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Wang S, Tao H, Yang J, Cheng J, Liu H, Lian C. Structure and Screening in Confined Electrolytes: The Role of Ion Association. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:7147-7153. [PMID: 38959446 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c01698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
The effect of ionic association on the structure and property of confined electrolytes is investigated using the classical density functional theory. We find that ionic association strongly affects the ion distribution, surface force, and screening behavior of confined electrolytes. The decay length ξ, which can describe the screening effect of high-concentration electrolytes, satisfies a scaling relationship ξ/λD ∼ (σ/λD)n, with λD being the Debye length and σ representing the ion diameter. We find that n = 1.5 in the nonassociation model, which is contributed by the charge correlation, but n = 3 in the association model, which is contributed by the density correlation. The ion association changes the concentration-dependent characteristics of the screening length by promoting the shift of the decay behavior from the charge-dominated regime to the density-dominated regime. Our result reveals the importance of ion association for electrolyte structure and screening behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Haolan Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jin Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Honglai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Cheng Lian
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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2
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Haimov E, Hedley JG, Kornyshev AA. Nonlocal structural effects of water on DNA homology recognition. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2024; 36:40LT01. [PMID: 38936395 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ad5cb7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
The mechanism behind mutual recognition of homologous DNA sequences prior to genetic recombination is one of the remaining puzzles in molecular biology. Leading models of homology recognition, based on classical electrostatics, neglect the short-range nonlocal screening effects arising from structured water around DNA, and hence may only provide insight for relatively large separations between interacting DNAs. We elucidate the role of the effects of the nonlocal dielectric response of water on DNA-DNA interaction and show that these can dramatically enhance the driving force for recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehud Haimov
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan G Hedley
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Alexei A Kornyshev
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
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3
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Yang J, Papaderakis AA, Roh JS, Keerthi A, Adams RW, Bissett MA, Radha B, Dryfe RAW. Measuring the Capacitance of Carbon in Ionic Liquids: From Graphite to Graphene. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2024; 128:3674-3684. [PMID: 38476828 PMCID: PMC10926162 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c08269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
The physical electrochemistry of the carbon/ionic liquids interface underpins the processes occurring in a vast range of applications spanning electrochemical energy storage, iontronic devices, and lubrication. Elucidating the charge storage mechanisms at the carbon/electrolyte interface will lead to a better understanding of the operational principles of such systems. Herein, we probe the charge stored at the electrochemical double layer formed between model carbon systems, ranging from single-layer graphene to graphite and the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (EMIM-TFSI). The effect of the number of graphene layers on the overall capacitance of the interface is investigated. We demonstrate that in pure EMIM-TFSI and at moderate potential biases, the electronic properties of graphene and graphite govern the overall capacitance of the interface, while the electrolyte contribution to the latter is less significant. In mixtures of EMIM-TFSI with solvents of varying relative permittivity, the complex interplay between electrolyte ions and solvent molecules is shown to influence the charge stored at the interface, which under certain conditions overcomes the effects of relative permittivity. This work provides additional experimental insights into the continuously advancing topic of electrochemical double-layer structure at the interface between room temperature ionic liquids and carbon materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Department
of Chemistry and Henry Royce Institute, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, M13
9PL Manchester, U.K.
| | - Athanasios A. Papaderakis
- Department
of Chemistry and Henry Royce Institute, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, M13
9PL Manchester, U.K.
| | - Ji Soo Roh
- Department
of Materials, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, M13 9PL Manchester, U.K.
- National
Graphene Institute, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, M13 9PL Manchester, U.K.
| | - Ashok Keerthi
- Department
of Chemistry and Henry Royce Institute, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, M13
9PL Manchester, U.K.
- National
Graphene Institute, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, M13 9PL Manchester, U.K.
| | - Ralph W. Adams
- Department
of Chemistry and Henry Royce Institute, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, M13
9PL Manchester, U.K.
| | - Mark A. Bissett
- Department
of Materials, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, M13 9PL Manchester, U.K.
- National
Graphene Institute, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, M13 9PL Manchester, U.K.
| | - Boya Radha
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, The University
of Manchester, Oxford
Road, M13 9PL Manchester, U.K.
| | - Robert A. W. Dryfe
- Department
of Chemistry and Henry Royce Institute, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, M13
9PL Manchester, U.K.
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4
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Liu B, Guo W, Anderson SR, Johnstone SG, Wu S, Herrington MC, Gebbie MA. Exploring how cation entropy influences electric double layer formation and electrochemical reactivity. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:351-364. [PMID: 38093637 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm01302b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Electric double layers are crucial to energy storage and electrocatalytic device performance. While double layer formation originates in electrostatic interactions, electric double layer properties are governed by a balance of both electrostatic and entropic driving forces. Favorable ion-surface electrostatic interactions attract counterions to charged surfaces to compensate, or "screen," potentials, but the confinement of these same ions from a bulk reservoir to the interface incurs an entropic penalty. Here, we use a dicationic imidazolium ionic liquid and its monovalent analogue to explore how cation valence and entropy influence double layer formation and electrochemical reactivity using CO2 electroreduction as a model reaction. We find that divalent and monovalent cations display similar CO2 reduction kinetics but differ vastly in steady-state reactivity due to rapid electrochemically induced precipitation of insulating dicationic (bi)carbonate films. Using in situ surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy, we find that potential-dependent cation reorientation occurs at similar potentials between the two ionic liquids, but the introduction of a covalent link in the divalent cation imparts a more ordered double layer structure that favors (bi)carbonate precipitation. In mixed monovalent-divalent electrolytes, we find that the divalent cations dominate interfacial properties by preferentially accumulating at surfaces even at very low relative concentrations. Our findings confirm that ion entropy plays a key role in modulating local electrochemical environments. Furthermore, we highlight how double layer properties are sensitive to the properties of counterions that pay the lowest entropic penalty to accumulate at interfaces. Overall, we illustrate that ion entropy provides a new knob to tune reaction microenvironments and unveil how entropy plays a major role in modulating electrochemical reactivity in mixed ion electrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beichen Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
| | - Wenxiao Guo
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
| | - Seth R Anderson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
| | - Samuel G Johnstone
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
| | - Siqi Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
| | - Megan C Herrington
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
| | - Matthew A Gebbie
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
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5
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On the analogy between the restricted primitive model and capacitor circuits. Part II: A generalized Gibbs-Duhem consistent extension of the Pitzer-Debye-Hückel term with corrections for low and variable relative permittivity. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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6
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Yuan H, Deng W, Zhu X, Liu G, Craig VSJ. Colloidal Systems in Concentrated Electrolyte Solutions Exhibit Re-entrant Long-Range Electrostatic Interactions due to Underscreening. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:6164-6173. [PMID: 35512818 PMCID: PMC9119301 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Surface force measurements have revealed that at very high electrolyte concentrations as well as in neat and diluted ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents, the range of electrostatic interactions is far greater than the Debye length. Here, we explore the consequences of this underscreening for soft-matter and colloidal systems by investigating the stability of nanoparticle dispersions, the self-assembly of ionic surfactants, and the thickness of soap films. In each case, we find clear evidence of re-entrant properties due to underscreening at high salt concentrations. Our results show that underscreening in concentrated electrolytes is a general phenomenon and is not dependent on confinement by macroscopic surfaces. The stability of systems at very high salinity due to underscreening may be beneficially applied to processes that currently use low-salinity water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Yuan
- Department
of Chemical Physics, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry
and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Wenjie Deng
- Department
of Chemical Physics, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry
and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolong Zhu
- State
Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University
of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Guangming Liu
- Department
of Chemical Physics, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry
and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Vincent Stuart James Craig
- Department
of Chemical Physics, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry
and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
- Department
of Applied Mathematics, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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7
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Patsahan O, Ciach A. Mesoscopic Inhomogeneities in Concentrated Electrolytes. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:6655-6664. [PMID: 35252660 PMCID: PMC8892908 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c06013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A mesoscopic theory for water-in-salt electrolytes combining density functional and field-theoretic methods is developed in order to explain the unexpectedly large period of the oscillatory decay of the disjoining pressure observed in recent experiments for the lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)-imide (LiTFSI) salt [T. S. Groves et al., J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2021, 12, 1702]. We assumed spherical ions with different diameters and implicit solvent, inducing strong, short-range attraction between ions of the same sign. For this highly simplified model, we calculated correlation functions. Our results indicate that mesoscopic inhomogeneities can occur when the sum of the Coulomb and the water-mediated interactions between like ions is attractive at short and repulsive at large distances. We adjusted the attractive part of the potential to the water-in-LiTFSI electrolyte and obtained both the period and the decay rate of the correlations, in semiquantitative agreement with the experiment. In particular, the decay length of the correlations increases nearly linearly with the volume fraction of ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Patsahan
- Institute
for Condensed Matter Physics of the National Academy of Sciences of
Ukraine, Lviv 79011, Ukraine
| | - Alina Ciach
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of
Sciences, 01-224 Warszawa, Poland
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8
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Abstract
Recent experiments have shown that the repulsive force between atomically flat, like-charged surfaces confining room-temperature ionic liquids or concentrated electrolytes exhibits an anomalously large decay length. In our previous publication [J. Zeman, S. Kondrat, and C. Holm, Chem. Commun. 56, 15635 (2020)], we showed by means of extremely large-scale molecular dynamics simulations that this so-called underscreening effect might not be a feature of bulk electrolytes. Herein, we corroborate these findings by providing additional results with more detailed analyses and expand our investigations to ionic liquids under confinement. Unlike in bulk systems, where screening lengths are computed from the decay of interionic potentials of mean force, we extract such data in confined systems from cumulative charge distributions. At high concentrations, our simulations show increasing screening lengths with increasing electrolyte concentration, consistent with classical liquid state theories. However, our analyses demonstrate that-also for confined systems-there is no anomalously large screening length. As expected, the screening lengths determined for ionic liquids under confinement are in good quantitative agreement with the screening lengths of the same ionic systems in bulk. In addition, we show that some theoretical models used in the literature to relate the measured screening lengths to other observables are inapplicable to highly concentrated electrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Zeman
- Institute for Computational Physics, University of Stuttgart, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Svyatoslav Kondrat
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Christian Holm
- Institute for Computational Physics, University of Stuttgart, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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9
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Dean JM, Coles SW, Saunders WR, McCluskey AR, Wolf MJ, Walker AB, Morgan BJ. Overscreening and Underscreening in Solid-Electrolyte Grain Boundary Space-Charge Layers. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:135502. [PMID: 34623837 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.135502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polycrystalline solids can exhibit material properties that differ significantly from those of equivalent single-crystal samples, in part, because of a spontaneous redistribution of mobile point defects into so-called space-charge regions adjacent to grain boundaries. The general analytical form of these space-charge regions is known only in the dilute limit, where defect-defect correlations can be neglected. Using kinetic Monte Carlo simulations of a three-dimensional Coulomb lattice gas, we show that grain boundary space-charge regions in nondilute solid electrolytes exhibit overscreening-damped oscillatory space-charge profiles-and underscreening-decay lengths that are longer than the corresponding Debye length and that increase with increasing defect-defect interaction strength. Overscreening and underscreening are known phenomena in concentrated liquid electrolytes, and the observation of functionally analogous behavior in solid electrolyte space-charge regions suggests that the same underlying physics drives behavior in both classes of systems. We therefore expect theoretical approaches developed to study nondilute liquid electrolytes to be equally applicable to future studies of solid electrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob M Dean
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
- The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel W Coles
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
- The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, United Kingdom
| | - William R Saunders
- Department of Physics, University of Bath, Claverton Down BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew R McCluskey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
- European Spallation Source ERIC, P.O. Box 176, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Matthew J Wolf
- Department of Physics, University of Bath, Claverton Down BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Alison B Walker
- Department of Physics, University of Bath, Claverton Down BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin J Morgan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
- The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, United Kingdom
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10
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Cats P, Evans R, Härtel A, van Roij R. Primitive model electrolytes in the near and far field: Decay lengths from DFT and simulations. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:124504. [PMID: 33810662 DOI: 10.1063/5.0039619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inspired by recent experimental observations of anomalously large decay lengths in concentrated electrolytes, we revisit the Restricted Primitive Model (RPM) for an aqueous electrolyte. We investigate the asymptotic decay lengths of the one-body ionic density profiles for the RPM in contact with a planar electrode using classical Density Functional Theory (DFT) and compare these with the decay lengths of the corresponding two-body correlation functions in bulk systems, obtained in previous Integral Equation Theory (IET) studies. Extensive Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations are employed to complement the DFT and IET predictions. Our DFT calculations incorporate electrostatic interactions between the ions using three different (existing) approaches: one is based on the simplest mean-field treatment of Coulomb interactions (MFC), while the other two employ the Mean Spherical Approximation (MSA). The MSAc invokes only the MSA bulk direct correlation function, whereas the MSAu also incorporates the MSA bulk internal energy. Although MSAu yields profiles that are in excellent agreement with MD simulations in the near field, in the far field, we observe that the decay lengths are consistent between IET, MSAc, and MD simulations, whereas those from MFC and MSAu deviate significantly. Using DFT, we calculated the solvation force, which relates directly to surface force experiments. We find that its decay length is neither qualitatively nor quantitatively close to the large decay lengths measured in experiments and conclude that the latter cannot be accounted for by the primitive model. The anomalously large decay lengths found in surface force measurements require an explanation that lies beyond primitive models.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Cats
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Center for Extreme Matter and Emergent Phenomena, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - R Evans
- HH Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TL, United Kingdom
| | - A Härtel
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - R van Roij
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Center for Extreme Matter and Emergent Phenomena, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
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11
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On the analogy between the restricted primitive model and capacitor circuits: Semi-empirical alternatives for over- and underscreening in the calculation of mean ionic activity coefficients. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.115204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Coles SW, Park C, Nikam R, Kanduč M, Dzubiella J, Rotenberg B. Correlation Length in Concentrated Electrolytes: Insights from All-Atom Molecular Dynamics Simulations. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:1778-1786. [PMID: 32031810 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b10542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We study the correlation length of the charge-charge pair correlations in concentrated electrolyte solutions by means of all-atom, explicit-solvent molecular dynamics simulations. We investigate LiCl and NaI in water, which constitute highly soluble, prototypical salts for experiments, as well as two more complex, molecular electrolyte systems of lithium bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide (LiTFSI), a salt commonly employed in electrochemical storage systems, in water, and in an organic solvent mixture of dimethoxyethane and dioxolane. Our simulations support the recent experimental observations as well as theoretical predictions of a nonmonotonic behavior of the correlation length with increasing salt concentration. We observe a Debye-Hückel like regime at low concentration, followed by a minimum reached when d/λD ≃ 1, where λD is the Debye correlation length and d is the effective ionic diameter, and an increasing correlation length with salt concentration in very concentrated electrolytes. As in the experiments, we find that the screening length in the concentrated regime follows a universal scaling law as a function d/λD for all studied salts. However, the scaling exponent is significantly lower than the experimentally measured one and lies in the range of the theoretical predictions based on much simpler electrolyte models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel W Coles
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Physicochimie des électrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, UMR PHENIX, 4 pl. Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Chanbum Park
- Research Group for Simulations of Energy Materials, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, D-14109 Berlin, Germany.,Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstr. 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rohit Nikam
- Research Group for Simulations of Energy Materials, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, D-14109 Berlin, Germany.,Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstr. 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Matej Kanduč
- Research Group for Simulations of Energy Materials, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, D-14109 Berlin, Germany.,Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Joachim Dzubiella
- Research Group for Simulations of Energy Materials, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, D-14109 Berlin, Germany.,Applied Theoretical Physics-Computational Physics, Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 3, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Rotenberg
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Physicochimie des électrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, UMR PHENIX, F-75005 Paris, France
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