1
|
Casotto A, Rukin PS, Fresch E, Prezzi D, Freddi S, Sangaletti L, Rozzi CA, Collini E, Pagliara S. Coherent Vibrations Promote Charge-Transfer across a Graphene-Based Interface. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:14989-14999. [PMID: 38767025 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Discerning the impact of the coherent motion of the nuclei on the timing and efficiency of charge transfer at the donor-acceptor interface is essential for designing performance-enhanced optoelectronic devices. Here, we employ an experimental approach using photocurrent detection in coherent multidimensional spectroscopy to excite a donor aromatic macrocycle and collect the charge transferred to a 2D acceptor layer. For this purpose, we prepared a cobalt phthalocyanine-graphene (CoPc-Gr) interface. Unlike blends, the well-ordered architecture achieved through the physical separation of the two layers allows us to unambiguously collect the electrical signal from graphene alone and associate it with a microscopic understanding of the whole process. The CoPc-Gr interface exhibits an ultrafast electron-transfer signal, stemming from an interlayer mechanism. Remarkably, the signal presents an oscillating time evolution modulated by coherent vibrations originating from the laser-excited CoPc states. By performing Fourier analysis on the beatings and correlating it with the Raman features, along with a comprehensive first-principles characterization of the vibrational coupling in the CoPc excited states, we successfully identify both the orbitals and molecular vibrations that promote the charge transfer at the interface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Casotto
- I-LAMP and Department of Mathematics and Physics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, via della Garzetta 48, 25133 Brescia, Italy
- Radiation Laboratory and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Pavel S Rukin
- Istituto Nanoscienze─Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR-NANO), via Campi 213/A, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Elisa Fresch
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Deborah Prezzi
- Istituto Nanoscienze─Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR-NANO), via Campi 213/A, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Sonia Freddi
- I-LAMP and Department of Mathematics and Physics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, via della Garzetta 48, 25133 Brescia, Italy
| | - Luigi Sangaletti
- I-LAMP and Department of Mathematics and Physics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, via della Garzetta 48, 25133 Brescia, Italy
| | - Carlo A Rozzi
- Istituto Nanoscienze─Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR-NANO), via Campi 213/A, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Collini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Stefania Pagliara
- I-LAMP and Department of Mathematics and Physics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, via della Garzetta 48, 25133 Brescia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sanders SE, Zhang M, Javed A, Ogilvie JP. Expanding the bandwidth of fluorescence-detected two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy using a broadband continuum probe pulse pair. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:8887-8902. [PMID: 38571135 DOI: 10.1364/oe.516963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
We demonstrate fluorescence-detected two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy (F-2DES) with a broadband, continuum probe pulse pair in the pump-probe geometry. The approach combines a pump pulse pair generated by an acousto-optic pulse-shaper with precise control of the relative pump pulse phase and time delay with a broadband, continuum probe pulse pair created using the Translating Wedge-based Identical pulses eNcoding System (TWINS). The continuum probe expands the spectral range of the detection axis and lengthens the waiting times that can be accessed in comparison to implementations of F-2DES using a single pulse-shaper. We employ phase-cycling of the pump pulse pair and take advantage of the separation of signals in the frequency domain to isolate rephasing and non-rephasing signals and optimize the signal-to-noise ratio. As proof of principle, we demonstrate broadband F-2DES on a laser dye and bacteriochlorophyll a.
Collapse
|
3
|
Bolzonello L, Bruschi M, Fresch B, van Hulst NF. Nonlinear Optical Spectroscopy of Molecular Assemblies: What Is Gained and Lost in Action Detection? J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:11438-11446. [PMID: 38085697 PMCID: PMC10749474 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
This study elucidates the information content that is extracted from action-2D electronic spectroscopy (A-2DES) when the output intensity is not proportional to the number of excitations generated. Such a scenario can be realized in both fluorescence and photocurrent detection because of direct interaction like exciton-exciton annihilation or indirect effects in the signal generation or detection. By means of an intuitive probabilistic model supported by nonlinear response theory, the study concludes that in molecular assemblies the ground-state bleaching contribution can dominate the nonlinear signal and partially or completely hide the stimulated emission. In this case, the spectral effect resembles incoherent mixing, even in the absence of exciton-exciton annihilation, implying reduced information about the excited-state dynamics with an increasing number of chromophores. This finding has important implications for the selection of samples for A-2DES as well as for its interpretation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Bolzonello
- ICFO - Institut
de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona 08860, Spain
| | - Matteo Bruschi
- Department
of Chemical Science, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Barbara Fresch
- Department
of Chemical Science, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, Padova 35131, Italy
- Padua
Quantum Technologies Research Center, Università
degli Studi di Padova, Padova 35122, Italy
| | - Niek F. van Hulst
- ICFO - Institut
de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona 08860, Spain
- ICREA
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona 08010, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lüttig J, Mueller S, Malý P, Krich JJ, Brixner T. Higher-Order Multidimensional and Pump-Probe Spectroscopies. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:7556-7573. [PMID: 37589504 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Transient absorption and coherent two-dimensional spectroscopy are widely established methods for the investigation of ultrafast dynamics in quantum systems. Conventionally, they are interpreted in the framework of perturbation theory at the third order of interaction. Here, we discuss the potential of higher-(than-third-)order pump-probe and multidimensional spectroscopy to provide insight into excited multiparticle states and their dynamics. We focus on recent developments from our group. In particular, we demonstrate how phase cycling can be used in fluorescence-detected two-dimensional spectroscopy to isolate higher-order spectra that provide information about highly excited states such as the correlation of multiexciton states. We discuss coherently detected fifth-order 2D spectroscopy and its power to track exciton diffusion. Finally, we show how to extract higher-order signals even from ordinary pump-probe experiments, providing annihilation-free signals at high excitation densities and insight into multiexciton interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julian Lüttig
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Mueller
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Pavel Malý
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 5, 121 16 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jacob J Krich
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1N 6N5, Canada
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Tobias Brixner
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yang J, Gelin MF, Chen L, Šanda F, Thyrhaug E, Hauer J. Two-dimensional fluorescence excitation spectroscopy: A novel technique for monitoring excited-state photophysics of molecular species with high time and frequency resolution. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:074201. [PMID: 37581414 DOI: 10.1063/5.0156297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
We propose a novel UV/Vis femtosecond spectroscopic technique, two-dimensional fluorescence-excitation (2D-FLEX) spectroscopy, which combines spectral resolution during the excitation process with exclusive monitoring of the excited-state system dynamics at high time and frequency resolution. We discuss the experimental feasibility and realizability of 2D-FLEX, develop the necessary theoretical framework, and demonstrate the high information content of this technique by simulating the 2D-FLEX spectra of a model four-level system and the Fenna-Matthews-Olson antenna complex. We show that the evolution of 2D-FLEX spectra with population time directly monitors energy transfer dynamics and can thus yield direct qualitative insight into the investigated system. This makes 2D-FLEX a highly efficient instrument for real-time monitoring of photophysical processes in polyatomic molecules and molecular aggregates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Yang
- School of Sciences, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Maxim F Gelin
- School of Sciences, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | | | - František Šanda
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, 12116 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Erling Thyrhaug
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Jürgen Hauer
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bruschi M, Bolzonello L, Gallina F, Fresch B. Unifying Nonlinear Response and Incoherent Mixing in Action-2D Electronic Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:6872-6879. [PMID: 37490770 PMCID: PMC10405272 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Action-detection has expanded the scope and applicability of 2D electronic spectroscopy, while posing new challenges for the unambiguous interpretation of spectral features. In this context, identifying the origin of cross-peaks at early waiting times is not trivial, and incoherent mixing is often invoked as an unwanted contribution masking the nonlinear signal. In this work, we elaborate on the relation between the nonlinear response and the incoherent mixing contribution by analyzing the action signal in terms of one- and two-particle observables. Considering a weakly interacting molecular dimer, we show how cross-peaks at early waiting times, reflecting exciton-exciton annihilation dynamics, can be equivalently interpreted as arising from incoherent mixing. This equivalence, on the one hand, highlights the information content of spectral features related to incoherent mixing and, on the other hand, provides an efficient numerical scheme to simulate the action response of weakly interacting systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Bruschi
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli
Studi di Padova, via Marzolo 1, Padua 35131, Italy
| | - Luca Bolzonello
- ICFO
- Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona
Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona 08860, Spain
| | - Federico Gallina
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli
Studi di Padova, via Marzolo 1, Padua 35131, Italy
| | - Barbara Fresch
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli
Studi di Padova, via Marzolo 1, Padua 35131, Italy
- Padua
Quantum Technologies Research Center, Università
degli Studi di Padova, Padua 35131, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hedse A, Kalaee AAS, Wacker A, Pullerits T. Pulse overlap artifacts and double quantum coherence spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:141104. [PMID: 37061484 DOI: 10.1063/5.0146148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The double quantum coherence (DQC) signal in nonlinear spectroscopy gives information about the many-body correlation effects not easily available by other methods. The signal is short-lived, consequently, a significant part of it is generated during the pulse overlap. Since the signal is at two times the laser frequency, one may intuitively expect that the pulse overlap-related artifacts are filtered out by the Fourier transform. Here, we show that this is not the case. We perform explicit calculations of phase-modulated two-pulse experiments of a two-level system where the DQC is impossible. Still, we obtain a significant signal at the modulation frequency, which corresponds to the DQC, while the Fourier transform over the pulse delay shows a double frequency. We repeat the calculations with a three-level system where the true DQC signal occurs. We conclude that with realistic dephasing times, the pulse-overlap artifact can be significantly stronger than the DQC signal. Our results call for great care when analyzing such experiments. As a rule of thumb, we recommend that only delays larger than 1.5 times the pulse length should be used.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Albin Hedse
- Chemical Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Andreas Wacker
- Mathematical Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Tõnu Pullerits
- Chemical Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wu F, Finkelstein-Shapiro D, Wang M, Rosenkampff I, Yartsev A, Pascher T, Nguyen- Phan TC, Cogdell R, Börjesson K, Pullerits T. Optical cavity-mediated exciton dynamics in photosynthetic light harvesting 2 complexes. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6864. [PMID: 36369202 PMCID: PMC9652305 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34613-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Strong light-matter interaction leads to the formation of hybrid polariton states and alters the photophysical dynamics of organic materials and biological systems without modifying their chemical structure. Here, we experimentally investigated a well-known photosynthetic protein, light harvesting 2 complexes (LH2) from purple bacteria under strong coupling with the light mode of a Fabry-Perot optical microcavity. Using femtosecond pump probe spectroscopy, we analyzed the polariton dynamics of the strongly coupled system and observed a significant prolongation of the excited state lifetime compared with the bare exciton, which can be explained in terms of the exciton reservoir model. Our findings indicate the potential of tuning the dynamic of the whole photosynthetic unit, which contains several light harvesting complexes and reaction centers, with the help of strong exciton-photon coupling, and opening the discussion about possible design strategies of artificial photosynthetic devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Wu
- grid.4514.40000 0001 0930 2361Division of Chemical Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Daniel Finkelstein-Shapiro
- grid.4514.40000 0001 0930 2361Division of Chemical Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden ,grid.9486.30000 0001 2159 0001Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Mao Wang
- grid.8761.80000 0000 9919 9582Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ilmari Rosenkampff
- grid.4514.40000 0001 0930 2361Division of Chemical Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Arkady Yartsev
- grid.4514.40000 0001 0930 2361Division of Chemical Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Torbjörn Pascher
- grid.4514.40000 0001 0930 2361Division of Chemical Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tu C. Nguyen- Phan
- grid.8756.c0000 0001 2193 314XSchool of Molecular Biosciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Richard Cogdell
- grid.8756.c0000 0001 2193 314XSchool of Molecular Biosciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Karl Börjesson
- grid.8761.80000 0000 9919 9582Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tönu Pullerits
- grid.4514.40000 0001 0930 2361Division of Chemical Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mirzajani N, Keenan CL, Melton SR, King SB. Accurate phase detection in time-domain heterodyne SFG spectroscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:39162-39174. [PMID: 36258463 DOI: 10.1364/oe.473098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Heterodyne detection is a ubiquitous tool in spectroscopy for the simultaneous detection of intensity and phase of light. However, the need for phase stability hinders the application of heterodyne detection to electronic spectroscopy. We present an interferometric design for a phase-sensitive electronic sum frequency generation (e-SFG) spectrometer in the time domain with lock-in detection. Our method of continuous phase modulation of one arm of the interferometer affords direct measurement of the phase between SFG and local oscillator fields. Errors in the path length difference caused by drifts in the optics are corrected, offering unprecedented stability. This spectrometer has the added advantage of collinear fundamental beams. The capabilities of the spectrometer are demonstrated with proof-of-principle experiments with GaAs e-SFG spectra, where we see significantly improved signal to noise ratio, spectral accuracy, and lineshapes.
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang Z, Hedse A, Amarotti E, Lenngren N, Žídek K, Zheng K, Zigmantas D, Pullerits T. Beating signals in CdSe quantum dots measured by low-temperature 2D spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:014201. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0089798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in ultrafast spectroscopy can provide access to dynamics involving nontrivial quantum correlations and their evolutions. In coherent 2D spectroscopy, the oscillatory time dependence of a signal is a signature of such quantum dynamics. Here we study such beating signals in electronic coherent 2D spectroscopy of CdSe quantum dots (CdSe QDs) at 77 K. The beating signals are analyzed in terms of their positive and negative Fourier components. We conclude that the beatings originate from coherent LO-phonons of CdSe QDs. No evidence for the quantum dot size dependence of the LO-phonon frequency was identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengjun Wang
- Division of Chemical Physics, Lund Univeristy, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Karel Žídek
- TOPTEC Research Center, Institute of Plasma Physics Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic
| | - Kaibo Zheng
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University, Sweden
| | | | - Tonu Pullerits
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University Faculty of Science, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang Z, Lenngren N, Amarotti E, Hedse A, Žídek K, Zheng K, Zigmantas D, Pullerits T. Excited States and Their Dynamics in CdSe Quantum Dots Studied by Two-Color 2D Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:1266-1271. [PMID: 35089715 PMCID: PMC8842281 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c04110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) form a promising family of nanomaterials for various applications in optoelectronics. Understanding the details of the excited-state dynamics in QDs is vital for optimizing their function. We apply two-color 2D electronic spectroscopy to investigate CdSe QDs at 77 K within a broad spectral range. Analysis of the electronic dynamics during the population time allows us to identify the details of the excitation pathways. The initially excited high-energy electrons relax with the time constant of 100 fs. Simultaneously, the states at the band edge rise within 700 fs. Remarkably, the excited-state absorption is rising with a very similar time constant of 700 fs. This makes us reconsider the earlier interpretation of the excited-state absorption as the signature of a long-lived trap state. Instead, we propose that this signal originates from the excitation of the electrons that have arrived in the conduction-band edge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengjun Wang
- Division
of Chemical Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Nils Lenngren
- Division
of Chemical Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 22100 Lund, Sweden
- ELI
Beamlines, Institute of Physics, Czech Academy
of Sciences, v.v.i., Za Radnicí 835, 252 41 Dolní Břežany, Czech
Republic
| | - Edoardo Amarotti
- Division
of Chemical Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Albin Hedse
- Division
of Chemical Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Karel Žídek
- Division
of Chemical Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 22100 Lund, Sweden
- Regional
Center for Special Optics and Optoelectronic Systems (TOPTEC), Institute of Plasma Physics of the Czech Academy of
Sciences, 270 00 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Kaibo Zheng
- Division
of Chemical Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 22100 Lund, Sweden
- Department
of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens
Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Donatas Zigmantas
- Division
of Chemical Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Tõnu Pullerits
- Division
of Chemical Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bressan G, Jirasek M, Roy P, Anderson HL, Meech SR, Heisler IA. Population and Coherence Dynamics in Large Conjugated Porphyrin Nanorings. Chem Sci 2022; 13:9624-9636. [PMID: 36091893 PMCID: PMC9400675 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01971j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In photosynthesis, nature exploits the distinctive electronic properties of chromophores arranged in supramolecular rings for efficient light harvesting. Among synthetic supramolecular cyclic structures, porphyrin nanorings have attracted considerable attention as they have a resemblance to naturally occurring light-harvesting structures but offer the ability to control ring size and the level of disorder. Here, broadband femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy, with pump pulses in resonance with either the high or the low energy sides of the inhomogeneously broadened absorption spectrum, is used to study the population dynamics and ground and excited state vibrational coherence in large porphyrin nanorings. A series of fully conjugated, alkyne bridged, nanorings constituted of between ten and forty porphyrin units is studied. Pump-wavelength dependent fast spectral evolution is found. A fast rise or decay of the stimulated emission is found when large porphyrin nanorings are excited on, respectively, the high or low energy side of the absorption spectrum. Such dynamics are consistent with the hypothesis of a variation in transition dipole moment across the inhomogeneously broadened ground state ensemble. The observed dynamics indicate the interplay of nanoring conformation and oscillator strength. Oscillatory dynamics on the sub-ps time domain are observed in both pumping conditions. A combined analysis of the excitation wavelength-dependent transient spectra along with the amplitude and phase evolution of the oscillations allows assignment to vibrational wavepackets evolving on either ground or excited states electronic potential energy surfaces. Even though porphyrin nanorings support highly delocalized electronic wavefunctions, with coherence length spanning tens of chromophores, the measured vibrational coherences remain localised on the monomers. The main contributions to the beatings are assigned to two vibrational modes localised on the porphyrin cores: a Zn–N stretching mode and a skeletal methinic/pyrrolic C–C stretching and in-plane bending mode. Pump wavelength-dependent, ultrafast excited state dynamics arising from inhomogeneous broadening and ground and excited state nuclear wavepackets were observed for a series of Zn porphyrin nanorings made of 10 to 40 repeating units.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Bressan
- School of Chemistry Norwich Research Park, University of East Anglia Norwich NR4 7TJ UK
| | - Michael Jirasek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Palas Roy
- School of Chemistry Norwich Research Park, University of East Anglia Norwich NR4 7TJ UK
| | - Harry L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Stephen R Meech
- School of Chemistry Norwich Research Park, University of East Anglia Norwich NR4 7TJ UK
| | - Ismael A Heisler
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, CEP 91501-970 Porto Alegre Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Agathangelou D, Javed A, Sessa F, Solinas X, Joffre M, Ogilvie JP. Phase-modulated rapid-scanning fluorescence-detected two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:094201. [PMID: 34496582 DOI: 10.1063/5.0057649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a rapid-scanning approach to fluorescence-detected two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy that combines acousto-optic phase-modulation with digital lock-in detection. This approach shifts the signal detection window to suppress 1/f laser noise and enables interferometric tracking of the time delays to allow for correction of spectral phase distortions and accurate phasing of the data. This use of digital lock-in detection enables acquisition of linear and nonlinear signals of interest in a single measurement. We demonstrate the method on a laser dye, measuring the linear fluorescence excitation spectrum as well as rephasing, non-rephasing, and absorptive fluorescence-detected two-dimensional electronic spectra.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damianos Agathangelou
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, University of Michigan, 450 Church St., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Ariba Javed
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, University of Michigan, 450 Church St., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Francesco Sessa
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, University of Michigan, 450 Church St., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Xavier Solinas
- Laboratoire d'Optique et Biosciences, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - Manuel Joffre
- Laboratoire d'Optique et Biosciences, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - Jennifer P Ogilvie
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, University of Michigan, 450 Church St., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Saga Y, Otsuka Y, Tanaka A, Masaoka Y, Hidaka T, Nagasawa Y. Energy Transfer Dynamics in Light-Harvesting Complex 2 Variants Containing Oxidized B800 Bacteriochlorophyll a. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:6830-6836. [PMID: 34139847 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c01592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Excitation energy transfer (EET) in light-harvesting proteins is vital for photosynthetic activities. The pigment compositions and their organizations in these proteins are responsible for the EET functions. Thus, changing the pigment compositions in light-harvesting proteins contributes to a better understanding of EET mechanisms. In this study, we investigated the EET dynamics of two light-harvesting complex 2 (LH2) variants, in which nine B800 bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) a pigments were entirely or half converted to 3-acetyl chlorophyll (AcChl) a. The AcChl a pigments showed a Qy band, which was blue-shifted by 107 nm from B800 BChl a in the two variants. EET from AcChl a to B850 BChl a was observed in both fully oxidized and half-oxidized LH2 variants, but the EET rates were lower than that from B800 to B850 BChl a. EET from AcChl a to the co-present B800 was barely detected in the half-oxidized LH2. The preferential EET from AcChl a to B850 instead of B800 was rationalized by little spectral overlap of AcChl a with B800 BChl a and the pigment geometry in the protein. The EET rate from B800 to B850 BChl a in the half-oxidized LH2 was analogous to that in native LH2, indicating that partial oxidation of B800 did not disturb the EET channel from the residual B800 to B850.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Saga
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Yuji Otsuka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Aiko Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Yuto Masaoka
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Tsubasa Hidaka
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Yutaka Nagasawa
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Collini E. 2D Electronic Spectroscopic Techniques for Quantum Technology Applications. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2021; 125:13096-13108. [PMID: 34276867 PMCID: PMC8282191 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.1c02693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
2D electronic spectroscopy (2DES) techniques have gained particular interest given their capability of following ultrafast coherent and noncoherent processes in real-time. Although the fame of 2DES is still majorly linked to the investigation of energy and charge transport in biological light-harvesting complexes, 2DES is now starting to be recognized as a particularly valuable tool for studying transport processes in artificial nanomaterials and nanodevices. Particularly meaningful is the possibility of assessing coherent mechanisms active in the transport of excitation energy in these materials toward possible quantum technology applications. The diverse nature of these new target samples poses significant challenges and calls for a critical rethinking of the technique and its different realizations. With the confluence of promising new applications and rapidly developing technical capabilities, the enormous potential of 2DES techniques to impact the field of nanosystems, quantum technologies, and quantum devices is here delineated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Collini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Tiwari V. Multidimensional electronic spectroscopy in high-definition-Combining spectral, temporal, and spatial resolutions. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:230901. [PMID: 34241275 DOI: 10.1063/5.0052234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, coherent multidimensional spectroscopies have been implemented across the terahertz, infrared, visible, and ultraviolet regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. A combination of coherent excitation of several resonances with few-cycle pulses, and spectral decongestion along multiple spectral dimensions, has enabled new insights into wide ranging molecular scale phenomena, such as energy and charge delocalization in natural and artificial light-harvesting systems, hydrogen bonding dynamics in monolayers, and strong light-matter couplings in Fabry-Pérot cavities. However, measurements on ensembles have implied signal averaging over relevant details, such as morphological and energetic inhomogeneity, which are not rephased by the Fourier transform. Recent extension of these spectroscopies to provide diffraction-limited spatial resolution, while maintaining temporal and spectral information, has been exciting and has paved a way to address several challenging questions by going beyond ensemble averaging. The aim of this Perspective is to discuss the technological developments that have eventually enabled spatially resolved multidimensional electronic spectroscopies and highlight some of the very recent findings already made possible by introducing spatial resolution in a powerful spectroscopic tool.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Tiwari
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Anda A, Cole JH. Two-dimensional spectroscopy beyond the perturbative limit: The influence of finite pulses and detection modes. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:114113. [PMID: 33752354 DOI: 10.1063/5.0038550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultra-fast and multi-dimensional spectroscopy gives a powerful looking glass into the dynamics of molecular systems. In particular, two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy (2DES) provides a probe of coherence and the flow of energy within quantum systems, which is not possible with more conventional techniques. While heterodyne-detected (HD) 2DES is increasingly common, more recently fluorescence-detected (FD) 2DES offers new opportunities, including single-molecule experiments. However, in both techniques, it can be difficult to unambiguously identify the pathways that dominate the signal. Therefore, the use of numerically modeling of 2DES is vitally important, which, in turn, requires approximating the pulsing scheme to some degree. Here, we employ non-perturbative time evolution to investigate the effects of finite pulse width and amplitude on 2DES signals. In doing so, we identify key differences in the response of HD and FD detection schemes, as well as the regions of parameter space where the signal is obscured by unwanted artifacts in either technique. Mapping out parameter space in this way provides a guide to choosing experimental conditions and also shows in which limits the usual theoretical approximations work well and in which limits more sophisticated approaches are required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- André Anda
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science and Chemical and Quantum Physics, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jared H Cole
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science and Chemical and Quantum Physics, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Malý P, Mueller S, Lüttig J, Lambert C, Brixner T. Signatures of exciton dynamics and interaction in coherently and fluorescence-detected four- and six-wave-mixing two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:144204. [PMID: 33086839 DOI: 10.1063/5.0022743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy (2DES) can be realized in increasing nonlinear orders of interaction with the electric field, bringing new information about single- and multi-particle properties and dynamics. Furthermore, signals can be detected both coherently (C-2DES) and by fluorescence (F-2DES), with fundamental and practical differences. We directly compare the simultaneous measurements of four- and six-wave mixing C-2DES and F-2DES on an excitonic heterodimer of squaraine molecules. Spectral features are described in increasing orders of nonlinearity by an explicit excitonic model. We demonstrate that the four-wave-mixing spectra are sensitive to one-exciton energies, their delocalization and dynamics, while the six-wave-mixing spectra include information on bi-exciton and higher excited states including the state energies, electronic coupling, and exciton-exciton annihilation. We focus on the possibility to extract the dynamics arising from exciton-exciton interaction directly from the six-wave-mixing spectra. To this end, in analogy to previously demonstrated fifth-order coherently detected exciton-exciton-interaction 2DES (EEI2D spectroscopy), we introduce a sixth-order fluorescence-detected EEI2D spectroscopy variant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Malý
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Mueller
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Julian Lüttig
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Lambert
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Brixner
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ouyang Z, Zhou N, Hu J, Williams OF, Yan L, You W, Moran AM. Nonlinear fluorescence spectroscopy of layered perovskite quantum wells. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:134202. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0021759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Ouyang
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Ninghao Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Jun Hu
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Olivia F. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Liang Yan
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Wei You
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Andrew M. Moran
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Coden M, De Checchi P, Fresch B. Spectral shift, electronic coupling and exciton delocalization in nanocrystal dimers: insights from all-atom electronic structure computations. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:18124-18136. [PMID: 32852028 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr05601d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Delocalization of excitons promoted by electronic coupling between clusters or quantum dots (QD) changes the dynamical processes in nanostructured aggregates enhancing energy transport. A spectroscopic shift of the absorption spectrum upon QD aggregation is commonly observed and ascribed to quantum mechanical coupling between neighbouring dots but also to exciton delocalization over the sulphur-based ligand shell or to other mechanisms as a change in the dielectric constant of the surrounding medium. We address the question of electronic coupling and exciton delocalization in nanocrystal aggregates by performing all-atom electronic structure calculations in models of colloidal QD dimers. The relation between spectral shift, interdot coupling and exciton delocalization is investigated in atomistic detail in models of dimers formed by CdSe clusters kept together by bridging organic ligands. Our results support the possibility of obtaining exciton delocalization over the dimer and point out the crucial role of the bridging ligand in enhancing interdot electronic coupling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Coden
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Pietro De Checchi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Barbara Fresch
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Mueller S, Brixner T. Molecular Coherent Three-Quantum Two-Dimensional Fluorescence Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:5139-5147. [PMID: 32515598 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c00987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We introduce molecular coherent three-quantum (3Q) two-dimensional (2D) fluorescence spectroscopy with phase cycling via shot-to-shot pulse shaping at a 1 kHz repetition rate. This allows us to acquire simultaneously, within a single scan, three fourth-order and six sixth-order signals correlating various one-quantum, two-quantum, and 3Q coherences. We demonstrate the approach on the dye molecule rhodamine 700 and reproduce all nine 2D data sets, including their absolute signal strengths, with simulations using a single, consistent set of model parameters. We observe a linear concentration dependence of all nonlinear signals, evidencing the absence of cascades and many-particle signals of noninteracting molecules. The single-beam, background-free implementation allows direct comparability between various nonlinear signal types and provides information about multiple excited states. Apart from molecules, the method is expected to be applicable to supramolecular systems, polymers, and solid-state materials with the prospect of revealing signatures of bi- and triexcitonic states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Mueller
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Brixner
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zhou N, Ouyang Z, Hu J, Williams OF, Yan L, You W, Moran AM. Distinguishing Energy- and Charge-Transfer Processes in Layered Perovskite Quantum Wells with Two-Dimensional Action Spectroscopies. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:4570-4577. [PMID: 32428411 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c00844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Interest in photovoltaic devices based on layered perovskites is motivated by their tunable optoelectronic properties and stabilities in humid conditions. In these systems, quantum wells with different sizes are organized to direct energy and charge transport between electrodes; however, these relaxation mechanisms are difficult to distinguish based on conventional transient absorption techniques. Here, two-dimensional "action spectroscopies" are employed to separately target processes that lead to the production of photocurrent and energy loss due to fluorescence emission. These measurements show that energy transfer between quantum wells dominates the subnanosecond time scale, whereas electron transfer occurs at later times. Overall, this study suggests that while the intense exciton transitions promote light harvesting, much of the absorbed energy is lost by way of spontaneous emission. This limitation may be overcome with alternate layered perovskite systems that combine smaller exciton binding energies with large absorbance cross sections in the visible spectral range.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ninghao Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Zhenyu Ouyang
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jun Hu
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Olivia F Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Liang Yan
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Wei You
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Andrew M Moran
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wang Z, Lei S, Karki KJ, Jakobsson A, Pullerits T. Compressed Sensing for Reconstructing Coherent Multidimensional Spectra. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:1861-1866. [PMID: 32045527 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b11681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We apply two sparse reconstruction techniques, the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) and the sparse exponential mode analysis (SEMA), to two-dimensional (2D) spectroscopy. The algorithms are first tested on model data, showing that both are able to reconstruct the spectra using only a fraction of the data required by the traditional Fourier-based estimator. Through the analysis of the sparsely sampled experimental fluorescence-detected 2D spectra of LH2 complexes, we conclude that both SEMA and LASSO can be used to significantly reduce the required data, still allowing one to reconstruct the multidimensional spectra. Of the two techniques, it is shown that SEMA offers preferable performance, providing more accurate estimation of the spectral line widths and their positions. Furthermore, SEMA allows for off-grid components, enabling the use of a much smaller dictionary than that of the LASSO, thereby improving both the performance and the lowering of the computational complexity for reconstructing coherent multidimensional spectra.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengjun Wang
- Division of Chemistry Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Shiwen Lei
- Centre of Mathematical Sciences, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden.,University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 611731 Chengdu, China
| | - Khadga Jung Karki
- Division of Chemistry Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Andreas Jakobsson
- Centre of Mathematical Sciences, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Tönu Pullerits
- Division of Chemistry Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kühn O, Mančal T, Pullerits T. Interpreting Fluorescence Detected Two-Dimensional Electronic Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:838-842. [PMID: 32024369 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b03851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Kühn
- Institute of Physics , University of Rostock , Albert Einstein Strasse 23-24 , 18059 Rostock , Germany
| | - Tomáš Mančal
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics , Charles University in Prague , Ke Karlovu 5 , CZ-121 16 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Tõnu Pullerits
- Department of Chemical Physics and NanoLund , Lund University , P.O. Box 124, 22100 Lund , Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Vibronic coherence contributes to photocurrent generation in organic semiconductor heterojunction diodes. Nat Commun 2020; 11:617. [PMID: 32001688 PMCID: PMC6992633 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14476-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Charge separation dynamics after the absorption of a photon is a fundamental process relevant both for photosynthetic reaction centers and artificial solar conversion devices. It has been proposed that quantum coherence plays a role in the formation of charge carriers in organic photovoltaics, but experimental proofs have been lacking. Here we report experimental evidence of coherence in the charge separation process in organic donor/acceptor heterojunctions, in the form of low frequency oscillatory signature in the kinetics of the transient absorption and nonlinear two-dimensional photocurrent spectroscopy. The coherence plays a decisive role in the initial ~200 femtoseconds as we observe distinct experimental signatures of coherent photocurrent generation. This coherent process breaks the energy barrier limitation for charge formation, thus competing with excitation energy transfer. The physics may inspire the design of new photovoltaic materials with high device performance, which explore the quantum effects in the next-generation optoelectronic applications. Although coherent vibrational motion in donor-acceptor blends may contribute to photogeneration generation in organic solar cells (OSCs), proof of a direct correlation is still lacking. Here, the authors report the role of vibrational coherence on photocurrent generation in ternary OSC blends.
Collapse
|
26
|
Malý P, Lüttig J, Mueller S, Schreck MH, Lambert C, Brixner T. Coherently and fluorescence-detected two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy: direct comparison on squaraine dimers. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:21222-21237. [PMID: 32930273 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp03218b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Optical two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy (2DES) is now widely utilized to study excitonic structure and dynamics of a broad range of systems, from molecules to solid state. Besides the traditional experimental implementation using phase matching and coherent signal field detection, action-based approaches that detect incoherent signals such as fluorescence have been gaining popularity in recent years. While incoherent detection extends the range of applicability of 2DES, the observed spectra are not equivalent to the coherently detected ones. This raises questions about their interpretation and the sensitivity of the technique. Here we directly compare, both experimentally and theoretically, four-wave mixing coherently and fluorescence-detected 2DES of a series of squaraine dimers of increasing electronic coupling. All experiments are qualitatively well reproduced by a Frenkel exciton model with secular Redfield theory description of excitation dynamics. We contrast the spectral features and the sensitivities of both techniques with respect to exciton energies, delocalization, coherent and dissipative dynamics, and exciton-exciton annihilation. Discussing the fundamental and practical differences, we demonstrate the degree of complementarity of the techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Malý
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Liu X, Kühn O. The light-harvesting complex 2 of Allochromatium vinosum: B800 absorption band splitting and exciton relaxation. Chem Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2019.110476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
28
|
Mueller S, Lüttig J, Malý P, Ji L, Han J, Moos M, Marder TB, Bunz UHF, Dreuw A, Lambert C, Brixner T. Rapid multiple-quantum three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy disentangles quantum pathways. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4735. [PMID: 31628299 PMCID: PMC6800439 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12602-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Coherent two-dimensional spectroscopy is a powerful tool for probing ultrafast quantum dynamics in complex systems. Several variants offer different types of information but typically require distinct beam geometries. Here we introduce population-based three-dimensional (3D) electronic spectroscopy and demonstrate the extraction of all fourth- and multiple sixth-order nonlinear signal contributions by employing 125-fold (1⨯5⨯5⨯5) phase cycling of a four-pulse sequence. Utilizing fluorescence detection and shot-to-shot pulse shaping in single-beam geometry, we obtain various 3D spectra of the dianion of TIPS-tetraazapentacene, a fluorophore with limited stability at ambient conditions. From this, we recover previously unknown characteristics of its electronic two-photon state. Rephasing and nonrephasing sixth-order contributions are measured without additional phasing that hampered previous attempts using noncollinear geometries. We systematically resolve all nonlinear signals from the same dataset that can be acquired in 8 min. The approach is generalizable to other incoherent observables such as external photoelectrons, photocurrents, or photoions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Mueller
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Julian Lüttig
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Pavel Malý
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lei Ji
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jie Han
- Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Wissenschaftliches Rechnen und Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Moos
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Todd B Marder
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Uwe H F Bunz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Dreuw
- Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Wissenschaftliches Rechnen und Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Lambert
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Brixner
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Kunsel T, Tiwari V, Matutes YA, Gardiner AT, Cogdell RJ, Ogilvie JP, Jansen TLC. Simulating Fluorescence-Detected Two-Dimensional Electronic Spectroscopy of Multichromophoric Systems. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:394-406. [PMID: 30543283 PMCID: PMC6345114 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b10176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We present a theory for modeling fluorescence-detected two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy of multichromophoric systems. The theory is tested by comparison of the predicted spectra of the light-harvesting complex LH2 with experimental data. A qualitative explanation of the strong cross-peaks as compared to conventional two-dimensional electronic spectra is given. The strong cross-peaks are attributed to the clean ground-state signal that is revealed when the annihilation of exciton pairs created on the same LH2 complex cancels oppositely signed signals from the doubly excited state. This annihilation process occurs much faster than the nonradiative relaxation. Furthermore, the line shape difference is attributed to slow dynamics, exciton delocalization within the bands, and intraband exciton-exciton annihilation. This is in line with existing theories presented for model systems. We further propose the use of time-resolved fluorescence-detected two-dimensional spectroscopy to study state-resolved exciton-exciton annihilation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tenzin Kunsel
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, University
of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Vivek Tiwari
- Department
of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Yassel Acosta Matutes
- Department
of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | | | - Richard J. Cogdell
- Institute
for Molecular Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, U.K.
| | - Jennifer P. Ogilvie
- Department
of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Thomas L. C. Jansen
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, University
of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|