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Maestro A, Malviya BK, Auer G, Ötvös SB, Kappe CO. A robust heterogeneous chiral phosphoric acid enables multi decagram scale production of optically active N, S-ketals. GREEN CHEMISTRY : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL AND GREEN CHEMISTRY RESOURCE : GC 2024; 26:4593-4599. [PMID: 38654978 PMCID: PMC11033974 DOI: 10.1039/d4gc00019f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Asymmetric organocatalysis has been recognized as one of the "top 10 emerging technologies" in chemistry by IUPAC in 2019. Its potential to make chemical processes more sustainable is promising, but there are still challenges that need to be addressed. Developing new and reliable enantioselective processes for reproducing batch reactions on a large scale requires a combination of chemical and technical solutions. In this manuscript, we combine a robust immobilized chiral phosphoric acid with a new packed-bed reactor design. This combination allows scaling up of the enantioselective addition of thiols to imines from a few milligrams to a multi-decagram scale in a continuous flow process without physical or chemical degradation of the catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitor Maestro
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU Paseo de la Universidad 7 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz Spain
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz A-8010 Graz Austria
| | - Bhanwar K Malviya
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz A-8010 Graz Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) A-8010 Graz Austria
| | - Gerald Auer
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Graz, NAWI Graz Geocenter A-8010 Graz Austria
| | - Sándor B Ötvös
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz A-8010 Graz Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) A-8010 Graz Austria
| | - C Oliver Kappe
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz A-8010 Graz Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) A-8010 Graz Austria
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2
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Maestro A, Nagy BS, Ötvös SB, Kappe CO. A Telescoped Continuous Flow Enantioselective Process for Accessing Intermediates of 1-Aryl-1,3-diols as Chiral Building Blocks. J Org Chem 2023; 88:15523-15529. [PMID: 37844195 PMCID: PMC10629223 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
A telescoped continuous flow process is reported for the enantioselective synthesis of chiral precursors of 1-aryl-1,3-diols, intermediates in the synthesis of ezetimibe, dapoxetine, duloxetine, and atomoxetine. The two-step sequence consists of an asymmetric allylboration of readily available aldehydes using a polymer-supported chiral phosphoric acid catalyst to introduce asymmetry, followed by selective epoxidation of the resulting alkene. The process is highly stable for at least 7 h and represents a transition-metal free enantioselective approach to valuable 1-aryl-1,3-diols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitor Maestro
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Bence S Nagy
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Sándor B Ötvös
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - C Oliver Kappe
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), A-8010 Graz, Austria
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3
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Lei Z, Ang HT, Wu J. Advanced In-Line Purification Technologies in Multistep Continuous Flow Pharmaceutical Synthesis. Org Process Res Dev 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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4
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Burke AJ. Asymmetric organocatalysis in drug discovery and development for active pharmaceutical ingredients. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2023; 18:37-46. [PMID: 36527181 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2023.2160437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Over the last 20 years, it has become clear that organocatalysis is the third pillar of catalysis. The low reactivity in the early days of organocatalysis has been overcome with the invention of more efficient catalysts, and by harnessing enabling technologies like continuous-flow chemistry and photo-redox catalysis. AREAS COVERED The main focus of this review is on the development over the last 10-15 years of key APIs using asymmetric organocatalysis. Due to significant engineering advances, and also due to the need for continuous manufacturing, flow and photo-redox approaches are becoming more widespread. EXPERT OPINION Over the last 20 years, organocatalysis has been used on various occasions for accessing chiral drugs. The great advantage of using these catalysts is that the final active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) is metal-free. Also due to their inherent stability in air and water, they are very amenable to recovery via attachment to appropriate solid supports and also application in continuous flow systems. In recent years, more efficient organocatalysts have been developed, which includes the photoredox types, with much potential for chiral API synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Burke
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Coimbra, Portugal.,Centro de Química de Coimbra, Institute of Molecular Science, Rua Larga, Coimbra, Portugal.,LAQV-REQUIMTE, Institute for Research and Advanced Studies, University of Évora, Évora, Portugal.,Center for Neurosciences and Cellular Biology (CNC), Polo I, Universidade de Coimbra Rua Larga Faculdade de Medicina, Polo I, Coimbra, Portugal
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5
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Li S, Zhang J, Chen S, Ma X. Semi-heterogeneous asymmetric organocatalysis: covalent immobilization of BINOL-derived chiral phosphoric acid (TRIP) to polystyrene brush grafted on SiO2 nanoparticles. J Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2022.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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6
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Kochetkov KA, Bystrova NA, Pavlov PA, Oshchepkov MS, Oshchepkov AS. Microfluidic Asymmetrical Synthesis and Chiral Analysis. J IND ENG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2022.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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7
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Ralbovsky NM, Smith JP. Process analytical technology and its recent applications for asymmetric synthesis. Talanta 2022; 252:123787. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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8
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Herbrik F, Sanz M, Puglisi A, Rossi S, Benaglia M. Enantioselective Organophotocatalytic Telescoped Synthesis of a Chiral Privileged Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200164. [PMID: 35239197 PMCID: PMC9325444 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The continuous flow, enantioselective, organophotoredox catalytic asymmetric alkylation of aldehydes was studied, by using a homemade, custom‐designed photoreactor for reactions under cryogenic conditions. Going from microfluidic conditions up to a 10 mL mesofluidic reactor, an increase of productivity by almost 18000 % compared to the batch reaction was demonstrated. Finally, for the first time, a stereoselective photoredox organocatalytic continuous flow reaction in a fully telescoped process for an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API)synthesis was successfully achieved. The final process consists of four units of operation: visible light‐driven asymmetric catalytic benzylation under continuous flow, inline continuous work‐up, neutralisation and a final oxidative amidation step afforded the pharmaceutically active molecule in 95 % e.e.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Herbrik
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Camillo Golgi 19, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Miguel Sanz
- Taros Chemicals GmbH & Co. KG, Emil-Figge-Strasse 76 A, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Alessandra Puglisi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Camillo Golgi 19, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Sergio Rossi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Camillo Golgi 19, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Maurizio Benaglia
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Camillo Golgi 19, 20133, Milano, Italy
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9
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Nagy BS, Kappe CO, Ötvös SB. N
‐Hydroxyphthalimide Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidation of Aldehydes under Continuous Flow Conditions. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bence S. Nagy
- Institute of Chemistry University of Graz NAWI Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 A-8010 Graz Austria
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Institute of Chemistry University of Graz NAWI Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 A-8010 Graz Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW) Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 A-8010 Graz Austria
| | - Sándor B. Ötvös
- Institute of Chemistry University of Graz NAWI Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 A-8010 Graz Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW) Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 A-8010 Graz Austria
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10
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Hussnain Siddique M, Andleeb R, Ashraf A, Zubair M, Fakhar-e-Alam M, Hayat S, Muzammil S, Atif M, Shafeeq S, Afzal M. Integration of in silicoand in vitroapproaches to evaluate antioxidant and anticancer properties of Tribulus terrestris extracts. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.103984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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11
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Hayashi Y, Hattori S, Koshino S. Asymmetric flow reactions catalyzed by immobilized diphenylprolinol alkyl ether: Michael reaction and domino reactions. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200314. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yujiro Hayashi
- Tohoku University Department of Chemistry 6-3, Aramaki-AzaAobaAobaku 980-8578 Sendai JAPAN
| | - Shusuke Hattori
- Tohoku University Graduate School of Science Faculty of Science: Tohoku Daigaku Daigakuin Rigaku Kenkyuka Rigakubu Chemistry JAPAN
| | - Seitaro Koshino
- Tohoku University Graduate School of Science Faculty of Science: Tohoku Daigaku Daigakuin Rigaku Kenkyuka Rigakubu Chemistry JAPAN
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12
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Burange AS, Osman SM, Luque R. Understanding flow chemistry for the production of active pharmaceutical ingredients. iScience 2022; 25:103892. [PMID: 35243250 PMCID: PMC8867129 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.103892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-step organic syntheses of various drugs, active pharmaceutical ingredients, and other pharmaceutically and agriculturally important compounds have already been reported using flow synthesis. Compared to batch, hazardous and reactive reagents can be handled safely in flow. This review discusses the pros and cons of flow chemistry in today’s scenario and recent developments in flow devices. The review majorly emphasizes on the recent developments in the flow synthesis of pharmaceutically important products in last five years including flibanserin, imatinib, buclizine, cinnarizine, cyclizine, meclizine, ribociclib, celecoxib, SC-560 and mavacoxib, efavirenz, fluconazole, melitracen HCl, rasagiline, tamsulosin, valsartan, and hydroxychloroquine. Critical steps and new development in the flow synthesis of selected compounds are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand S. Burange
- Department of Chemistry, Wilson College, Chowpatty, Mumbai 400007, India
- Corresponding author
| | - Sameh M. Osman
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rafael Luque
- Departamento de Quimica Organica, Universidad de Cordoba, Edificio Marie Curie (C-3), Ctra Nnal IV-A, Km 396, E14014 Cordoba, Spain
- Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho Maklaya str., 107198 Moscow, Russian Federation
- Corresponding author
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13
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Nagy BS, Llanes P, Pericas MA, Kappe CO, Ötvös SB. Enantioselective Flow Synthesis of Rolipram Enabled by a Telescoped Asymmetric Conjugate Addition-Oxidative Aldehyde Esterification Sequence Using in Situ-Generated Persulfuric Acid as Oxidant. Org Lett 2022; 24:1066-1071. [PMID: 35050638 PMCID: PMC8822492 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c04300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A novel approach is reported for the enantioselective flow synthesis of rolipram comprising a telescoped asymmetric conjugate addition-oxidative aldehyde esterification sequence followed by trichlorosilane-mediated nitro group reduction and concomitant lactamization. The telescoped process takes advantage of a polystyrene-supported chiral organocatalyst along with in situ-generated persulfuric acid as a robust and scalable oxidant for direct aldehyde esterification. This approach demonstrates significantly improved productivity compared with earlier methodologies while ensuring environmentally benign metal-free conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bence S Nagy
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Patricia Llanes
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Av. Països Catalans 16, E-43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Miquel A Pericas
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Av. Països Catalans 16, E-43007 Tarragona, Spain.,Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Oliver Kappe
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria.,Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Sándor B Ötvös
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria.,Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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14
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Ishitani H, Yu Z, Ichitsuka T, Koumura N, Onozawa S, Sato K, Kobayashi S. Two‐Step Continuous‐Flow Synthesis of Fungicide Metalaxyl through Catalytic C−N Bond‐Formation Processes. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haruro Ishitani
- Green & Sustainable Chemistry Social Cooperation Laboratory Graduate School of Science The University of Tokyo Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 133-0033 Japan
| | - Zhibo Yu
- Department of Chemistry School of Science The University of Tokyo Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Tomohiro Ichitsuka
- Research Institute of Chemical Process Technology National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology Nigatake 4-2-1 Sendai Miyagi 983-8551 Japan
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology Central 5, Higashi 1-1-1 Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8565 Japan
| | - Nagatoshi Koumura
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology Central 5, Higashi 1-1-1 Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8565 Japan
| | - Shun‐ya Onozawa
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology Central 5, Higashi 1-1-1 Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8565 Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Sato
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology Central 5, Higashi 1-1-1 Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8565 Japan
| | - Shū Kobayashi
- Green & Sustainable Chemistry Social Cooperation Laboratory Graduate School of Science The University of Tokyo Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 133-0033 Japan
- Department of Chemistry School of Science The University of Tokyo Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology Central 5, Higashi 1-1-1 Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8565 Japan
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15
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Liao J, Jia X, Wu F, Huang J, Shen G, You H, Chen FE. Rapid mild macrocyclization of depsipeptides under continuous flow: total syntheses of five cyclodepsipeptides. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo01577c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A systematic investigation of the flow macrocyclization approaches for five destruxin analogues natural products at three different cyclization point has been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyuan Liao
- School of science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Guangdong, China
| | - Xuelei Jia
- School of science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Guangdong, China
- Shenzhen Zhonghe Headway Bio-Sci & Tech Co., Ltd, Guangdong, China
| | - Fusong Wu
- School of science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Guangdong, China
| | - Junrong Huang
- School of science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Guangdong, China
| | - Guifu Shen
- Shenzhen Zhonghe Headway Bio-Sci & Tech Co., Ltd, Guangdong, China
| | - Hengzhi You
- School of science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Guangdong, China
- Green Pharmaceutical Engineering Research Center, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Guangdong, China
| | - Fen-Er Chen
- School of science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Guangdong, China
- Green Pharmaceutical Engineering Research Center, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Guangdong, China
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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16
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Chaudhari MB, Gupta P, Llanes P, Zhou L, Zanda N, Pericàs MA. An enantio- and diastereoselective approach to indoloquinolizidines in continuous flow. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:8273-8279. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01462a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A solvent-free enantioselective Michael addition mediated by a polymer-supported Jørgensen–Hayashi catalyst and a domino Pictet–Spengler plus lactamisation sequence has been reported in continuous flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moreshwar B. Chaudhari
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Prachi Gupta
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Patricia Llanes
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Leijie Zhou
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Nicola Zanda
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Miquel A. Pericàs
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
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17
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Kar S, Sanderson H, Roy K, Benfenati E, Leszczynski J. Green Chemistry in the Synthesis of Pharmaceuticals. Chem Rev 2021; 122:3637-3710. [PMID: 34910451 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The principles of green chemistry (GC) can be comprehensively implemented in green synthesis of pharmaceuticals by choosing no solvents or green solvents (preferably water), alternative reaction media, and consideration of one-pot synthesis, multicomponent reactions (MCRs), continuous processing, and process intensification approaches for atom economy and final waste reduction. The GC's execution in green synthesis can be performed using a holistic design of the active pharmaceutical ingredient's (API) life cycle, minimizing hazards and pollution, and capitalizing the resource efficiency in the synthesis technique. Thus, the presented review accounts for the comprehensive exploration of GC's principles and metrics, an appropriate implication of those ideas in each step of the reaction schemes, from raw material to an intermediate to the final product's synthesis, and the final execution of the synthesis into scalable industry-based production. For real-life examples, we have discussed the synthesis of a series of established generic pharmaceuticals, starting with the raw materials, and the intermediates of the corresponding pharmaceuticals. Researchers and industries have thoughtfully instigated a green synthesis process to control the atom economy and waste reduction to protect the environment. We have extensively discussed significant reactions relevant for green synthesis, one-pot cascade synthesis, MCRs, continuous processing, and process intensification, which may contribute to the future of green and sustainable synthesis of APIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supratik Kar
- Interdisciplinary Center for Nanotoxicity, Department of Chemistry, Physics and Atmospheric Sciences, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi 39217, United States
| | - Hans Sanderson
- Department of Environmental Science, Section for Toxicology and Chemistry, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Kunal Roy
- Drug Theoretics and Cheminformatics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India.,Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 19, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Emilio Benfenati
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 19, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Jerzy Leszczynski
- Interdisciplinary Center for Nanotoxicity, Department of Chemistry, Physics and Atmospheric Sciences, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi 39217, United States
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Ötvös SB, Kappe CO. Continuous flow asymmetric synthesis of chiral active pharmaceutical ingredients and their advanced intermediates. GREEN CHEMISTRY : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL AND GREEN CHEMISTRY RESOURCE : GC 2021; 23:6117-6138. [PMID: 34671222 PMCID: PMC8447942 DOI: 10.1039/d1gc01615f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic enantioselective transformations provide well-established and direct access to stereogenic synthons that are broadly distributed among active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). These reactions have been demonstrated to benefit considerably from the merits of continuous processing and microreactor technology. Over the past few years, continuous flow enantioselective catalysis has grown into a mature field and has found diverse applications in asymmetric synthesis of pharmaceutically active substances. The present review therefore surveys flow chemistry-based approaches for the synthesis of chiral APIs and their advanced stereogenic intermediates, covering the utilization of biocatalysis, organometallic catalysis and metal-free organocatalysis to introduce asymmetry in continuously operated systems. Single-step processes, interrupted multistep flow syntheses, combined batch/flow processes and uninterrupted one-flow syntheses are discussed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sándor B Ötvös
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 A-8010 Graz Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 A-8010 Graz Austria
| | - C Oliver Kappe
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 A-8010 Graz Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 A-8010 Graz Austria
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19
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Han B, He XH, Liu YQ, He G, Peng C, Li JL. Asymmetric organocatalysis: an enabling technology for medicinal chemistry. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:1522-1586. [PMID: 33496291 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00196a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy and synthetic versatility of asymmetric organocatalysis have contributed enormously to the field of organic synthesis since the early 2000s. As asymmetric organocatalytic methods mature, they have extended beyond the academia and undergone scale-up for the production of chiral drugs, natural products, and enantiomerically enriched bioactive molecules. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the applications of asymmetric organocatalysis in medicinal chemistry. A general picture of asymmetric organocatalytic strategies in medicinal chemistry is firstly presented, and the specific applications of these strategies in pharmaceutical synthesis are systematically described, with a focus on the preparation of antiviral, anticancer, neuroprotective, cardiovascular, antibacterial, and antiparasitic agents, as well as several miscellaneous bioactive agents. The review concludes with a discussion of the challenges, limitations and future prospects for organocatalytic asymmetric synthesis of medicinally valuable compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Han
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Xiang-Hong He
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Yan-Qing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Gu He
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Jun-Long Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China. and Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China.
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20
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Gambacorta G, Sharley JS, Baxendale IR. A comprehensive review of flow chemistry techniques tailored to the flavours and fragrances industries. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:1181-1312. [PMID: 34136010 PMCID: PMC8182698 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their intrinsic physical properties, which includes being able to perform as volatile liquids at room and biological temperatures, fragrance ingredients/intermediates make ideal candidates for continuous-flow manufacturing. This review highlights the potential crossover between a multibillion dollar industry and the flourishing sub-field of flow chemistry evolving within the discipline of organic synthesis. This is illustrated through selected examples of industrially important transformations specific to the fragrances and flavours industry and by highlighting the advantages of conducting these transformations by using a flow approach. This review is designed to be a compendium of techniques and apparatus already published in the chemical and engineering literature which would constitute a known solution or inspiration for commonly encountered procedures in the manufacture of fragrance and flavour chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Gambacorta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Stockton Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - James S Sharley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Stockton Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Ian R Baxendale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Stockton Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
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21
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Szécsényi Z, Fülöp F, Ötvös SB. Bismuth Subnitrate-Catalyzed Markovnikov-Type Alkyne Hydrations under Batch and Continuous Flow Conditions. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26102864. [PMID: 34066109 PMCID: PMC8151695 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26102864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Bismuth subnitrate is reported herein as a simple and efficient catalyst for the atom-economical synthesis of methyl ketones via Markovnikov-type alkyne hydration. Besides an effective batch process under reasonably mild conditions, a chemically intensified continuous flow protocol was also developed in a packed-bed system. The applicability of the methodologies was demonstrated through hydration of a diverse set of terminal acetylenes. By simply switching the reaction medium from methanol to methanol-d4, valuable trideuteromethyl ketones were also prepared. Due to the ready availability and nontoxicity of the heterogeneous catalyst, which eliminated the need for any special additives and/or harmful reagents, the presented processes display significant advances in terms of practicality and sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsanett Szécsényi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Interdisciplinary Excellence Center, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Ferenc Fülöp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Interdisciplinary Excellence Center, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary;
- MTA-SZTE Stereochemistry Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Interdisciplinary Excellence Center, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
- Correspondence: (F.F.); (S.B.Ö.)
| | - Sándor B. Ötvös
- MTA-SZTE Stereochemistry Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Interdisciplinary Excellence Center, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
- Correspondence: (F.F.); (S.B.Ö.)
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22
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Borah P, Fianchini M, Pericàs MA. Assessing the Role of Site Isolation and Compartmentalization in Packed-Bed Flow Reactors for Processes Involving Wolf-and-Lamb Scenarios. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c00889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Parijat Borah
- The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Avgda. Països Catalans, 16, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Mauro Fianchini
- The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Avgda. Països Catalans, 16, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Miquel A. Pericàs
- The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Avgda. Països Catalans, 16, Tarragona 43007, Spain
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23
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Fülöp Z, Bana P, Greiner I, Éles J. C-N Bond Formation by Consecutive Continuous-Flow Reductions towards A Medicinally Relevant Piperazine Derivative. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26072040. [PMID: 33918489 PMCID: PMC8038289 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26072040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A new, continuous-flow consecutive reduction method was developed for the C-N bond formation in the synthesis of the key intermediate of the antipsychotic drug cariprazine. The two-step procedure consists of a DIBAL-H mediated selective ester reduction conducted in a novel, miniature alternating diameter reactor, followed by reductive amination using catalytic hydrogenation on 5% Pt/C. The connection of the optimized modules was accomplished using an at-line extraction to prevent precipitation of the aluminum salt byproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Fülöp
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 1521 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Péter Bana
- Gedeon Richter Plc, PO Box 27, 1475 Budapest, Hungary; (P.B.); (I.G.)
| | - István Greiner
- Gedeon Richter Plc, PO Box 27, 1475 Budapest, Hungary; (P.B.); (I.G.)
| | - János Éles
- Gedeon Richter Plc, PO Box 27, 1475 Budapest, Hungary; (P.B.); (I.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-1-889-8703
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24
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Heinz B, Djukanovic D, Filipponi P, Martin B, Karaghiosoff K, Knochel P. Regioselective difunctionalization of pyridines via 3,4-pyridynes. Chem Sci 2021; 12:6143-6147. [PMID: 33996011 PMCID: PMC8098683 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01208h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A new regioselective 3,4-difunctionalization of 3-chloropyridines via 3,4-pyridyne intermediates is reported. Regioselective lithiation of 3-chloro-2-ethoxypyridine and a related 2-thio-derivative followed by treatment with aryl- and alkylmagnesium halides as well as magnesium thiolates at -78 °C produced 3,4-pyridynes during heating to 75 °C. Regioselective addition of the Grignard moiety in position 4 followed by an electrophilic quench in position 3 led to various 2,3,4-trisubstituted pyridines. This method was adapted into a continuous flow set-up. As an application, we have prepared a key intermediate for (±)-paroxetine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Heinz
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department Chemie Butenandtstraße 5-13 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Dimitrije Djukanovic
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department Chemie Butenandtstraße 5-13 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Paolo Filipponi
- Novartis Pharma AG, Chemical Development Fabrikstraße 4002 Basel Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Martin
- Novartis Pharma AG, Chemical Development Fabrikstraße 4002 Basel Switzerland
| | - Konstantin Karaghiosoff
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department Chemie Butenandtstraße 5-13 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Paul Knochel
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department Chemie Butenandtstraße 5-13 81377 Munich Germany
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25
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Jiao J, Nie W, Yu T, Yang F, Zhang Q, Aihemaiti F, Yang T, Liu X, Wang J, Li P. Multi-Step Continuous-Flow Organic Synthesis: Opportunities and Challenges. Chemistry 2021; 27:4817-4838. [PMID: 33034923 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Continuous-flow multi-step synthesis takes the advantages of microchannel flow chemistry and may transform the conventional multi-step organic synthesis by using integrated synthetic systems. To realize the goal, however, innovative chemical methods and techniques are urgently required to meet the significant remaining challenges. In the past few years, by using green reactions, telescoped chemical design, and/or novel in-line separation techniques, major and rapid advancement has been made in this direction. This minireview summarizes the most recent reports (2017-2020) on continuous-flow synthesis of functional molecules. Notably, several complex active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) have been prepared by the continuous-flow approach. Key technologies to the successes and remaining challenges are discussed. These results exemplified the feasibility of using modern continuous-flow chemistry for complex synthetic targets, and bode well for the future development of integrated, automated artificial synthetic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Jiao
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P. R. China.,Xian Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Wenzheng Nie
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P. R. China.,Xian Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Tao Yu
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, 710048, P. R. China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, 710048, P. R. China
| | - Feierdaiweisi Aihemaiti
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P. R. China.,Xian Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Tingjun Yang
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P. R. China.,Xian Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Xuanyu Liu
- School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Jiachen Wang
- School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China.,Xian Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
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26
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Puglisi A, Rossi S. Stereoselective organocatalysis and flow chemistry. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2018-0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Organic synthesis has traditionally been performed in batch. Continuous-flow chemistry was recently rediscovered as an enabling technology to be applied to the synthesis of organic molecules. Organocatalysis is a well-established methodology, especially for the preparation of enantioenriched compounds. In this chapter we discuss the use of chiral organocatalysts in continuous flow. After the classification of the different types of catalytic reactors, in Section 2, each class will be discussed with the most recent and significant examples reported in the literature. In Section 3 we discuss homogeneous stereoselective reactions in flow, with a look at the stereoselective organophotoredox transformations in flow. This research topic is emerging as one of the most powerful method to prepare enantioenriched products with structures that would otherwise be challenging to make. Section 4 describes the use of supported organocatalysts in flow chemistry. Part of the discussion will be devoted to the choice of the support. Examples of packed-bed, monolithic and inner-wall functionalized reactors will be introduced and discussed. We hope to give an overview of the potentialities of the combination of (supported) chiral organocatalysts and flow chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Puglisi
- Dipartimento di Chimica , Università degli Studi di Milano , via Golgi 19 , Milano , 20133 Italy
| | - Sergio Rossi
- Dipartimento di Chimica , Università degli Studi di Milano , via Golgi 19 , Milano , 20133 Italy
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27
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High-pressure asymmetric hydrogenation in a customized flow reactor and its application in multi-step flow synthesis of chiral drugs. J Flow Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-021-00143-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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28
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Miller SJ, Ishitani H, Furiya Y, Kobayashi S. High-Throughput Synthesis of ( S)-α-Phellandrene through Three-Step Sequential Continuous-Flow Reactions. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J. Miller
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Haruro Ishitani
- GSC Social Cooperation Laboratory, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yuichi Furiya
- GSC Social Cooperation Laboratory, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shu̅ Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- GSC Social Cooperation Laboratory, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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29
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Mészáros R, Márton A, Szabados M, Varga G, Kónya Z, Kukovecz Á, Fülöp F, Pálinkó I, Ötvös SB. Exploiting a silver–bismuth hybrid material as heterogeneous noble metal catalyst for decarboxylations and decarboxylative deuterations of carboxylic acids under batch and continuous flow conditions. GREEN CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1gc00924a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A silver-containing hybrid material is reported as a heterogeneous noble metal catalyst for protodecarboxylations and decarboxylative deuterations of carboxylic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeka Mészáros
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- University of Szeged
- Szeged
- H-6720 Hungary
| | - András Márton
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- University of Szeged
- Szeged
- H-6720 Hungary
| | - Márton Szabados
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- University of Szeged
- Szeged
- H-6720 Hungary
- Material and Solution Structure Research Group and Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre
| | - Gábor Varga
- Material and Solution Structure Research Group and Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre
- Institute of Chemistry
- University of Szeged
- Szeged
- H-6720 Hungary
| | - Zoltán Kónya
- Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry
- University of Szeged
- Szeged
- H-6720 Hungary
- MTA-SZTE Reaction Kinetics and Surface Chemistry Research Group
| | - Ákos Kukovecz
- Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry
- University of Szeged
- Szeged
- H-6720 Hungary
| | - Ferenc Fülöp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- University of Szeged
- Szeged
- H-6720 Hungary
- MTA-SZTE Stereochemistry Research Group
| | - István Pálinkó
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- University of Szeged
- Szeged
- H-6720 Hungary
- Material and Solution Structure Research Group and Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre
| | - Sándor B. Ötvös
- MTA-SZTE Stereochemistry Research Group
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences
- Szeged
- H-6720 Hungary
- Institute of Chemistry
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30
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A mineralogically-inspired silver–bismuth hybrid material: Structure, stability and application for catalytic benzyl alcohol dehydrogenations under continuous flow conditions. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2020.111263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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31
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Chen L, Zhang Z, Zu L. Organocatalytic Hantzsch Type Reaction Using Aryl Hydrazines, Propiolic Acid Esters and Enals: Enantioselective Synthesis of Paroxetine. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology & Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology & Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 People's Republic of China
| | - Liansuo Zu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology & Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 People's Republic of China
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32
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Ötvös SB, Llanes P, Pericàs MA, Kappe CO. Telescoped Continuous Flow Synthesis of Optically Active γ-Nitrobutyric Acids as Key Intermediates of Baclofen, Phenibut, and Fluorophenibut. Org Lett 2020; 22:8122-8126. [PMID: 33026815 PMCID: PMC7573919 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The two-step flow asymmetric synthesis of chiral γ-nitrobutyric acids as key intermediates of the GABA analogues baclofen, phenibut, and fluorophenibut is reported on a multigram scale. The telescoped process comprises an enantioselective Michael-type addition facilitated by a polystyrene-supported heterogeneous organocatalyst under neat conditions followed by in situ-generated performic acid-mediated aldehyde oxidation. Simple access to valuable optically active substances is provided with key advances in terms of productivity and sustainability compared to those of previous batch approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sándor B. Ötvös
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
- Center
for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Patricia Llanes
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Av. Països Catalans 16, E-43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Miquel A. Pericàs
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Av. Països Catalans 16, E-43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Departament
de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
- Center
for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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33
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Warias R, Ragno D, Massi A, Belder D. A Visible-Light-Powered Polymerization Method for the Immobilization of Enantioselective Organocatalysts into Microreactors. Chemistry 2020; 26:13152-13156. [PMID: 32453458 PMCID: PMC7693110 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A versatile one‐step photopolymerization approach for the immobilization of enantioselective organocatalysts is presented. Chiral organocatalyst‐containing monoliths based on polystyrene divinylbenzene copolymer were generated inside channels of microfluidic chips. Exemplary performance tests were performed for the monolithic Hayashi–Jørgensen catalyst in continuous flow, which showed good results for the Michael addition of aldehydes to nitroalkenes in terms of stereoselectivity and catalyst stability with minimal consumption of reagents and solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rico Warias
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Daniele Ragno
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandro Massi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Detlev Belder
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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34
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Ochiai H, Nishiyama A, Haraguchi N, Itsuno S. Polymer-Supported Chiral Cis-Disubstituted Pyrrolidine Catalysts and Their Application to Batch and Continuous-Flow Systems. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Ochiai
- Pharma & Supplemental Nutrition Solutions Vehicle, Pharma Business Division, Kaneka Cooperation, 1-8 Miyamae-cho, Takasago-cho, Takasago, Hyogo 676-8688, Japan
| | - Akira Nishiyama
- Pharma & Supplemental Nutrition Solutions Vehicle, Pharma Business Division, Kaneka Cooperation, 1-8 Miyamae-cho, Takasago-cho, Takasago, Hyogo 676-8688, Japan
| | - Naoki Haraguchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibarigaoka, Tempaku-cho, Toyohashi, Aichi 441-8580, Japan
| | - Shinichi Itsuno
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibarigaoka, Tempaku-cho, Toyohashi, Aichi 441-8580, Japan
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35
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Wang YF, Jiang ZH, Chu MM, Qi SS, Yin H, Han HT, Xu DQ. Asymmetric copper-catalyzed fluorination of cyclic β-keto esters in a continuous-flow microreactor. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:4927-4931. [PMID: 32573633 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00588f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A highly enantioselective homogeneous fluorination of cyclic β-keto esters catalyzed by diphenylamine linked bis(oxazoline)-Cu(OTf)2 complexes has been established in a continuous flow microreactor. The microreactor allowed an efficient transformation with reaction times ranging from 0.5 to 20 min, and the desired products were afforded in high yields (up to 99%) with excellent enantioselectivities (up to 99% ee) at a low catalyst loading of 1 mol%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticides and Cleaner Production Technology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China.
| | - Zhen-Hui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticides and Cleaner Production Technology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China.
| | - Ming-Ming Chu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticides and Cleaner Production Technology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China.
| | - Suo-Suo Qi
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticides and Cleaner Production Technology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China.
| | - Hao Yin
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticides and Cleaner Production Technology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China.
| | - Hong-Te Han
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticides and Cleaner Production Technology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China.
| | - Dan-Qian Xu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticides and Cleaner Production Technology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China.
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36
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Krištofíková D, Modrocká V, Mečiarová M, Šebesta R. Green Asymmetric Organocatalysis. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:2828-2858. [PMID: 32141177 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202000137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetric organocatalysis is becoming one of the main tools for the synthesis of chiral compounds that are needed as medicines, crop protection agents, and other bioactive molecules. It can be effectively combined with various green chemistry methodologies. Intensification techniques, such as ball milling, flow, high pressure, or light, bring not only higher yields, faster reactions, and easier product isolation, but also new reactivities. More sustainable reaction media, such as ionic liquids, deep eutectic solvents, green solvent alternatives, and water, also considerably enhance the sustainability profile of many organocatalytic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Krištofíková
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynska dolina, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Viktória Modrocká
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynska dolina, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Mária Mečiarová
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynska dolina, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Radovan Šebesta
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynska dolina, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovakia
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Vaccaro
- Laboratory of Green S.O.C.; Dipartimento di Chimica; Biologia e Biotecnologie; Università di Perugia; Via Elce di Sotto 8 06123 Perugia Italy
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38
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Ötvös SB, Kappe CO. Continuous-Flow Amide and Ester Reductions Using Neat Borane Dimethylsulfide Complex. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:1800-1807. [PMID: 31894652 PMCID: PMC7187139 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201903459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Reductions of amides and esters are of critical importance in synthetic chemistry, and there are numerous protocols for executing these transformations employing traditional batch conditions. Notably, strategies based on flow chemistry, especially for amide reductions, are much less explored. Herein, a simple process was developed in which neat borane dimethylsulfide complex (BH3 ⋅DMS) was used to reduce various esters and amides under continuous-flow conditions. Taking advantage of the solvent-free nature of the commercially available borane reagent, high substrate concentrations were realized, allowing outstanding productivity and a significant reduction in E-factors. In addition, with carefully optimized short residence times, the corresponding alcohols and amines were obtained in high selectivity and high yields. The synthetic utility of the inexpensive and easily implemented flow protocol was further corroborated by multigram-scale syntheses of pharmaceutically relevant products. Owing to its beneficial features, including low solvent and reducing agent consumption, high selectivity, simplicity, and inherent scalability, the present process demonstrates fewer environmental concerns than most typical batch reductions using metal hydrides as reducing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sándor B. Ötvös
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
- Center for Continuous Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 138010GrazAustria
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39
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Lai J, Neyyappadath RM, Smith AD, Pericàs MA. Continuous Flow Preparation of Enantiomerically Pure BINOL(s) by Acylative Kinetic Resolution. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201901420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junshan Lai
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Av. Països Catalans, 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química OrgànicaUniversitat Rovira i Virgili 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | | | - Andrew D. Smith
- EaStCHEM, School of ChemistryUniversity of St Andrews, North Haugh St Andrews KY16 9ST U.K
| | - Miquel A. Pericàs
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Av. Països Catalans, 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i OrgànicaUniversitat de Barcelona (UB) 08028 Barcelona Spain
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40
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Yu T, Ding Z, Nie W, Jiao J, Zhang H, Zhang Q, Xue C, Duan X, Yamada YMA, Li P. Recent Advances in Continuous-Flow Enantioselective Catalysis. Chemistry 2020; 26:5729-5747. [PMID: 31916323 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The increased demand for more efficient, safe, and green production in fine chemical and pharmaceutical industry calls for the development of continuous-flow manufacturing, and for chiral chemicals in particular, enantioselective catalytic processes. In recent years, this emerging direction has received considerable attention and has seen rapid progress. In most cases, catalytic enantioselective flow processes using homogeneous, heterogeneous, or enzymatic catalysts have shown significant advantages over the conventional batch mode, such as shortened reaction times, lower catalysts loadings, and higher selectivities in addition to the normal merits of non-enantioselective flow operations. In this Minireview, the advancements, key strategies, methods, and technologies developed the last six years as well as remaining challenges are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yu
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Zhengwei Ding
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Wenzheng Nie
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P. R. China
| | - Jiao Jiao
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P. R. China.,Xian Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Hailong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P. R. China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, 710048, P. R. China
| | - Chao Xue
- State Key Laboratory for Efficient Development and, Utilization of Fluorine and Nitrogen Chemicals, Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an, 710065, P. R. China
| | - Xinhua Duan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P. R. China.,Xian Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Yoichi M A Yamada
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama, 3510198, Japan
| | - Pengfei Li
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China.,Xian Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
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De Risi C, Bortolini O, Brandolese A, Di Carmine G, Ragno D, Massi A. Recent advances in continuous-flow organocatalysis for process intensification. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00076k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The progresses on continuous-flow organocatalysis from 2016 to early 2020 are reviewed with focus on transition from batch to flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela De Risi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche
- I-44121 Ferrara
- Italy
| | - Olga Bortolini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche
- I-44121 Ferrara
- Italy
| | | | | | - Daniele Ragno
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche
- I-44121 Ferrara
- Italy
| | - Alessandro Massi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche
- I-44121 Ferrara
- Italy
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42
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Fülöp Z, Szemesi P, Bana P, Éles J, Greiner I. Evolution of flow-oriented design strategies in the continuous preparation of pharmaceuticals. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00273a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the flow-oriented design (FOD) in the multi-step continuous-flow synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Fülöp
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics
- 1521 Budapest
- Hungary
| | - Péter Szemesi
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics
- 1521 Budapest
- Hungary
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