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Nigam R, Kar KK. Effect of Mixed Morphology (Simple Cubic, Face-Centered Cubic, and Body-Centered Cubic)-Based Electrodes on the Electric Double Layer Capacitance of Supercapacitors. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:14266-14280. [PMID: 38941262 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c00664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Supercapacitors store energy due to the formation of an electric double layer (EDL) at the interface of the electrodes and electrolyte. The present article deals with the finite element study of equilibrium electric double layer capacitance (EDLC) in the mixed morphology electrodes comprising all three fundamental crystal structures, simple cubic (SC), body-centered cubic (BCC), and face-centered cubic morphologies (FCC). Mesoporous-activated carbon forms the electrode in the supercapacitor with (C2H5)4NBF4/propylene carbonate organic electrolyte. Electrochemical interference is clearly demonstrated in the supercapacitors with the formation of the potential bands, as in the case of interference theory due to the increasing packing factor. The effects of electrode thickness varying from a wide range of 50 nm to 0.04 mm on specific EDLC have been discussed in detail. The interfacial geometry of the unit cell in contact with the electrolyte is the most important parameter determining the properties of the EDL. The critical thickness of the electrodes is 1.71 μm in all the morphologies. Polarization increases the interfacial potential and leads to EDL formation. The Stern layer specific capacitance is 167.6 μF cm-2 in all the morphologies. The maximum capacitance is in the decreasing order of interfacial geometry, as FCC > BCC > SC, dependent on the packing factor. The minimum transmittance in all the morphologies is 98.35%, with the constant figure of merit at higher electrode thickness having applications in the chip interconnects. The transient analysis shows that the interfacial current decreases with increasing polarization in the EDL. The capacitance also decreases with the increase of the scan rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Nigam
- Advanced Nanoengineering Materials Laboratory, Materials Science Programme, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Kamal K Kar
- Advanced Nanoengineering Materials Laboratory, Materials Science Programme, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
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2
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Park C, Rhyu HJ, Lee J, Kim J, Lee EJ, Kim SK, Myung S. Influence of Oxygen Vacancies Introduced via Acceptor (Gadolinium) Doping to the Pseudocapacitive Properties of Nano-Sized Cerium Oxide. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2401925. [PMID: 39007535 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202401925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
The voluntary introduction of defects can be considered an effective strategy for enhancing the electrochemical properties of metal oxide electrodes. In this study, the enhanced pseudocapacitive properties of an acceptor (Gd) doped cerium oxide nanoparticle-a sustainable metal oxide with low environmental and human toxicity-are investigated in depth using ex situ X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Interestingly, with 15 at% Gd doping (15GDC), the specific capacitance of the nanoparticles measured at 1 A g-1 enhanced to 547.8 F g-1, which is fivefold higher than undoped CeO2 (98.7 F g-1 at 1 A g-1). The rate-dependent capacitance is also improved for 15GDC, which showed a 31.0% decrease in the specific capacitance upon a tenfold increase in the current density, while CeO2 showed a 49.9% decrease. The enhanced electrochemical properties are studied in depth via ex situ XPS and EIS analysis, which revealed that the oxygen vacancies at the surface of the nanoparticles played important roles in enhancing both the specific capacitance and the high-rate performance of 15GDC by acting as the active site for pseudocapacitive redox reaction and allowing fast diffusion of oxygen ions at the surface of 15GDC nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanwon Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hannam University, 1646 Yuseongdaero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34430, Republic of Korea
- Thin Film Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jin Rhyu
- Thin Film Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaekeun Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hannam University, 1646 Yuseongdaero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34430, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyun Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hannam University, 1646 Yuseongdaero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34430, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ji Lee
- Thin Film Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong K Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hannam University, 1646 Yuseongdaero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34430, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Myung
- Thin Film Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
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3
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Zhang G, Zhang Y, Wang J, Yu J, Wang K, Li G, Guan T. Nitrogen-functionalization of carbon materials for supercapacitor: Combining with nanostructure directly is superior to doping amorphous element. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 660:478-489. [PMID: 38246051 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.01.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Just how heteroatomic functionalization enhances electrochemical capacity of carbon materials is a recent and widely studied field in scientific research. However, there is no consensus on whether combining with heteroatom-bearing nanostructures directly or doping amorphous elements is more advantageous. Herein, two kinds of porous carbon nanosheets were prepared from coal tar pitch through anchoring graphitic carbon nitride (PCNs/GCNs-5) or doping amorphous nitrogen element (PCNs/N). The structural characteristics and electrochemical properties of the two PCNs were revealed and compared carefully. It can be found that the amorphous nitrogen of PCNs/N will have a grievous impact on its carbon skeleton network, resulting in reduced stability in charge and discharge process, while the structural collapse of carbon network could be avoided in PCNs/GCNs-5 by the heteroatoms in the form of nanostructure. Particularly, PCNs/GCNs-5 exhibits extremely high specific capacity of 388 F g-1 at 1 A g-1, and splendid the capacitance retention rate of 98% after 10,000 cycles of charge and discharge, which are overmatch than the amorphous nitrogen doped carbon materials reported recently and PCNs/N. The combining strategy with nanostructure will inspire the design of carbon materials towards high-performance supercapacitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoli Zhang
- Institute Energy Innovation, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, 79 West Yingze Street, Taiyuan 030024, PR China; CAS Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, PR China; Department of Microsystems, University of South-Eastern Norway, Horten 3184, Norway.
| | - Yi Zhang
- Institute Energy Innovation, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, 79 West Yingze Street, Taiyuan 030024, PR China; CAS Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, PR China; Department of Microsystems, University of South-Eastern Norway, Horten 3184, Norway
| | - Jianlong Wang
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, PR China; CAS Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, PR China
| | - Jiangyong Yu
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, PR China; CAS Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, PR China
| | - Kaiying Wang
- Institute Energy Innovation, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, 79 West Yingze Street, Taiyuan 030024, PR China; Department of Microsystems, University of South-Eastern Norway, Horten 3184, Norway
| | - Gang Li
- Institute Energy Innovation, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, 79 West Yingze Street, Taiyuan 030024, PR China; Department of Microsystems, University of South-Eastern Norway, Horten 3184, Norway.
| | - Taotao Guan
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, PR China; CAS Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, PR China.
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Liu S, Li X, Zhong S, Jiang W, Liu Y, Ding W, Hu H, Huang Z, Liu L. Electrosprayed hierarchical mesoporous Mn 0.5Ti 2(PO 4) 3@C microspheres as promising High-Performance anode for Potassium-Ion batteries. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 658:923-933. [PMID: 38157616 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.12.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
NASICON-structured Ti-based polyanion compounds benefit from a stable structural framework, large ion channels, and fast ion mobility. However, the large radius of potassium and its poor electronic conductivity restrict its use in potassium-ion batteries. Herein, hierarchical mesoporous Mn0.5Ti2(PO4)3@C microspheres have been successfully synthesized using a simple electrospraying method. These microspheres consist of Mn0.5Ti2(PO4)3 nanoparticles evenly embedded in three-dimensional mesoporous carbon microspheres. The hierarchical mesoporous micro/nanostructure facilitates the rapid insertion and extraction of K+, while the three-dimensional carbon microspheres matrix enhances electrical conductivity and prevents active materials from collapsing during cycling. So the hierarchical mesoporous Mn0.5Ti2(PO4)3@C microspheres exhibit a high reversible discharge specific capacity (306 mA h g-1 at 20 mA g-1), a notable rate capability (123 mA h g-1 at 5000 mA g-1), and exceptional cycle performance (148 mA h g-1 at 500 mA g-1 after 1000 cycles). The results show that electrosprayed Mn0.5Ti2(PO4)3@C microspheres are a promising anode for PIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoxiong Liu
- National Base for International Science & Technology Cooperation, National Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Key Materials of New Energy Storage Battery, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friend Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| | - Xiao Li
- National Base for International Science & Technology Cooperation, National Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Key Materials of New Energy Storage Battery, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friend Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| | - Siwei Zhong
- National Base for International Science & Technology Cooperation, National Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Key Materials of New Energy Storage Battery, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friend Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| | - Wenjia Jiang
- National Base for International Science & Technology Cooperation, National Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Key Materials of New Energy Storage Battery, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friend Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| | - Ye Liu
- National Base for International Science & Technology Cooperation, National Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Key Materials of New Energy Storage Battery, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friend Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| | - Wenchong Ding
- National Base for International Science & Technology Cooperation, National Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Key Materials of New Energy Storage Battery, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friend Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| | - Hai Hu
- National Base for International Science & Technology Cooperation, National Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Key Materials of New Energy Storage Battery, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friend Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| | - Zhifeng Huang
- National Base for International Science & Technology Cooperation, National Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Key Materials of New Energy Storage Battery, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friend Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China.
| | - Li Liu
- National Base for International Science & Technology Cooperation, National Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Key Materials of New Energy Storage Battery, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friend Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China.
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5
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Jiang Y, Vázquez RJ, McCuskey SR, Yip BRP, Quek G, Ohayon D, Kundukad B, Wang X, Bazan GC. Recyclable Conjugated Polyelectrolyte Hydrogels for Pseudocapacitor Fabrication. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 38150629 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c13137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
In alignment with widespread interest in carbon neutralization and sustainable practices, we disclose that conjugated polyelectrolyte (CPE) hydrogels are a type of recyclable, electrochemically stable, and environmentally friendly pseudocapacitive material for energy storage applications. By leveraging ionic-electronic coupling in a relatively fluid medium, one finds that hydrogels prepared using a fresh batch of an anionic CPE, namely, Pris-CPE-K, exhibit a specific capacitance of 32.6 ± 6.6 F g-1 in 2 M NaCl and are capable of 80% (26.1 ± 6.5 F g-1) capacitance retention after 100,000 galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) cycles at a current density (J) of 10 A g-1. We note that equilibration under a constant potential prior to GCD analysis leads to the K+ counterions in the CPE exchanging with Na+ and, thus, the relevant active material Pris-CPE-Na. It is possible to remove the CPE material from the electrochemical cell via extraction with water and to carry out a simple purification through dialysis to produce a recycled material, namely Re-CPE-Na. The recycling workup has no significant detrimental impact on the electrochemical performance. Specifically, Re-CPE-Na hydrogels display an initial specific capacitance of 26.3 ± 1.2 F g-1 (at 10 A g-1) and retain 77% of the capacitance after a subsequent 100,000 GCD cycles. Characterization by NMR, FTIR, and Raman spectroscopies, together with XPS and GPC measurements, revealed no change in the structure of the backbone or side chains. However, rheological measurements gave evidence of a slight loss in G' and G''. Overall, that CPE hydrogels display recyclability argues in favor of considering them as a novel materials platform for energy storage applications within an economically viable circular recycling strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Jiang
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 119077, Singapore
- Institute for Functional Intelligent Materials, National University of Singapore, 117544, Singapore
| | - Ricardo Javier Vázquez
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 119077, Singapore
- Institute for Functional Intelligent Materials, National University of Singapore, 117544, Singapore
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Samantha R McCuskey
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 119077, Singapore
- Institute for Functional Intelligent Materials, National University of Singapore, 117544, Singapore
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
| | - Benjamin Rui Peng Yip
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 119077, Singapore
- Institute for Functional Intelligent Materials, National University of Singapore, 117544, Singapore
| | - Glenn Quek
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 119077, Singapore
- Institute for Functional Intelligent Materials, National University of Singapore, 117544, Singapore
| | - David Ohayon
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 119077, Singapore
- Institute for Functional Intelligent Materials, National University of Singapore, 117544, Singapore
| | - Binu Kundukad
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
| | - Xuehang Wang
- Department of Radiation Science and Technology, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2629 JB, Netherlands
| | - Guillermo C Bazan
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 119077, Singapore
- Institute for Functional Intelligent Materials, National University of Singapore, 117544, Singapore
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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6
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Chu Y, Wang P, Ding Y, Lin J, Zhu X, Zhao S, Jin H, Zeng T. High-Capacity Sb/Fe 2S 3 Sodium-Ion Battery Anodes Fabricated by a One-Step Redox Reaction, Followed by Ball Milling with Graphite. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:24354-24365. [PMID: 37167087 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c01223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Antimony (Sb) has been considered a promising anode for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) owing to its high theoretical capacity (660 mA h g-1) and low redox voltage (0.2-0.9 V vs Na+/Na). However, the capacity degradation caused by the volumetric variation during battery discharge/charge hinders the practical application. Herein, guided by the DFT calculation, Sb/Fe2S3 was fabricated by annealing Fe and Sb2S3 mixed powder. Next, Sb/Fe2S3 was blended with 15 wt % graphite by ball milling, yielding nano-Sb/Fe2S3 anchored on an exfoliated graphite composite (denoted as Sb/Fe2S3-15%). When applied as an anode of SIBs, Sb/Fe2S3-15% delivered reversible capacities of 565, 542, 467, 366, 285, and 236 mA h g-1 at current rates of 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 A g-1, respectively, surpassing most of the Sb-based anodes. The co-existence of highly conductive Fe2S3 and Sb minimizes the polarization of the anode. Our experiments proved that the Sb and Fe2S3 phases were reversible during discharge/charge cycling, and the exfoliated graphite can accelerate the Na+ diffusion and e- conduction. The proposed synthesis method of this work can also be applicable to synthesize various antimony/transition metal sulfide heterostructures (Sb/M1-xS), which may be applied in a series of fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chu
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Key Lab of Advanced Energy Storage and Conversion, Zhejiang Province Key Lab of Leather Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Key Lab of Advanced Energy Storage and Conversion, Zhejiang Province Key Lab of Leather Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yihong Ding
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Key Lab of Advanced Energy Storage and Conversion, Zhejiang Province Key Lab of Leather Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jie Lin
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Key Lab of Advanced Energy Storage and Conversion, Zhejiang Province Key Lab of Leather Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinxin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Key Lab of Advanced Energy Storage and Conversion, Zhejiang Province Key Lab of Leather Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shiqiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Key Lab of Advanced Energy Storage and Conversion, Zhejiang Province Key Lab of Leather Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huile Jin
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Key Lab of Advanced Energy Storage and Conversion, Zhejiang Province Key Lab of Leather Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tianbiao Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Key Lab of Advanced Energy Storage and Conversion, Zhejiang Province Key Lab of Leather Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, China
- Printable Electronics Research Center & i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
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7
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Mayer JM. Bonds over Electrons: Proton Coupled Electron Transfer at Solid-Solution Interfaces. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:7050-7064. [PMID: 36943755 PMCID: PMC10080693 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
This Perspective argues that most redox reactions of materials at an interface with a protic solution involve net proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) (or other cation-coupled ET). This view contrasts with the traditional electron-transfer-focused view of redox reactions at semiconductors, but redox processes at metal surfaces are often described as PCET. Taking a thermodynamic perspective, transfer of an electron is typically accompanied by a stoichiometric proton, much as the chemistry of lithium-ion batteries involves coupled transfers of e- and Li+. The PCET viewpoint implicates the surface-H bond dissociation free energy (BDFE) as the preeminent energetic parameter and its conceptual equivalents, the electrochemical ne-/nH+ potential versus the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) and the free energy of hydrogenation, ΔG°H. These parameters capture the thermochemistry of PCET at interfaces better than electronic parameters such as Fermi energies, electron chemical potentials, flat-band potentials, or band-edge energies. A unified picture of PCET at metal and semiconductor surfaces is presented. Exceptions, limitations, implications, and future directions motivated by this approach are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Mayer
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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8
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Sharma S, Chand P. Supercapacitor and Electrochemical Techniques: A Brief Review. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2023.100885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
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9
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Zhao Y, Huang B, Ji Y, Yu Y, Gao X, Zhang Z, Fei HF. Porous Carbon Nanofiber Flexible Membranes via a Bottlebrush Copolymer Template for Enhanced High-Performance Supercapacitors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:5644-5656. [PMID: 36689682 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c19696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We report a method to construct ordered hierarchical porous structures in carbon nanofiber membranes using poly(ethylene oxide)-block-polydimethylsiloxane bottlebrush block copolymers (BBCPs) as templates. The BBCPs self-assemble into a spherical morphology driven by small-molecule hydrogen bond donors which act as bridges between carbon precursors and templates to promote uniform dispersion of the templates. We successfully obtained flexible, self-supporting, and porous carbon nanofiber membranes (PCNFs) with high porosity. Then, a supercapacitor electrode was independently prepared using PCNFs as an active substance without infiltrating any conductive agents or binders. The PCNFs exhibit excellent performance with a capacitance of 234.1 F g-1 at a current density of 1 A g-1 owing to the abundant hierarchical porous structures and high content of nitrogen and oxygen elements internally. The aqueous symmetric supercapacitor prepared using PCNFs electrodes maintains more than 95% capacitance retention after 55,000 charge-discharge cycles. Furthermore, the capacitance retention reaches up to 67.72% at a current density of 50 A g-1 (compared to 1 A g-1), exhibiting excellent cycling stability and rate capability. Based on the excellent electrochemical performance and flexible self-supporting ability of PCNFs, this work is expected to facilitate the development of flexible displays, flexible sensors, wearable devices, and electrocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High-tech Polymer Materials, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, P. R. China
| | - Bin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High-tech Polymer Materials, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, P. R. China
| | - Yanwei Ji
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High-tech Polymer Materials, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, P. R. China
| | - Yan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High-tech Polymer Materials, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, P. R. China
| | - Xiyin Gao
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High-tech Polymer Materials, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, P. R. China
| | - Zhijie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High-tech Polymer Materials, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, P. R. China
| | - Hua-Feng Fei
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High-tech Polymer Materials, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, P. R. China
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10
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Isolation of pseudocapacitive surface processes at monolayer MXene flakes reveals delocalized charging mechanism. Nat Commun 2023; 14:374. [PMID: 36690615 PMCID: PMC9870982 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-35950-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudocapacitive charge storage in Ti3C2Tx MXenes in acid electrolytes is typically described as involving proton intercalation/deintercalation accompanied by redox switching of the Ti centres and protonation/deprotonation of oxygen functional groups. Here we conduct nanoscale electrochemical measurements in a unique experimental configuration, restricting the electrochemical contact area to a small subregion (0.3 µm2) of a monolayer Ti3C2Tx flake. In this unique configuration, proton intercalation into interlayer spaces is not possible, and surface processes are isolated from the bulk processes, characteristic of macroscale electrodes. Analysis of the pseudocapacitive response of differently sized MXene flakes indicates that entire MXene flakes are charged through electrochemical contact of only a small basal plane subregion, corresponding to as little as 3% of the flake surface area. Our observation of pseudocapacitive charging outside the electrochemical contact area is suggestive of a fast transport of protons mechanism across the MXene surface.
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11
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Kim M, Ju BK, Kang JG. Hierarchical Multiscale Engineered Fe
3
O
4
/Ni Electrodes with Ultrafast Supercapacitive Energy Storage for Alternate Current Line‐Filtering. SMALL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/smsc.202200074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Minjeong Kim
- Nanophotonics Research Center Korea Institute of Science and Technology Seoul 02792 South Korea
- School of Electrical Engineering Korea University Seoul 02841 South Korea
| | - Byeong-Kwon Ju
- School of Electrical Engineering Korea University Seoul 02841 South Korea
| | - Jin Gu Kang
- Nanophotonics Research Center Korea Institute of Science and Technology Seoul 02792 South Korea
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12
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Review on Recent Modifications in Nickel Metal-Organic Framework Derived Electrode (Ni-MOF) Materials for Supercapacitors. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-022-02503-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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13
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Medium-independent hydrogen atom binding isotherms of nickel oxide electrodes. Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2022.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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14
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An asymmetric MnO2|activated carbon supercapacitor with highly soluble choline nitrate-based aqueous electrolyte for sub-zero temperatures. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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15
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Gouder A, Jiménez-Solano A, Vargas-Barbosa NM, Podjaski F, Lotsch BV. Photomemristive sensing via charge storage in 2D carbon nitrides. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2022; 9:1866-1877. [PMID: 35475438 PMCID: PMC9252257 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh00069e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Photomemristive sensors have the potential to innovate current photo-electrochemical sensors by incorporating new sensing capabilities including non-invasive, wireless and time-delayed (memory) readout. Here we report the charge storing 2D carbon nitride potassium poly(heptazine imide), K-PHI, as a direct photomemristive sensing platform by capitalizing on K-PHI's visible light bandgap, large oxidation potential, and intrinsic optoionic charge storage properties. Utilizing the light-induced charge storage function of K-PHI nanosheets, we demonstrate memory sensing via charge accumulation and present potentiometric, impedimetric and coulometric readouts to write/erase this information from the material, with no additional reagents required. Additionally, wireless colorimetric and fluorometric detection of the charging state of K-PHI nanoparticles is demonstrated, enabling the material's use as particle-based autonomous sensing probe in situ. The various readout options of K-PHI's response enable us to adapt the sensitivities and dynamic ranges without modifying the sensing platform, which is demonstrated using glucose as a model analyte over a wide range of concentrations (50 μM to 50 mM). Since K-PHI is earth abundant, biocompatible, chemically robust and responsive to visible light, we anticipate that the photomemristive sensing platform presented herein opens up memristive and neuromorphic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Gouder
- Department Nanochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
- Department Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Alberto Jiménez-Solano
- Department Nanochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Nella M Vargas-Barbosa
- Institute for Energy and Climate Research (IEK-12), Helmholtz Institute Münster, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Corrensstr. 46, 48148 Münster, Germany
| | - Filip Podjaski
- Department Nanochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Bettina V Lotsch
- Department Nanochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
- Department Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
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16
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Wu J. Understanding the Electric Double-Layer Structure, Capacitance, and Charging Dynamics. Chem Rev 2022; 122:10821-10859. [PMID: 35594506 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Significant progress has been made in recent years in theoretical modeling of the electric double layer (EDL), a key concept in electrochemistry important for energy storage, electrocatalysis, and multitudes of other technological applications. However, major challenges remain in understanding the microscopic details of the electrochemical interface and charging mechanisms under realistic conditions. This review delves into theoretical methods to describe the equilibrium and dynamic responses of the EDL structure and capacitance for electrochemical systems commonly deployed for capacitive energy storage. Special emphasis is given to recent advances that intend to capture the nonclassical EDL behavior such as oscillatory ion distributions, polarization of nonmetallic electrodes, charge transfer, and various forms of phase transitions in the micropores of electrodes interfacing with an organic electrolyte or ionic liquid. This comprehensive analysis highlights theoretical insights into predictable relationships between materials characteristics and electrochemical performance and offers a perspective on opportunities for further development toward rational design and optimization of electrochemical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhong Wu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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17
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Determining the depth of surface charging layer of single Prussian blue nanoparticles with pseudocapacitive behaviors. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2316. [PMID: 35484125 PMCID: PMC9051208 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30058-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the hybrid charge-storage mechanisms of pseudocapacitive nanomaterials holds promising keys to further improve the performance of energy storage devices. Based on the dependence of the light scattering intensity of single Prussian blue nanoparticles (PBNPs) on their oxidation state during sinusoidal potential modulation at varying frequencies, we present an electro-optical microscopic imaging approach to optically acquire the Faradaic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (oEIS) of single PBNPs. Here we reveal typical pseudocapacitive behavior with hybrid charge-storage mechanisms depending on the modulation frequency. In the low-frequency range, the optical amplitude is inversely proportional to the square root of the frequency (∆I ∝ f−0.5; diffusion-limited process), while in the high-frequency range, it is inversely proportional to the frequency (∆I ∝ f−1; surface charging process). Because the geometry of single cuboid-shaped PBNPs can be precisely determined by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy, oEIS of single PBNPs allows the determination of the depth of the surface charging layer, revealing it to be ~2 unit cells regardless of the nanoparticle size. The surface charging layer in nanomaterials, which determines their pseudocapacitive behavior, is challenging to characterize. Here the authors perform Faradic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements of single cuboid Prussian blue nanoparticles, displaying a hybrid charge storage mechanism, and determine the depth of the surface charging layer.
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18
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Core-shell structured Co3O4@NiCo2O4 nanowires on nickel foam for supercapacitors. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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19
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Song P, Li Y, Bao L, Liang X, Qi M, Li H, Tang Y. An understanding of a 3D hierarchically porous carbon modified electrode based on finite element modeling. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj01890j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new strategy for the electrochemical evaluation of a 3D hierarchically porous carbon modified electrode is proposed via finite element modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, P. R. China
| | - Yan Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, P. R. China
| | - Linghan Bao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohua Liang
- Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, P. R. China
| | - Mengyuan Qi
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, P. R. China
| | - Hanbing Li
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, Department of Environmental Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, P. R. China
| | - Yang Tang
- National Fundamental Research Laboratory of New Hazardous Chemicals Assessment and Accident Analysis, Institute of Applied Electrochemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
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20
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Banda H, Dou JH, Chen T, Zhang Y, Dincă M. Dual-Ion Intercalation and High Volumetric Capacitance in a Two-Dimensional Non-Porous Coordination Polymer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:27119-27125. [PMID: 34597446 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202112811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Intercalation is a promising ion-sorption mechanism for enhancing the energy density of electrochemical capacitors (ECs) because it offers enhanced access to the electrochemical surface area. It requires a rapid transport of ions in and out of a host material, and it must occur without phase transformations. Materials that fulfil these requirements are rare; those that do intercalate almost exclusively cations. Herein, we show that Ni3 (benzenehexathiol) (Ni3 BHT), a non-porous two-dimensional (2D) layered coordination polymer (CP), intercalates both cations and anions with a variety of charges. Whereas cation intercalation is pseudocapacitive, anions intercalate in a purely capacitive fashion. The excellent EC performance of Ni3 BHT provides a general basis for investigating similar dual-ion intercalation mechanisms in the large family of non-porous 2D CPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harish Banda
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Jin-Hu Dou
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Tianyang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Yugang Zhang
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratories, 735 Brookhaven Avenue, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Mircea Dincă
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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21
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Banda H, Dou J, Chen T, Zhang Y, Dincă M. Dual‐Ion Intercalation and High Volumetric Capacitance in a Two‐Dimensional Non‐Porous Coordination Polymer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202112811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Harish Banda
- Department of Chemistry Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Jin‐Hu Dou
- Department of Chemistry Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Tianyang Chen
- Department of Chemistry Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Yugang Zhang
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratories 735 Brookhaven Avenue Upton NY 11973 USA
| | - Mircea Dincă
- Department of Chemistry Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
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22
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Schutjajew K, Pampel J, Zhang W, Antonietti M, Oschatz M. Influence of Pore Architecture and Chemical Structure on the Sodium Storage in Nitrogen-Doped Hard Carbons. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2006767. [PMID: 33615707 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202006767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hard carbon is the material of choice for sodium ion battery anodes. Capacities comparable to those of lithium/graphite can be reached, but the understanding of the underlying sodium storage mechanisms remains fragmentary. A two-step process is commonly observed, where sodium first adsorbs to polar sites of the carbon ("sloping region") and subsequently fills small voids in the material ("plateau region"). To study the impact of nitrogen functionalities and pore geometry on sodium storage, a systematic series of nitrogen-doped hard carbons is synthesized. The nitrogen content is found to contribute to sloping capacity by binding sodium ions at edges and defects, whereas higher plateau capacities are found for materials with less nitrogen content and more extensive graphene layers, suggesting the formation of 2D sodium structures stabilized by graphene-like pore walls. In fact, up to 84% of the plateau capacity is measured at potentials less than 0 V versus metallic Na, that is, quasimetallic sodium can be stabilized in such structure motifs. Finally, gas physisorption measurements are related to charge-discharge data to identify the energy storage relevant pore architectures. Interestingly, these are pores inaccessible to probe gases and electrolytes, suggesting a new view on such "closed pores" required for efficient sodium storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Schutjajew
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jonas Pampel
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Wuyong Zhang
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Markus Antonietti
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Martin Oschatz
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
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23
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Aderyani S, Flouda P, Shah S, Green M, Lutkenhaus J, Ardebili H. Simulation of cyclic voltammetry in structural supercapacitors with pseudocapacitance behavior. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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24
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Le Calvez E, Yarekha D, Fugère L, Robert K, Huvé M, Marinova M, Crosnier O, Lethien C, Brousse T. Influence of ion implantation on the charge storage mechanism of vanadium nitride pseudocapacitive thin films. Electrochem commun 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2021.107016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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25
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Wang X, Liu K, Wu J. Demystifying the Stern layer at a metal-electrolyte interface: Local dielectric constant, specific ion adsorption, and partial charge transfer. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:124701. [PMID: 33810643 DOI: 10.1063/5.0043963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Electric double layer (EDL) represents one of the most basic concepts in electrochemistry and is pertinent to diverse engineering applications ranging from electrocatalysis to energy storage. Whereas phenomenological and coarse-grained models have been long established to describe ionic distributions in the diffuse layer, a faithful prediction of the physicochemical properties of the electrode-electrolyte interface from a molecular perspective remains a daunting challenge. In this work, we investigate the charging behavior of an Ag (111) electrode in NaF aqueous solutions leveraging experimental results and theoretical calculations based on the classical density functional theory for ion distributions in the diffuse layer and on the joint density functional theory (JDFT) for the electronic structure. When the Ag electrode is applied with a negative voltage, the surface charge density can be reasonably described by assuming a neutral Stern layer with the dielectric constant dependent on the local electric field as predicted by the Kirkwood equation. However, the specific adsorption of F- ions must be considered when the electrode is positively charged and the fluoride adsorption can be attributed to both physical and chemical interactions. Qualitatively, F- binding and partial charge transfer are supported by JDFT calculations, which predict an increased binding energy as the voltage increases. Our findings shed insight on the molecular characteristics of the Stern layer and the charge behavior of adsorbed species not specified by conventional EDL models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuepeng Wang
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, USA
| | - Kun Liu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, USA
| | - Jianzhong Wu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, USA
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26
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Costentin C, Limoges B, Robert M, Tard C. A Pioneering Career in Electrochemistry: Jean-Michel Savéant. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c05632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cyrille Costentin
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS, UMR 5250, 38000 Grenoble, France
- Université de Paris, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Benoît Limoges
- Université de Paris, Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Moléculaire, CNRS, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Marc Robert
- Université de Paris, Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Moléculaire, CNRS, F-75006 Paris, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Cédric Tard
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire (LCM), CNRS, École Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91120 Palaiseau, France
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27
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Otero TF. Towards artificial proprioception from artificial muscles constituted by self-sensing multi-step electrochemical macromolecular motors. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.137576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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28
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Schutjajew K, Tichter T, Schneider J, Antonietti M, Roth C, Oschatz M. Insights into the sodiation mechanism of hard carbon-like materials from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:11488-11500. [PMID: 33959733 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp00610j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To render the sodium ion battery (SIB) competitive among other technologies, the processes behind sodium storage in hard carbon anodes must be understood. For this purpose, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is usually undervalued, since fitting the spectra with equivalent circuit models requires an a priori knowledge about the system at hand. The analysis of the distribution of relaxation times (DRT) is an alternative, which refrains from fitting arbitrarily nested equivalent circuits. In this paper, the sodiation and desodiation of a hard carbon anode is studied by EIS at different states of charge (SOC). By reconstructing the DRT function, highly resolved information on the number and relative contribution of individual electrochemical processes is derived. During the sloping part of the sodiation curve, mass transport is found to be the most dominant source of resistance but rapidly diminishes when the plateau phase is reached. An equivalent circuit model qualitatively reproducing the experimental data of the sloping region was built upon the DRT results, which is particularly useful for future EIS studies on hard carbon SIB anodes. More importantly, this work contributes to establish EIS as a practical tool to directly study electrode processes without the bias of a previously assumed model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Schutjajew
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Tim Tichter
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jonathan Schneider
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Antonietti
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Christina Roth
- Electrochemical Process Engineering, Universität Bayreuth, Bayerisches Zentrum für Batterietechnik, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Martin Oschatz
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
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29
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Majumdar D. Review on Current Progress of MnO
2
‐Based Ternary Nanocomposites for Supercapacitor Applications. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202001371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dipanwita Majumdar
- Department of Chemistry Chandernagore College Chandannagar Hooghly, West Bengal India Pin-712136
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30
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Costentin C. Electrochemical Energy Storage: Questioning the Popular v/ v1/2 Scan Rate Diagnosis in Cyclic Voltammetry. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:9846-9849. [PMID: 33207883 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c02667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The v/v1/2 scan rate diagnosis in electrochemical energy storage devices is based on application of the relationship i = k1v + k2v1/2 (where k1 and k2 are two constants independent of the scan rate v) to the variation of the cyclic voltammetric responses with v. Several examples show that application of this scan rate diagnosis procedure leads to absurd results because the procedure is inappropriate under these conditions. It follows that the best approach is to simply forget about this v/v1/2 scan rate diagnosis, concentrate on the maximum number of experimental observations of the scan rate dependency, and build models able to reproduce these data in each case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrille Costentin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, DCM, 38000 Grenoble, France
- Université de Paris, 75013 Paris, France
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31
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Simon P, Gogotsi Y. Perspectives for electrochemical capacitors and related devices. NATURE MATERIALS 2020; 19:1151-1163. [PMID: 32747700 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-020-0747-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 406] [Impact Index Per Article: 101.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical capacitors can store electrical energy harvested from intermittent sources and deliver energy quickly, but their energy density must be increased if they are to efficiently power flexible and wearable electronics, as well as larger equipment. This Review summarizes progress in the field of materials for electrochemical capacitors over the past decade as well as outlines key perspectives for future research. We describe electrical double-layer capacitors based on high-surface-area carbons, pseudocapacitive materials such as oxides and the two-dimensional inorganic compounds known as MXenes, and emerging microdevices for the Internet of Things. We show that new nanostructured electrode materials and matching electrolytes are required to maximize the amount of energy and speed of delivery, and different manufacturing methods will be needed to meet the requirements of the future generation of electronic devices. Scientifically justified metrics for testing, comparison and optimization of various kinds of electrochemical capacitors are provided and explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice Simon
- Materials Science Department-CIRIMAT, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
- Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E), FR CNRS, Toulouse, France.
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France.
| | - Yury Gogotsi
- A. J. Drexel Nanomaterials Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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32
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Gschwend GC, Girault HH. Discrete Helmholtz model: a single layer of correlated counter-ions. Metal oxides and silica interfaces, ion-exchange and biological membranes. Chem Sci 2020; 11:10304-10312. [PMID: 34094294 PMCID: PMC8162434 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc03748f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanism by which interfaces in solution can be polarised depends on the nature of the charge carriers. In the case of a conductor, the charge carriers are electrons and the polarisation is homogeneous in the plane of the electrode. In the case of an insulator covered by ionic moieties, the polarisation is inhomogeneous and discrete in the plane of the interface. Despite these fundamental differences, these systems are usually treated in the same theoretical framework that relies on the Poisson-Boltzmann equation for the solution side. In this perspective, we show that interfaces polarised by discrete charge distributions are rather ubiquitous and that their associated potential drop significantly differs from those of conductor-electrolyte interfaces. We show that these configurations, spanning liquid-liquid interfaces, charged silica-water interfaces, metal oxide interfaces, supercapacitors, ion-exchange membranes and even biological membranes can be uniformly treated under a common "Discrete Helmholtz" model where the discrete charges are compensated by a single layer of correlated counter-ions, thereby generating a sharp potential drop at the interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégoire C Gschwend
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique (LEPA), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Rue de l'Industrie 17 CH-1951 Sion Switzerland
| | - Hubert H Girault
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique (LEPA), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Rue de l'Industrie 17 CH-1951 Sion Switzerland
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33
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Liu H, Hu R, Qi J, Sui Y, He Y, Meng Q, Wei F, Ren Y, Zhao Y. A facile method for synthesizing NiS nanoflower grown on MXene (Ti3C2Tx) as positive electrodes for “supercapattery”. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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34
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Lu HC, Ghosh S, Katyal N, Lakhanpal VS, Gearba-Dolocan IR, Henkelman G, Milliron DJ. Synthesis and Dual-Mode Electrochromism of Anisotropic Monoclinic Nb 12O 29 Colloidal Nanoplatelets. ACS NANO 2020; 14:10068-10082. [PMID: 32806084 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c03283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Transition metal oxide nanocrystals with dual-mode electrochromism hold promise for smart windows enabling spectrally selective solar modulation. We have developed the colloidal synthesis of anisotropic monoclinic Nb12O29 nanoplatelets (NPLs) to investigate the dual-mode electrochromism of niobium oxide nanocrystals. The precursor for synthesizing NPLs was prepared by mixing NbCl5 and oleic acid to form a complex that was subsequently heated to form an oxide-like structure capped by oleic acid, denoted as niobium oxo cluster. By initiating the synthesis using niobium oxo clusters, preferred growth of NPLs over other polymorphs was observed. The structure of the synthesized NPLs was examined by X-ray diffraction in conjunction with simulations, revealing that the NPLs are monolayer monoclinic Nb12O29, thin in the [100] direction and extended along the b and c directions. Besides having monolayer thickness, NPLs show decreased intensity of Raman signal from Nb-O bonds with higher bond order when compared to bulk monoclinic Nb12O29, as interpreted by calculations. Progressive electrochemical reduction of NPL films led to absorbance in the near-infrared region (stage 1) followed by absorbance in both the visible and near-infrared regions (stage 2), thus exhibiting dual-mode electrochromism. The mechanisms underlying these two processes were distinguished electrochemically by cyclic voltammetry to determine the extent to which ion intercalation limits the kinetics, and by verifying the presence of localized electrons following ion intercalation using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Both results support that the near-infrared absorption results from capacitive charging, and the onset of visible absorption in the second stage is caused by ion intercalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Che Lu
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1589, United States
| | - Sandeep Ghosh
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1589, United States
| | - Naman Katyal
- Department of Chemistry and the Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-0165, United States
| | - Vikram S Lakhanpal
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1589, United States
| | - Ioana R Gearba-Dolocan
- Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Graeme Henkelman
- Department of Chemistry and the Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-0165, United States
| | - Delia J Milliron
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1589, United States
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Dhar D, McKenas CG, Huang CW, Atkin JM, Dempsey JL, Lockett MR. Quantitative Effects of Disorder on Chemically Modified Amorphous Carbon Electrodes. ACS APPLIED ENERGY MATERIALS 2020; 3:8038-8047. [PMID: 32968715 PMCID: PMC7505236 DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.0c01434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Real materials are disordered. This disorder influences the properties of these materials and the chemical processes that occur at their interfaces. Gaining a molecular-level understanding of the underlying physical manifestations caused by disordered materials is crucial to unraveling and ultimately controlling the efficiency and performance of these materials in a range of energy-related devices. This understanding necessitates measurement techniques through which disorder can be detected, quantified, and monitored. However, such quantitative measurements are notoriously difficult, as effects often average out in ensemble measurements. In this work, we describe how a combination of electrochemical and spatially resolved surface spectroscopy measurements illuminate a molecular-level picture of disorder in materials. Using amorphous carbon as an intrinsically disordered material, we covalently attached a monolayer of ferrocene. Interfacial electron transfer across the amorphous carbon-ferrocene interface is highly sensitive to disruptions of order. By systematically varying linker properties and surface loadings, the influence of lateral interactions between nonuniformly distributed ferrocene headgroups on ensemble electrochemical measurements is demonstrated. Electrochemical and imaging data collectively indicate that conformational flexibility of the ferrocene moieties provides a mechanism to elude repulsive and unbalanced lateral interactions, while rigid linkages provide direct information about the underlying disorder of the material. This study is the first of its kind to quantify and visualize molecular disorder and heterogeneity with an experimental model accessed through ensemble measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debanjan Dhar
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Catherine G McKenas
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Chiung-Wei Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Joanna M Atkin
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Jillian L Dempsey
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Matthew R Lockett
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
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Fleischmann S, Mitchell JB, Wang R, Zhan C, Jiang DE, Presser V, Augustyn V. Pseudocapacitance: From Fundamental Understanding to High Power Energy Storage Materials. Chem Rev 2020; 120:6738-6782. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 531] [Impact Index Per Article: 132.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Fleischmann
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - James B. Mitchell
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Ruocun Wang
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Cheng Zhan
- Quantum Simulation Group, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - De-en Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Volker Presser
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Saarland University, Campus D2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Veronica Augustyn
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
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37
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Lacerda GRDBS, dos Santos Junior GA, Rocco MLM, Lavall RL, Matencio T, Calado HDR. Development of nanohybrids based on carbon nanotubes/P(EDOT-co-MPy) and P(EDOT-co-PyMP) copolymers as electrode materials for aqueous supercapacitors. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.135637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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38
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Evans RC, Nilsson Z, Balch B, Wang L, Neilson JR, Weinberger CR, Sambur JB. Quantifying Capacitive‐Like and Battery‐Like Charge Storage Contributions Using Single‐Nanoparticle Electro‐optical Imaging. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201902011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Colby Evans
- Department of Chemistry Colorado State University Centre Ave Fort Collins CO, 80523
| | - Zach Nilsson
- Department of Chemistry Colorado State University Centre Ave Fort Collins CO, 80523
| | - Brenden Balch
- Department of Mathematics Colorado State University 1874 Campus Delivery Fort Collins CO, 80523
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Chemistry Colorado State University Centre Ave Fort Collins CO, 80523
| | - James R. Neilson
- Department of Chemistry Colorado State University Centre Ave Fort Collins CO, 80523
| | - Christopher R. Weinberger
- School of Advanced Material Discovery Colorado State University 1350 Center Ave Fort Collins CO, 80521
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Colorado State University 400 Isotope Dr Fort Collins CO 80521
| | - Justin B. Sambur
- Department of Chemistry Colorado State University Centre Ave Fort Collins CO, 80523
- School of Advanced Material Discovery Colorado State University 1350 Center Ave Fort Collins CO, 80521
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Lou S, Zhao Y, Wang J, Yin G, Du C, Sun X. Ti-Based Oxide Anode Materials for Advanced Electrochemical Energy Storage: Lithium/Sodium Ion Batteries and Hybrid Pseudocapacitors. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1904740. [PMID: 31778036 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201904740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Titanium-based oxides including TiO2 and M-Ti-O compounds (M = Li, Nb, Na, etc.) family, exhibit advantageous structural dynamics (2D ion diffusion path, open and stable structure for ion accommodations) for practical applications in energy storage systems, such as lithium-ion batteries, sodium-ion batteries, and hybrid pseudocapacitors. Further, Ti-based oxides show high operating voltage relative to the deposition of alkali metal, ensuring full safety by avoiding the formation of lithium and sodium dendrites. On the other hand, high working potential prevents the decomposition of electrolyte, delivering excellent rate capability through the unique pseudocapacitive kinetics. Nevertheless, the intrinsic poor electrical conductivity and reaction dynamics limit further applications in energy storage devices. Recently, various work and in-depth understanding on the morphologies control, surface engineering, bulk-phase doping of Ti-based oxides, have been promoted to overcome these issues. Inspired by that, in this review, the authors summarize the fundamental issues, challenges and advances of Ti-based oxides in the applications of advanced electrochemical energy storage. Particularly, the authors focus on the progresses on the working mechanism and device applications from lithium-ion batteries to sodium-ion batteries, and then the hybrid pseudocapacitors. In addition, future perspectives for fundamental research and practical applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaifeng Lou
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Jiajun Wang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Geping Yin
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Chunyu Du
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Xueliang Sun
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, N6A 5B9, Canada
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40
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Kim YS, Harris KD, Limoges B, Balland V. On the unsuspected role of multivalent metal ions on the charge storage of a metal oxide electrode in mild aqueous electrolytes. Chem Sci 2019; 10:8752-8763. [PMID: 31803447 PMCID: PMC6849641 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc02397f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Insertion mechanisms of multivalent ions in transition metal oxide cathodes are poorly understood and subject to controversy and debate, especially when performed in aqueous electrolytes. To address this issue, we have here investigated the reversible reduction of nanostructured amorphous TiO2 electrodes by spectroelectrochemistry in mild aqueous electrolytes containing either a multivalent metal salt as AlCl3 or a weak organic acid as acetic acid. Our results show that the reversible charge storage in TiO2 is thermodynamically and kinetically indistinguishable when carried out in either an Al3+- or acetic acid-based electrolyte, both leading under similar conditions of pH and concentrations to an almost identical maximal charge storage of ∼115 mA h g-1. These observations are in agreement with a mechanism where the inserting/deinserting cation is the proton and not the multivalent metal cation. Analysis of the data also demonstrates that the proton source is the Brønsted weak acid present in the aqueous electrolyte, i.e. either the acetic acid or the aquo metal ion complex generated from solvation of Al3+ (i.e. [Al(H2O)6]3+). Such a proton-coupled charge storage mechanism is also found to occur with other multivalent metal ions such as Zn2+ and Mn2+, albeit with a lower efficiency than Al3+, an effect we have attributed to the lower acidity of [Zn(H2O)6]2+ and [Mn(H2O)6]2+. These findings are of fundamental importance because they shed new light on previous studies assuming reversible Al3+-insertion into metal oxides, and, more generally, they highlight the unsuspected proton donor role played by multivalent metal cations commonly involved in rechargeable aqueous batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee-Seul Kim
- Université de Paris , Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moléculaire , UMR 7591 , CNRS , F-75013 Paris , France . ;
| | - Kenneth D Harris
- NRC Nanotechnology Research Centre , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2M9 , Canada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2V4 , Canada
| | - Benoît Limoges
- Université de Paris , Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moléculaire , UMR 7591 , CNRS , F-75013 Paris , France . ;
| | - Véronique Balland
- Université de Paris , Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moléculaire , UMR 7591 , CNRS , F-75013 Paris , France . ;
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