep preparation requiring several protection-deprotection sequences along with the use of harmful reagents. Here, we report a straightforward, protecting-group-free, three-step, and hundred-milligram-scale synthesis of a chiral phosphangulene oxide derivative via a triple phospho-Fries rearrangement. This compound was easily resolved by chiral HPLC and further functionalized, giving rise to versatile chiral phosphangulene derivatives. Following this strategy, chiral phosphangulene oxides with low symmetry were synthesized. Molecular crystal structures revealed a variety of molecular organization in the solid. This opens the way to wider use of this compound as a building block for cages or new materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emile Vandeputte
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Elise Antonetti
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Paola Nava
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Dutasta
- ENS Lyon, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie, UMR 5182, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon, France
| | - Bastien Chatelet
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Delphine Moraleda
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Didier Nuel
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Laurent Giordano
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Alexandre Martinez
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, 13013 Marseille, France
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2
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Blasco D, Nasibullin RT, Valiev RR, Monge M, López-de-Luzuriaga JM, Sundholm D. Experimental and computational studies of the optical properties of 2,5,8-tris(phenylthiolato)heptazine with an inverted singlet-triplet gap. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:5922-5931. [PMID: 38317631 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05242g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Photophysical properties of the three-fold symmetric 2,5,8-tris(phenylthiolato)heptazine molecule (1) are studied from combined experimental and computational viewpoints. The intense blue photoemission of 1 in the solid state and in toluene solution is proposed to have a fluorescent origin on the basis of a relatively short emission lifetime and no detectable triplet decay. Calculations at correlated ab initio levels of theory also show that 1 has a large inverted singlet-triplet (IST) gap, a non-vanishing spin-orbit coupling matrix element between the first excited singlet and triplet states, and a fast intersystem crossing rate constant that leads to singlet population from the higher-lying triplet state. The IST gap implies that the first excited singlet state is the lowest excited one, agreeing with the measured fluorescent behaviour of 1. IST gaps are also obtained for the oxygen-containing (2) and selenium-containing (3) analogues of 1 at the ADC(2) level of theory, but not for the tellurium one (4). Calculations of the magnetically induced current density demonstrate that the heptazine core of 1 is globally non-aromatic due to the alternation of carbon and nitrogen atoms along its external rim.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Blasco
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Investigación en Química (IQUR), Universidad de La Rioja, Madre de Dios 53, 26006, Logroño, Spain.
| | - Rinat T Nasibullin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, P. O. Box 55 (A. I. Virtasen aukio 1), FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Rashid R Valiev
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, P. O. Box 55 (A. I. Virtasen aukio 1), FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Miguel Monge
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Investigación en Química (IQUR), Universidad de La Rioja, Madre de Dios 53, 26006, Logroño, Spain.
| | - José M López-de-Luzuriaga
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Investigación en Química (IQUR), Universidad de La Rioja, Madre de Dios 53, 26006, Logroño, Spain.
| | - Dage Sundholm
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, P. O. Box 55 (A. I. Virtasen aukio 1), FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland.
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3
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Brégier F, Sol V, Champavier Y, Galmiche L, Allain C, Audebert P. First Example of a Heptazine-Porphyrin Dyad; Synthesis and Spectroscopic Properties. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196698. [PMID: 36235234 PMCID: PMC9571928 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
We have prepared the first example of a porphyrin linked to an heptazine photoactive antenna. The two entities, linked with an alkyl spacer, demonstrate the activity of both active moieties. While they behave electrochemically independantly, on the other hand the spectroscopy shows the existence of energy transfer between both partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédérique Brégier
- Laboratoire PEIRENE UR 22722, University of Limoges, 87000 Limoges, France
- Correspondence: (F.B.); (P.A.)
| | - Vincent Sol
- Laboratoire PEIRENE UR 22722, University of Limoges, 87000 Limoges, France
| | - Yves Champavier
- Laboratoire PEIRENE UR 22722, University of Limoges, 87000 Limoges, France
- BISCEm, NMR Platform, Centre de Biologie et de Recherche en Santé (CBRS), 87000 Limoges, France
| | - Laurent Galmiche
- PPSM, Av. Des Sciences, 91100 Gif s. Yvette, CNRS UMR 8531, 61, Avenue du Président Wilson, CEDEX, 94235 Cachan, France
| | - Clémence Allain
- PPSM, Av. Des Sciences, 91100 Gif s. Yvette, CNRS UMR 8531, 61, Avenue du Président Wilson, CEDEX, 94235 Cachan, France
| | - Pierre Audebert
- PPSM, Av. Des Sciences, 91100 Gif s. Yvette, CNRS UMR 8531, 61, Avenue du Président Wilson, CEDEX, 94235 Cachan, France
- XLIM, UMR CNRS 7252 123, Avenue Albert Thomas, CEDEX, 87060 Limoges, France
- Correspondence: (F.B.); (P.A.)
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4
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Aizawa N, Pu YJ, Harabuchi Y, Nihonyanagi A, Ibuka R, Inuzuka H, Dhara B, Koyama Y, Nakayama KI, Maeda S, Araoka F, Miyajima D. Delayed fluorescence from inverted singlet and triplet excited states. Nature 2022; 609:502-506. [PMID: 36104553 PMCID: PMC9477729 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05132-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hund's multiplicity rule states that a higher spin state has a lower energy for a given electronic configuration1. Rephrasing this rule for molecular excited states predicts a positive energy gap between spin-singlet and spin-triplet excited states, as has been consistent with numerous experimental observations over almost a century. Here we report a fluorescent molecule that disobeys Hund's rule and has a negative singlet-triplet energy gap of -11 ± 2 meV. The energy inversion of the singlet and triplet excited states results in delayed fluorescence with short time constants of 0.2 μs, which anomalously decrease with decreasing temperature owing to the emissive singlet character of the lowest-energy excited state. Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) using this molecule exhibited a fast transient electroluminescence decay with a peak external quantum efficiency of 17%, demonstrating its potential implications for optoelectronic devices, including displays, lighting and lasers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Aizawa
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako, Japan. .,Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Japan. .,Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, Japan.
| | - Yong-Jin Pu
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako, Japan. .,Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Japan.
| | - Yu Harabuchi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Ryotaro Ibuka
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako, Japan
| | | | - Barun Dhara
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako, Japan
| | - Yuki Koyama
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako, Japan.,Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Nakayama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Satoshi Maeda
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Fumito Araoka
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako, Japan
| | - Daigo Miyajima
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako, Japan.
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5
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Sukul PK, Das P, Dhakar GL, Das L, Malik S. Effect of Tricarboxylic Acids on the Formation of Hydrogels with Melem or Melamine: Morphological, Structural and Rheological Investigations. Gels 2022; 8:gels8010051. [PMID: 35049586 PMCID: PMC8774776 DOI: 10.3390/gels8010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, aggregation behaviors of melem or melamine in the presence of three symmetric carboxylic acids (1,3,5-tris(4-carboxyphenyl)benzene (TPCA), 1,3,5-benzene-tri-carboxylic acid (BTA) and 1,3,5-cyclohexane-tri-carboxylic acid (CHTA)) have been performed to check the influence of acid on the formation of aggregated structures which have been investigated by optical microscopy, FESEM, FTIR, XRD and viscoelastic properties have been explored with rheological studies. Interestingly, melem, that has limited solubility in aqueous medium, forms aggregation that leads to the formation of hydrogels with TPCA. More significantly, hydrogel is formed here by matching the size selectivity. Melem forms hydrogel with only large tricarboxylic acid, whereas melamine produces hydrogel with any kind of its counterpart from small to large tricarboxylic acid derivatives. Present investigations and results provide the strategy of design of organic self-assembled materials having two component systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradip Kumar Sukul
- Department of Chemistry, Amity Institute of Applied Sciences, Amity University Kolkata, Action Area-II, Kolkata 700135, India;
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India; (P.D.); (G.L.D.); (L.D.)
| | - Puspendu Das
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India; (P.D.); (G.L.D.); (L.D.)
| | - Gopal Lal Dhakar
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India; (P.D.); (G.L.D.); (L.D.)
| | - Lalmohan Das
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India; (P.D.); (G.L.D.); (L.D.)
| | - Sudip Malik
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India; (P.D.); (G.L.D.); (L.D.)
- Correspondence:
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6
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Pios S, Huang X, Sobolewski AL, Domcke W. Triangular boron carbon nitrides: an unexplored family of chromophores with unique properties for photocatalysis and optoelectronics. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:12968-12975. [PMID: 34059871 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02026a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
It has recently been shown that cycl[3.3.3]azine and heptazine (1,3,4,6,7,9,9b-heptaazaphenalene) as well as related azaphenalenes exhibit inverted singlet and triplet states, that is, the energy of the lowest singlet excited state (S1) is below the energy of the lowest triplet excited state (T1). This feature is unique among all known aromatic chromophores and is of outstanding relevance for applications in photocatalysis and organic optoelectronics. Heptazine is the building block of the polymeric material graphitic carbon nitride which is an extensively explored photocatalyst in hydrogen evolution photocatalysis. Derivatives of heptazine have also been identified as efficient emitters in organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs). In both areas, the inverted singlet-triplet gap of heptazine is a highly beneficial feature. In photocatalysis, the absence of a long-lived triplet state eliminates the activation of atmospheric oxygen, which is favourable for long-term operational stability. In optoelectronics, singlet-triplet inversion implies the possibility of 100% fluorescence efficiency of electron-hole recombination. However, the absorption and luminescence wavelengths of heptazine and the S1-S0 transition dipole moment are difficult to tune for optimal functionality. In this work, we employed high-level ab initio electronic structure theory to devise and characterize a large family of novel heteroaromatic chromophores, the triangular boron carbon nitrides. These novel heterocycles inherit essential spectroscopic features from heptazine, in particular the inverted singlet-triplet gap, while their absorption and luminescence spectra and transition dipole moments are widely tuneable. For applications in photocatalysis, the wavelength of the absorption maximum can be tuned to improve the overlap with the solar spectrum at the surface of earth. For applications in OLEDs, the colour of emission can be adjusted and the fluorescence yield can be enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Pios
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85747 Garching, Germany.
| | - Xiang Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85747 Garching, Germany.
| | | | - Wolfgang Domcke
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85747 Garching, Germany.
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7
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Ricci G, San‐Fabián E, Olivier Y, Sancho‐García JC. Singlet‐Triplet Excited‐State Inversion in Heptazine and Related Molecules: Assessment of TD‐DFT and
ab initio
Methods. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:553-560. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202000926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Ricci
- Unité de Chimie Physique Théorique et Structurale & Laboratoire de Physique du Solid Namur Institute of Structured Matter Université de Namur B-5000 Namur Belgium
| | - E. San‐Fabián
- Department of Physical Chemistry University of Alicante E 03080 Alicante Spain
| | - Y. Olivier
- Unité de Chimie Physique Théorique et Structurale & Laboratoire de Physique du Solid Namur Institute of Structured Matter Université de Namur B-5000 Namur Belgium
| | - J. C. Sancho‐García
- Department of Physical Chemistry University of Alicante E 03080 Alicante Spain
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8
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Audebert P, Kroke E, Posern C, Lee SH. State of the Art in the Preparation and Properties of Molecular Monomeric s-Heptazines: Syntheses, Characteristics, and Functional Applications. Chem Rev 2021; 121:2515-2544. [PMID: 33449621 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This review gives an account on the fast expanding field of monomeric (or molecular) heptazines, at the exclusion of their various polymeric forms, often referred to as carbon nitrides. While examples of monomeric heptazines were extremely limited until the beginning of this century, the field has started expanding quickly since then, as has the number of reports on polymeric materials, though previous reviews did not separate these fields. We provide here a detailed report on the synthetic procedures for molecular heptazines. We also extensively report on the different achievements realized from these new molecules, in the fields of physical chemistry, spectroscopy, materials preparation, (photo)catalysis, and devices. After a comprehensive summary and discussion on heptazines syntheses and characteristics, we show that starting from well-defined molecules allows a versatility of approaches and a wide tunability of the expected properties. It comes out that the field of monomeric heptazines is now emerging and possibly heading toward maturity, while diverging from the one of polymeric carbon nitrides. It is likely that this area of research will quickly surge to the forefront of the search for active organic molecules, with special attention to the domains of catalysis and organic-based functional materials and devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Audebert
- PPSM, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 8531, 61, Avenue du Président Wilson, 94235 Cachan cedex, France.,XLIM Institute, CNRSUMR 7252, 123 Av Albert Thomas, Limoges 87000, France
| | - Edwin Kroke
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Physics, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Strasse 29, 09596 Freiberg, Germany
| | - Christian Posern
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Physics, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Strasse 29, 09596 Freiberg, Germany
| | - Sung-Ho Lee
- PPSM, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 8531, 61, Avenue du Président Wilson, 94235 Cachan cedex, France
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9
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Le T, Galmiche L, Masson G, Allain C, Audebert P. A straightforward synthesis of a new family of molecules: 2,5,8-trialkoxyheptazines. Application to photoredox catalyzed transformations. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:10742-10745. [PMID: 32789351 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc05118g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We have prepared several 2,5,8-trialkoxyheptazines starting from the soluble precursor 2,5,8-tris(3,5-diethylpyrazolyl)-heptazine. We present their synthesis along with their promising spectroscopic and electrochemical properties, which demonstrate large band gaps and high reduction potentials altogether. Subsequently, we provide a short assessment of the promising ability of one of these molecules to perform catalytic oxidation test-reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuan Le
- PPSM, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 8531, 61, Avenue du Président Wilson, 94235 Cachan cedex, France.
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10
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Miomandre F, Audebert P. 1,2,4,5-Tetrazines: An intriguing heterocycles family with outstanding characteristics in the field of luminescence and electrochemistry. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2020.100372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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11
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Ibrahim Zamkoye I, El Gbouri H, Antony R, Ratier B, Bouclé J, Galmiche L, Trigaud T, Audebert P. Characterization and Electronic Properties of Heptazine Layers: Towards Promising Interfacial Materials for Organic Optoelectronics. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E3826. [PMID: 32872522 PMCID: PMC7504471 DOI: 10.3390/ma13173826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
For the first time, an original compound belonging to the heptazine family has been deposited in the form of thin layers, both by thermal evaporation under vacuum and spin-coating techniques. In both cases, smooth and homogeneous layers have been obtained, and their properties evaluated for eventual applications in the field of organic electronics. The layers have been fully characterized by several concordant techniques, namely UV-visible spectroscopy, steady-state and transient fluorescence in the solid-state, as well as topographic and conductive atomic force microscopy (AFM) used in Kelvin probe force mode (KPFM). Consequently, the afferent energy levels, including Fermi level, have been determined, and show that these new heptazines are promising materials for tailoring the electronic properties of interfaces associated with printed electronic devices. A test experiment showing an improved electron transfer rate from a tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq3) photo-active layer in presence of a heptazine interlayer is finally presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issoufou Ibrahim Zamkoye
- University of Limoges, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, XLIM, UMR 7252, F-87000 Limoges, France; (I.I.Z.); (H.E.G.); (R.A.); (B.R.); (J.B.)
| | - Houda El Gbouri
- University of Limoges, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, XLIM, UMR 7252, F-87000 Limoges, France; (I.I.Z.); (H.E.G.); (R.A.); (B.R.); (J.B.)
| | - Remi Antony
- University of Limoges, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, XLIM, UMR 7252, F-87000 Limoges, France; (I.I.Z.); (H.E.G.); (R.A.); (B.R.); (J.B.)
| | - Bernard Ratier
- University of Limoges, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, XLIM, UMR 7252, F-87000 Limoges, France; (I.I.Z.); (H.E.G.); (R.A.); (B.R.); (J.B.)
| | - Johann Bouclé
- University of Limoges, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, XLIM, UMR 7252, F-87000 Limoges, France; (I.I.Z.); (H.E.G.); (R.A.); (B.R.); (J.B.)
| | - Laurent Galmiche
- Laboratoire de Photophysique et Photochimie Supramoléculaires et Macromoléculaires UMR 5231, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Paris-Saclay, Rue de la Science, 91190 Gif s. Yvette, France;
| | - Thierry Trigaud
- University of Limoges, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, XLIM, UMR 7252, F-87000 Limoges, France; (I.I.Z.); (H.E.G.); (R.A.); (B.R.); (J.B.)
| | - Pierre Audebert
- University of Limoges, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, XLIM, UMR 7252, F-87000 Limoges, France; (I.I.Z.); (H.E.G.); (R.A.); (B.R.); (J.B.)
- Laboratoire de Photophysique et Photochimie Supramoléculaires et Macromoléculaires UMR 5231, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Paris-Saclay, Rue de la Science, 91190 Gif s. Yvette, France;
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12
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Posern C, Höhne C, Böhme U, Vogt C, Kroke E. Synthesis of Thiocyameluric Acid C 6 N 7 S 3 H 3 , Its Reaction to Alkali Metal Thiocyamelurates and Organic Tris(dithio)cyamelurates. Chemistry 2019; 25:15555-15564. [PMID: 31550389 PMCID: PMC6916348 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Thiocyameluric acid C6 N7 S3 H3 , the tri-thio analogue of cyameluric acid, is a key compound for the synthesis of new s-heptazine (tri-s-triazine) derivatives. Here, two different routes for the synthesis of thiocyameluric acid and its reaction to tris(aryldithio)- and tris(alkyldithio)cyamelurates C6 N7 (SSR)3 are reported as well as transformation to alkali metal thiocyamelurates M3 [C6 N7 S3 ], M=Na, K. These compounds were characterised by FTIR, Raman, solution 13 C and 1 H NMR spectroscopies, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and elemental analysis. The three (de)protonation steps of thiocyameluric acid were investigated by acid-base titration followed via UV/Vis absorption spectroscopy. While it was not possible to determine the three pKa values, it could be postulated that the acid strength probably increases in the following order: cyanuric acid (C3 N3 O3 H3 ) < thiocyanuric acid (C3 N3 S3 H3 ) < cyameluric acid (C6 N7 O3 H3 ) < thiocyameluric acid (C6 N7 S3 H3 ). Single crystals of Na3 [C6 N7 S3 ]⋅10 H2 O and K3 [C6 N7 S3 ]⋅6 H2 O were obtained and the structures analyzed by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Additionally, quantum chemical calculations were performed to get insights into the electronic structure of thiocyameluric acid and to clarify the thiol-thione tautomerism. Based on a comparison of calculated and measured vibrational spectra it can be concluded that thiocyameluric acid and the di- and mono-protonated anions exist in the thione form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Posern
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieTU Bergakademie FreibergLeipziger Straße 2909599FreibergGermany
| | - Carl‐Christoph Höhne
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieTU Bergakademie FreibergLeipziger Straße 2909599FreibergGermany
- Fraunhofer-Institut für Chemische Technologie ICT76327PfinztalGermany
| | - Uwe Böhme
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieTU Bergakademie FreibergLeipziger Straße 2909599FreibergGermany
| | - Claudia Vogt
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieTU Bergakademie FreibergLeipziger Straße 2909599FreibergGermany
| | - Edwin Kroke
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieTU Bergakademie FreibergLeipziger Straße 2909599FreibergGermany
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Parvizi E, Tayebee R, Koushki E, Abdizadeh MF, Maleki B, Audebert P, Galmiche L. Photocatalytic efficacy of supported tetrazine on MgZnO nanoparticles for the heterogeneous photodegradation of methylene blue and ciprofloxacin. RSC Adv 2019; 9:23818-23831. [PMID: 35530630 PMCID: PMC9069469 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra04702f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
MgZnO@SiO2-tetrazine nanoparticles were synthesized and their photocatalytic efficiency was demonstrated in the decomposition of ciprofloxacin and methylene blue (MB). This new heterogeneous nanocatalyst was characterized by FT-IR, XRD, UV-vis, DRS, FE-SEM, ICP, and CHN. Distinctive variables including photocatalyst dose, pH, and degradation time were investigated. Up to 95% photodegradation was gained under the optimum conditions (20 mg photocatalyst, 3.5 ppm MB, pH 9) by using MgZnO@SiO2-tetrazine nanoparticles after 20 min. An elementary kinetic study was carried out, and a pseudo-first-order kinetic with a reasonably high rate-constant (0.068 min−1) was derived for the MB decay. Photoluminescence (PL) studies confirmed that the photocatalytic activity of MgZnO@SiO2-tetrazine was almost consistent with the Taugh plots. Thus, it can be envisaged that the photocatalytic activity is closely related to the optical absorption. Furthermore, a photoreduction mechanism was suggested for the degradation process. Addition of scavengers and some mechanistic studies also revealed that O2˙− is the original radical accounting for the degradation of MB, considering this latter compound as a model type pollutant. Finally, efficacy of the present photocatalytic process was assessed in the degradation of ciprofloxacin as a model drug under the optimum reaction conditions. MgZnO@SiO2-tetrazine nanoparticle was synthesized and its photocatalytic efficiency was demonstrated in the decomposition of methylene blue (MB) and ciprofloxacin.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Parvizi
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Sciences
- Hakim Sabzevari University
- Sabzevar
- Iran
| | - Reza Tayebee
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Sciences
- Hakim Sabzevari University
- Sabzevar
- Iran
| | - Ehsan Koushki
- Department of Physics
- School of Sciences
- Hakim Sabzevari University
- Sabzevar
- Iran
| | | | - Behrooz Maleki
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Sciences
- Hakim Sabzevari University
- Sabzevar
- Iran
| | - Pierre Audebert
- Laboratoire de Photophysique et Photochimie Supramoléculaires et Macromoléculaires
- ENS Paris Saclay
- Cachan
- France
| | - Laurent Galmiche
- Laboratoire de Photophysique et Photochimie Supramoléculaires et Macromoléculaires
- ENS Paris Saclay
- Cachan
- France
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