1
|
Brown S, Warren MR, Kubicki DJ, Fitzpatrick A, Pike SD. Photoinitiated Single-Crystal to Single-Crystal Redox Transformations of Titanium-Oxo Clusters. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:17325-17333. [PMID: 38865257 PMCID: PMC11212046 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c04068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Titanium-oxo clusters can undergo photochemical reactions under UV light, resulting in the reduction of the titanium-oxo core and oxidation of surface ligands. This is an important step in photocatalytic processes in light-absorbing Ti/O-based clusters, metal-organic frameworks, and (nano)material surfaces; however, studying the direct outcome of this photochemical process is challenging due to the fragility of the immediate photoproducts. In this report, titanium-oxo clusters [TiO(OiPr)(L)]n (n = 4, L = O2PPh2, or n = 6, L = O2CCH2tBu) undergo a two-electron photoredox reaction in the single-crystal state via an irreversible single-crystal to single-crystal (SC-SC) transformation initiated by a UV laser. The process is monitored by single crystal X-ray diffraction revealing the photoreduction of the cluster with coproduction of an (oxidized) acetone ligand, which is retained in the structure as a ligand to Ti(3+). The results demonstrate that photochemistry of inorganic molecules can be studied in the single crystal phase, allowing characterization of photoproducts which are unstable in the solution phase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen
E. Brown
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Mark R. Warren
- Diamond
Light Source, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, U.K.
| | | | - Ann Fitzpatrick
- RAL
Space, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, U.K.
| | - Sebastian D. Pike
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fabrizio K, Gormley EL, Davenport AM, Hendon CH, Brozek CK. Gram-scale synthesis of MIL-125 nanoparticles and their solution processability. Chem Sci 2023; 14:8946-8955. [PMID: 37621428 PMCID: PMC10445466 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02257a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Although metal-organic framework (MOF) photocatalysts have become ubiquitous, basic aspects of their photoredox mechanisms remain elusive. Nanosizing MOFs enables solution-state techniques to probe size-dependent properties and molecular reactivity, but few MOFs have been prepared as nanoparticles (nanoMOFs) with sufficiently small sizes. Here, we report a rapid reflux-based synthesis of the photoredox-active MOF Ti8O8(OH)4(terephthalate)6 (MIL-125) to achieve diameters below 30 nm in less than 2 hours. Whereas MOFs generally require ex situ analysis by solid-state techniques, sub-30 nm diameters ensure colloidal stability for weeks and minimal light scattering, permitting in situ analysis by solution-state methods. Optical absorption and photoluminescence spectra of free-standing colloids provide direct evidence that the photoredox chemistry of MIL-125 involves Ti3+ trapping and charge accumulation onto the Ti-oxo clusters. Solution-state potentiometry collected during the photochemical process also allows simultaneous measurement of MOF Fermi-level energies in situ. Finally, by leveraging the solution-processability of these nanoparticles, we demonstrate facile preparation of mixed-matrix membranes with high MOF loadings that retain the reversible photochromism. Taken together, these results demonstrate the feasibility of a rapid nanoMOF synthesis and fabrication of a photoactive membrane, and the fundamental insights they offer into heterogeneous photoredox chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Fabrizio
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Material Science Institute, University of Oregon Eugene OR 97403 USA
| | - Eoghan L Gormley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Material Science Institute, University of Oregon Eugene OR 97403 USA
| | - Audrey M Davenport
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Material Science Institute, University of Oregon Eugene OR 97403 USA
| | - Christopher H Hendon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Material Science Institute, University of Oregon Eugene OR 97403 USA
| | - Carl K Brozek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Material Science Institute, University of Oregon Eugene OR 97403 USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu XX, Wang ZR, Chen GH, Li QH, Tao J, Zhang L. Cu 4Ti 4-oxo clusters functionalized by in situ - generated 2,2'-biphenolate ligands from the oxidative coupling of phenols. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:1857-1860. [PMID: 36723102 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt03756d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report a twisted cubic Cu(I)4Ti(IV)4-oxo cluster stabilized by in situ - formed 2,2'-biphenolate ligands from the oxidative coupling of phenols. The 2,2'-biphenolate-functionalized Cu(I)4Ti(IV)4O4 cluster shows short Cu⋯C contacts and exhibits smaller HOMO-LUMO gaps than those of reported Ti(IV)4O4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xue Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liangxiang Campus, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, P. R. China.
| | - Zi-Rui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China.
| | - Guang-Hui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China.
| | - Qiao-Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China.
| | - Jun Tao
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liangxiang Campus, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, P. R. China.
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Van den Eynden D, Pokratath R, Mathew JP, Goossens E, De Buysser K, De Roo J. Fatty acid capped, metal oxo clusters as the smallest conceivable nanocrystal prototypes. Chem Sci 2023; 14:573-585. [PMID: 36741516 PMCID: PMC9847641 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05037d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal oxo clusters of the type M6O4(OH)4(OOCR)12 (M = Zr or Hf) are valuable building blocks for materials science. Here, we synthesize a series of zirconium and hafnium oxo clusters with ligands that are typically used to stabilize oxide nanocrystals (fatty acids with long and/or branched chains). The fatty acid capped oxo clusters have a high solubility but do not crystallize, precluding traditional purification and single-crystal XRD analysis. We thus develop alternative purification strategies and we use X-ray total scattering and Pair Distribution Function (PDF) analysis as our main method to elucidate the structure of the cluster core. We identify the correct structure from a series of possible clusters (Zr3, Zr4, Zr6, Zr12, Zr10, and Zr26). Excellent refinements are only obtained when the ligands are part of the structure model. Further evidence for the cluster composition is provided by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetry analysis (TGA), and mass spectrometry (MS). We find that hydrogen bonded carboxylic acid is an intrinsic part of the oxo cluster. Using our analytical tools, we elucidate the conversion from a Zr6 monomer to a Zr12 dimer (and vice versa), induced by carboxylate ligand exchange. Finally, we compare the catalytic performance of Zr12-oleate clusters with oleate capped, 5.5 nm zirconium oxide nanocrystals in the esterification of oleic acid with ethanol. The oxo clusters present a five times higher reaction rate, due to their higher surface area. Since the oxo clusters are the lower limit of downscaling oxide nanocrystals, we present them as appealing catalytic materials, and as atomically precise model systems. In addition, the lessons learned regarding PDF analysis are applicable to other areas of cluster science as well, from semiconductor and metal clusters, to polyoxometalates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dietger Van den Eynden
- Department of Chemistry, University of BaselMattenstrasse 24a4058 BaselSwitzerland,Department of Chemistry, University of GhentKrijgslaan 2819000 GhentBelgium
| | - Rohan Pokratath
- Department of Chemistry, University of BaselMattenstrasse 24a4058 BaselSwitzerland
| | | | - Eline Goossens
- Department of Chemistry, University of BaselMattenstrasse 24a4058 BaselSwitzerland,Department of Chemistry, University of GhentKrijgslaan 2819000 GhentBelgium
| | | | - Jonathan De Roo
- Department of Chemistry, University of BaselMattenstrasse 24a4058 BaselSwitzerland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Brown SE, Mantaloufa I, Andrews RT, Barnes TJ, Lees MR, De Proft F, Cunha AV, Pike SD. Photoactivation of titanium-oxo cluster [Ti 6O 6(OR) 6(O 2C t Bu) 6]: mechanism, photoactivated structures, and onward reactivity with O 2 to a peroxide complex. Chem Sci 2023; 14:675-683. [PMID: 36741534 PMCID: PMC9847671 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05671b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular titanium-oxo cluster [Ti6O6(OiPr)6(O2C t Bu)6] (1) can be photoactivated by UV light, resulting in a deeply coloured mixed valent (photoreduced) Ti (iii/iv) cluster, alongside alcohol and ketone (photooxidised) organic products. Mechanistic studies indicate that a two-electron (not free-radical) mechanism occurs in this process, which utilises the cluster structure to facilitate multielectron reactions. The photoreduced products [Ti6O6(OiPr)4(O2C t Bu)6(sol)2], sol = iPrOH (2) or pyridine (3), can be isolated in good yield and are structurally characterized, each with two, uniquely arranged, antiferromagnetically coupled d-electrons. 2 and 3 undergo onward oxidation under air, with 3 cleanly transforming into peroxide complex, [Ti6O6(OiPr)4(O2C t Bu)6(py)(O2)] (5). 5 reacts with isopropanol to regenerate the initial cluster (1) completing a closed cycle, and suggesting opportunities for the deployment of these easily made and tuneable clusters for sustainable photocatalytic processes using air and light. The redox reactivity described here is only possible in a cluster with multiple Ti sites, which can perform multi-electron processes and can adjust its shape to accommodate changes in electron density.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Frank De Proft
- Research Group of General Chemistry (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)BrusselsBelgium
| | - Ana V. Cunha
- Research Group of General Chemistry (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)BrusselsBelgium,University of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hernández-Gordillo A, Ojeda-Martínez M, Velásquez-Ordóñez C, Ojeda-Martínez M. Photocatalytic reduction of methylene blue induced by a commercial titanium precursor in homogeneous phase. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2023.114552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
7
|
Scarpi-Luttenauer M, Mobian P, Barloy L. Synthesis, structure and functions of discrete titanium-based multinuclear architectures. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
8
|
Sol–gel reaction of titanium phosphonate alkoxide cluster. Appl Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
9
|
The Surge of Metal-Organic-Framework (MOFs)-Based Electrodes as Key Elements in Electrochemically Driven Processes for the Environment. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26185713. [PMID: 34577184 PMCID: PMC8467760 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal–organic-frameworks (MOFs) are emerging materials used in the environmental electrochemistry community for Faradaic and non-Faradaic water remediation technologies. It has been concluded that MOF-based materials show improvement in performance compared to traditional (non-)faradaic materials. In particular, this review outlines MOF synthesis and their application in the fields of electron- and photoelectron-Fenton degradation reactions, photoelectrocatalytic degradations, and capacitive deionization physical separations. This work overviews the main electrode materials used for the different environmental remediation processes, discusses the main performance enhancements achieved via the utilization of MOFs compared to traditional materials, and provides perspective and insights for the further development of the utilization of MOF-derived materials in electrified water treatment.
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang HY, Fu MY, Zhai HL, Zhu QY, Dai J. Mono- and Bismetalphenanthroline-Substituted Ti 12 Clusters: Structural Variance and the Effect on Electronic State and Photocurrent Property. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:12255-12262. [PMID: 34351141 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Despite the numerous titanium-oxo clusters (TOCs) which have been reported, the nature of small clusters (nuclearity < 10) as model compounds showed large deviation from that of nanoscale TiO materials. Therefore, theoretical and experimental studies for large TOCs merit more attention. We recently prepared and crystallographically characterized a series of large TOCs: Ti11O15(OiPr)16(Cophen) (1), Ti11O15(OiPr)16(Mnphen) (2), Ti10O14(OEt)16(Mnphen)2 (3), and Ti10O14(OEt)16(Mnphphen)2 (4) (phen = 1,10-phenanthroline, phphen = 4,7-biphenyl-phen). These compounds are derivatives of a Ti12 parent cluster by replacing one or two of the five-coordinated titanium atoms of the Ti12 cluster with a transition metal M, Co(II) and Mn(II), that is chelated by a phen group. The effects of mono- and bis-substituted Mphen on the charge and structure of the clusters are discussed. Theoretical evaluation of the frontier orbitals of the clusters is carried out on the basis of the precisely defined crystal structures. Different from the dye molecule to TiO core charge transfer for the dye-modified TOCs, charge transfer in these clusters is from TiO/TiOM to phen/Mphen. The effects of different metal ions and the number of substituted Mphen moieties on the photocurrent properties are evaluated. The results will be of interest to research on cluster chemistry, especially on the TOC chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Yu Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Meng-Yuan Fu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Hang-Ling Zhai
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Qin-Yu Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Jie Dai
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Schubert U. Titanium-Oxo Clusters with Bi- and Tridentate Organic Ligands: Gradual Evolution of the Structures from Small to Big. Chemistry 2021; 27:11239-11256. [PMID: 34018652 PMCID: PMC8457127 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Homometallic titanium oxo clusters are one of the most important groups of metal oxo clusters, with more than 300 examples characterized by X-ray structure analyses. Most of them are uncharged and are obtained by partial hydrolysis and condensation of titanium alkoxo derivatives. The cluster cores, ranging from 3 to >50 titanium atoms, are stabilized by organic ligands. Apart from residual OR groups, carboxylato and phosphonato ligands are most frequent. The article critically reviews and categorizes the known structures and works out basic construction principles by comparing the different cluster types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Schubert
- Institute of Materials ChemistryTechnische Universität WienGetreidemarkt 91060WienAustria
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kazimierczuk K, Milanesio M, Dołęga A, Palin L, Walencik M, Jurkowski M, Conterosito E. Solvothermal synthesis and structural characterization of three polyoxotitanium-organic acid clusters. RSC Adv 2021; 11:25068-25078. [PMID: 35481040 PMCID: PMC9037011 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra09691a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Three new titanium oxo-clusters Ti4O2(OiPr)10(OOCPhMe)2 (I), Ti6O4(OEt)8(OOCPhMe)8 (II) and Ti6O6(OEt)6(OOCCHPh2)6 (III) were obtained by easy one-step solvothermal reactions of titanium(iv) isopropoxide, alcohols and carboxylic acids. The three compounds were characterized by single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction, TGA/DSC, optical and electron microscopy, and FTIR and NMR spectroscopy. X-ray powder diffraction and spectroscopy confirmed the purity of the compounds. Structural analysis indicates that in all compounds the titanium(iv) ions are six-coordinated (distorted octahedra). (I) is a tetranuclear complex containing a Ti4(μ4-O)(μ2-O) core, which is linked by two (μ2-OOCPhMe), four (μ2-OiPr) and six OiPr ligands. (II) and (III) are hexanuclear complexes with different cores, respectively Ti6(μ3-O)2(μ2-O)2 and Ti6(μ3-O)6. The coordination sphere of the Ti atoms is filled by eight (μ2-OOCPhMe), two (μ2-OEt) and six OEt in (II) and six (μ2-OOCHPh2) and six OEt in (III). Different steric hindrance of substituents attached to the carboxyl group or different concentrations lead to three main different cluster geometries with two ligands. The tetranuclear and the hexanuclear clusters were obtained with the OOCPhMe ligand, while the hexagonal prism cluster was obtained with the OOCCHPh2 ligand. Hirshfeld surface calculations indicated that the packing is driven by C–O⋯H–C weak hydrogen bonds. The clusters can be used as molecular models of organic molecules bonded to titania surface, used in organic photovoltaic (dye sensitized solar cells) or other optoelectronic applications. Crystal structures of three novel titanium oxo-clusters with different cores and ligands obtained by an easy and convenient solvothermal method.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kazimierczuk
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry
- Chemical Faculty
- Gdańsk University of Technology
- 80-233 Gdańsk
- Poland
| | - Marco Milanesio
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica
- 15121 Alessandria
- Italy
| | - Anna Dołęga
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry
- Chemical Faculty
- Gdańsk University of Technology
- 80-233 Gdańsk
- Poland
| | - Luca Palin
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica
- 15121 Alessandria
- Italy
- Nova Res s.r.l
- 28100 Novara
| | - Maja Walencik
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry
- Chemical Faculty
- Gdańsk University of Technology
- 80-233 Gdańsk
- Poland
| | - Michał Jurkowski
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry
- Chemical Faculty
- Gdańsk University of Technology
- 80-233 Gdańsk
- Poland
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Feng L, Pang J, She P, Li JL, Qin JS, Du DY, Zhou HC. Metal-Organic Frameworks Based on Group 3 and 4 Metals. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2004414. [PMID: 32902012 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202004414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) based on group 3 and 4 metals are considered as the most promising MOFs for varying practical applications including water adsorption, carbon conversion, and biomedical applications. The relatively strong coordination bonds and versatile coordination modes within these MOFs endow the framework with high chemical stability, diverse structures and topologies, and interesting properties and functions. Herein, the significant progress made on this series of MOFs since 2018 is summarized and an update on the current status and future trends on the structural design of robust MOFs with high connectivity is provided. Cluster chemistry involving Y, lanthanides (Ln, from La to Lu), actinides (An, from Ac to Lr), Ti, and Zr is initially introduced. This is followed by a review of recently developed MOFs based on group 3 and 4 metals with their structures discussed based on the types of inorganic or organic building blocks. The novel properties and arising applications of these MOFs in catalysis, adsorption and separation, delivery, and sensing are highlighted. Overall, this review is expected to provide a timely summary on MOFs based on group 3 and 4 metals, which shall guide the future discovery and development of stable and functional MOFs for practical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-3255, USA
| | - Jiandong Pang
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-3255, USA
| | - Ping She
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Luo Li
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-3255, USA
| | - Jun-Sheng Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
- International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Dong-Ying Du
- National and Local United Engineering Lab for Power Battery, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Cai Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-3255, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-3003, USA
| |
Collapse
|