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Straus I, Kravanja G, Hribar L, Kriegl R, Jezeršek M, Shamonin M, Drevensek-Olenik I, Kokot G. Surface Modification of Magnetoactive Elastomers by Laser Micromachining. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:1550. [PMID: 38612065 PMCID: PMC11012975 DOI: 10.3390/ma17071550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
It has been recently demonstrated that laser micromachining of magnetoactive elastomers is a very convenient method for fabricating dynamic surface microstructures with magnetically tunable properties, such as wettability and surface reflectivity. In this study, we investigate the impact of the micromachining process on the fabricated material's structural properties and its chemical composition. By employing scanning electron microscopy, we investigate changes in size distribution and spatial arrangement of carbonyl iron microparticles dispersed in the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) matrix as a function of laser irradiation. Based on the images obtained by a low vacuum secondary electron detector, we analyze modifications of the surface topography. The results show that most profound modifications occur during the low-exposure (8 J/cm2) treatment of the surface with the laser beam. Our findings provide important insights for developing theoretical models of functional properties of laser-sculptured microstructures from magnetoactive elastomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izidor Straus
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (I.S.); (G.K.)
| | - Gaia Kravanja
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (G.K.); (L.H.); (M.J.)
| | - Luka Hribar
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (G.K.); (L.H.); (M.J.)
| | - Raphael Kriegl
- East Bavarian Centre for Intelligent Materials (EBACIM), Ostbayerische Technische Hochschule Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (R.K.); (M.S.)
| | - Matija Jezeršek
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (G.K.); (L.H.); (M.J.)
| | - Mikhail Shamonin
- East Bavarian Centre for Intelligent Materials (EBACIM), Ostbayerische Technische Hochschule Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (R.K.); (M.S.)
| | - Irena Drevensek-Olenik
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (I.S.); (G.K.)
- Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gašper Kokot
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (I.S.); (G.K.)
- Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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2
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Glavan G, Belyaeva IA, Shamonin M. Transient Response of Macroscopic Deformation of Magnetoactive Elastomeric Cylinders in Uniform Magnetic Fields. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:586. [PMID: 38475268 DOI: 10.3390/polym16050586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Significant deformations of bodies made from compliant magnetoactive elastomers (MAE) in magnetic fields make these materials promising for applications in magnetically controlled actuators for soft robotics. Reported experimental research in this context was devoted to the behaviour in the quasi-static magnetic field, but the transient dynamics are of great practical importance. This paper presents an experimental study of the transient response of apparent longitudinal and transverse strains of a family of isotropic and anisotropic MAE cylinders with six different aspect ratios in time-varying uniform magnetic fields. The time dependence of the magnetic field has a trapezoidal form, where the rate of both legs is varied between 52 and 757 kA/(s·m) and the maximum magnetic field takes three values between 153 and 505 kA/m. It is proposed to introduce four characteristic times: two for the delay of the transient response during increasing and decreasing magnetic field, as well as two for rise and fall times. To facilitate the comparison between different magnetic field rates, these characteristic times are further normalized on the rise time of the magnetic field ramp. The dependence of the normalized characteristic times on the aspect ratio, the magnetic field slew rate, maximum magnetic field values, initial internal structure (isotropic versus anisotropic specimens) and weight fraction of the soft-magnetic filler are obtained and discussed in detail. The normalized magnetostrictive hysteresis loop is introduced, and used to explain why the normalized delay times vary with changing experimental parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gašper Glavan
- East Bavarian Centre for Intelligent Materials (EBACIM), Ostbayerische Technische Hochschule (OTH) Regensburg, Seybothstr. 2, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Inna A Belyaeva
- East Bavarian Centre for Intelligent Materials (EBACIM), Ostbayerische Technische Hochschule (OTH) Regensburg, Seybothstr. 2, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Mikhail Shamonin
- East Bavarian Centre for Intelligent Materials (EBACIM), Ostbayerische Technische Hochschule (OTH) Regensburg, Seybothstr. 2, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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3
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Kostrov SA, Marshall JH, Maw M, Sheiko SS, Kramarenko EY. Programming and Reprogramming the Viscoelasticity and Magnetic Response of Magnetoactive Thermoplastic Elastomers. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4607. [PMID: 38231994 PMCID: PMC10708547 DOI: 10.3390/polym15234607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
We present a novel type of magnetorheological material that allows one to restructure the magnetic particles inside the finished composite, tuning in situ the viscoelasticity and magnetic response of the material in a wide range using temperature and an applied magnetic field. The polymer medium is an A-g-B bottlebrush graft copolymer with side chains of two types: polydimethylsiloxane and polystyrene. At room temperature, the brush-like architecture provides the tissue mimetic softness and strain stiffening of the elastomeric matrix, which is formed through the aggregation of polystyrene side chains into aggregates that play the role of physical cross-links. The aggregates partially dissociate and the matrix softens at elevated temperatures, allowing for the effective rearrangement of magnetic particles by applying a magnetic field in the desired direction. Magnetoactive thermoplastic elastomers (MATEs) based on A-g-B bottlebrush graft copolymers with different amounts of aggregating side chains filled with different amounts of carbonyl iron microparticles were prepared. The in situ restructuring of magnetic particles in MATEs was shown to significantly alter their viscoelasticity and magnetic response. In particular, the induced anisotropy led to an order-of-magnitude enhancement of the magnetorheological properties of the composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei A. Kostrov
- Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/2, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Josiah H. Marshall
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (J.H.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Mitchell Maw
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (J.H.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Sergei S. Sheiko
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (J.H.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Elena Yu. Kramarenko
- Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/2, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
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4
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Kuznetsov AA, Kantorovich SS. Magnetostatic response and field-controlled haloing in binary superparamagnetic mixtures. Phys Rev E 2023; 108:064603. [PMID: 38243475 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.108.064603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Nowadays, magnetoresponsive soft materials, based not simply on magnetic nanoparticles but rather on multiple components with distinct sizes and magnetic properties in both liquid and polymeric carriers, are becoming more and more widespread due to their unique and versatile macroscopic response to an applied magnetic field. The variability of the latter is related to a complex interplay of the magnetic interactions in a highly nonuniform internal field caused by spatial inhomogeneity in multicomponent systems. In this work, we present a combined analytical and simulation study of binary superparamagnetic systems containing nanoclusters and dispersed single-domain nanoparticles in both liquid and solid carrier matrices. We investigate the equilibrium magnetic response of these systems for wide ranges of concentrations and interaction energies. It turns out that, while the magnetization of a binary solid can be both above and below that of an ideal superparamagnetic gas, depending on the concentration of the dispersed phase and the interparticle interactions, the system in a liquid carrier is highly magnetically responsive. In liquid, a spatial redistribution of the initially homogeneously dispersed phase in the vicinity of the nanocluster is observed, an effect that is reminiscent of the so-called haloing effect previously observed experimentally on micro- and milliscales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A Kuznetsov
- Computational and Soft Matter Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Kolingasse 14-16, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sofia S Kantorovich
- Computational and Soft Matter Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Kolingasse 14-16, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Research Platform MMM Mathematics-Magnetism-Material, University of Vienna, Oskar-Morgenstern-Platz 1, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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5
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Roghani M, Romeis D, Saphiannikova M. Effect of microstructure evolution on the mechanical behavior of magneto-active elastomers with different matrix stiffness. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:6387-6398. [PMID: 37578241 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00906h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Evolution of microstructure in magneto-active elastomers (MAEs) which can be caused by an applied magnetic field is a fascinating phenomenon with a significant impact on the mechanical behavior of the composite. To gain insight into the underlying mechanisms of this phenomenon, it is essential to create a model that can appropriately describe the field induced change in the particle distribution and its mechanical implications. The magneto-mechanical coupling is driven by magnetic interactions between the particles in the applied field. These magnetic interactions can result in macroscopic deformation of the sample and also in rearrangement of the microstructure, i.e. the local positions of the particles. In the case of initially isotropic MAEs made with a sufficiently soft matrix, this leads to the formation of chains of magnetized particles, creating a significant increase in the mechanical moduli along the field direction. In this paper, we implement a transversely isotropic Neo-Hookean material model to account for such anisotropic elastic behavior. A dipolar mean field approach is used to describe magnetic interactions between the particles. A penalty term is introduced to compensate for the micro-mechanical elastic energy required to move the particles inside the cross-linked elastomer. The resulting model can predict the huge magneto-rheological effects observed in experiments, and improves our understanding of how microstructure evolution affects magnetically induced deformation and stiffness of MAEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehran Roghani
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Dirk Romeis
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Marina Saphiannikova
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
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6
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Reiche M, Becker TI, Stepanov GV, Zimmermann K. A Multipole Magnetoactive Elastomer for Vibration-Driven Locomotion. Soft Robot 2023; 10:770-784. [PMID: 37010374 DOI: 10.1089/soro.2022.0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Smart materials such as magnetoactive elastomers (MAEs) combine elastic and magnetic properties that can be significantly changed in response to a magnetic field and therefore offer enormous potential for applications in both scientific research and engineering. When such an elastomer contains microsized hard magnetic particles, it can become an elastic magnet once magnetized in a strong magnetic field. This article studies a multipole MAE with the aim of utilizing it as an actuation element of vibration-driven locomotion robots. The elastomer beam has three magnetic poles overall with the same poles at the ends and possesses silicone bristles protruding from its underside. The quasi-static bending of the multipole elastomer in a uniform magnetic field is investigated experimentally. The theoretical model exploits the magnetic torque to describe the field-induced bending shapes. The unidirectional locomotion of the elastomeric bristle-bot is realized in two prototype designs using magnetic actuation of either an external or an integrated source of an alternating magnetic field. The motion principle is based on cyclic interplay of asymmetric friction and inertia forces caused by field-induced bending vibrations of the elastomer. The locomotion behavior of both prototypes shows a strong resonant dependency of the advancing speed on the frequency of applied magnetic actuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Reiche
- Technical Mechanics Group, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technische Universität Ilmenau, Ilmenau, Germany
| | - Tatiana I Becker
- Technical Mechanics Group, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technische Universität Ilmenau, Ilmenau, Germany
| | - Gennady V Stepanov
- State Scientific Research Institute for Chemical Technologies of Organoelement Compounds, Moscow, Russia
| | - Klaus Zimmermann
- Technical Mechanics Group, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technische Universität Ilmenau, Ilmenau, Germany
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7
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Dobroserdova AB, Novak EV, Kantorovich SS. Switching-field and first-order-reversal-curve distribution measurements in magnetic elastomers by molecular dynamics simulations: Accounting for polydispersity. Phys Rev E 2023; 107:044606. [PMID: 37198770 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.107.044606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In this work we employ molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the first-order-reversal-curve distribution and switching-field distribution of magnetic elastomers. We model magnetic elastomers in a bead-spring approximation with permanently magnetized spherical particles of two different sizes. We find that a different fractional composition of particles affects the magnetic properties of elastomers obtained as a result. We prove that the hysteresis of the elastomer can be attributed to the broad energy landscape with multiple shallow minima and caused by dipolar interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla B Dobroserdova
- Department of Theoretical and Mathematical Physics, Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, 620000 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Ekaterina V Novak
- Department of Theoretical and Mathematical Physics, Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, 620000 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Sofia S Kantorovich
- Computational and Soft Matter Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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8
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Goh S, Menzel AM, Wittmann R, Löwen H. Density functional approach to elastic properties of three-dimensional dipole-spring models for magnetic gels. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:054909. [PMID: 36754783 DOI: 10.1063/5.0133207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetic gels are composite materials consisting of a polymer matrix and embedded magnetic particles. Those are mechanically coupled to each other, giving rise to the magnetostrictive effects as well as to a controllable overall elasticity responsive to external magnetic fields. Due to their inherent composite and thereby multiscale nature, a theoretical framework bridging different levels of description is indispensable for understanding the magnetomechanical properties of magnetic gels. In this study, we extend a recently developed density functional approach from two spatial dimensions to more realistic three-dimensional systems. Along these lines, we connect a mesoscopic characterization resolving the discrete structure of the magnetic particles to macroscopic continuum parameters of magnetic gels. In particular, we incorporate the long-range nature of the magnetic dipole-dipole interaction and consider the approximate incompressibility of the embedding media and relative rotations with respect to an external magnetic field breaking rotational symmetry. We then probe the shape of the model system in its reference state, confirming the dependence of magnetostrictive effects on the configuration of the magnetic particles and on the shape of the considered sample. Moreover, calculating the elastic and rotational coefficients on the basis of our mesoscopic approach, we examine how the macroscopic types of behavior are related to the mesoscopic properties. Implications for real systems of random particle configurations are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Segun Goh
- Theoretical Physics of Living Matter, Institute of Biological Information Processing, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Andreas M Menzel
- Institut für Physik, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - René Wittmann
- Institut für Theoretische Physik II: Weiche Materie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hartmut Löwen
- Institut für Theoretische Physik II: Weiche Materie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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9
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Nadzharyan TA, Shamonin M, Kramarenko EY. Theoretical Modeling of Magnetoactive Elastomers on Different Scales: A State-of-the-Art Review. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:4096. [PMID: 36236044 PMCID: PMC9572082 DOI: 10.3390/polym14194096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A review of the latest theoretical advances in the description of magnetomechanical effects and phenomena observed in magnetoactive elastomers (MAEs), i.e., polymer networks filled with magnetic micro- and/or nanoparticles, under the action of external magnetic fields is presented. Theoretical modeling of magnetomechanical coupling is considered on various spatial scales: from the behavior of individual magnetic particles constrained in an elastic medium to the mechanical properties of an MAE sample as a whole. It is demonstrated how theoretical models enable qualitative and quantitative interpretation of experimental results. The limitations and challenges of current approaches are discussed and some information about the most promising lines of research in this area is provided. The review is aimed at specialists involved in the study of not only the magnetomechanical properties of MAEs, but also a wide range of other physical phenomena occurring in magnetic polymer composites in external magnetic fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timur A. Nadzharyan
- Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail Shamonin
- East Bavarian Centre for Intelligent Materials (EBACIM), Ostbayerische Technische Hochschule (OTH) Regensburg, Seybothstr. 2, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Elena Yu. Kramarenko
- Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences (INEOS RAS), 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Enikilopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials, Russian Academy of Sciences (ISPM RAS), 117393 Moscow, Russia
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10
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Rohim MAS, Nazmi N, Bahiuddin I, Mazlan SA, Norhaniza R, Yamamoto S, Nordin NA, Abdul Aziz SA. Prediction for magnetostriction magnetorheological foam using machine learning method. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhamad Amirul Sunni Rohim
- Malaysia‐Japan International Institute of Technology Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Nurhazimah Nazmi
- Malaysia‐Japan International Institute of Technology Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Irfan Bahiuddin
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Vocational College Universitas Gadjah Mada Yogyakarta Indonesia
| | - Saiful Amri Mazlan
- Malaysia‐Japan International Institute of Technology Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Rizuan Norhaniza
- Malaysia‐Japan International Institute of Technology Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Shin‐Ichiroh Yamamoto
- Department of Bio‐Science and Engineering Shibaura Institute of Technology Saitama Japan
| | - Nur Azmah Nordin
- Malaysia‐Japan International Institute of Technology Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
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11
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Dobroserdova A, Schümann M, Borin D, Novak E, Odenbach S, Kantorovich S. Magneto-elastic coupling as a key to microstructural response of magnetic elastomers with flake-like particles. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:496-506. [PMID: 34940776 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm01349a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Using the combination of experiment and molecular dynamics simulations, we investigate structural transformations in magnetic elastomers with NdFeB flake-like particles, caused by applied moderate magnetic fields. We explain why and how those transformations depend on whether or not the samples are initially cured by a short-time exposure to a strong field. We find that in a cured sample, a moderate magnetic field leads mainly to in-place flake rotations that are fully reversed once the applied field is switched off. In contrast, in an initially non-cured sample the flakes perform both translation and rotations under the influence of a moderate applied field that lead to the formation of chain-like structures that remain such even if the field is switched off.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla Dobroserdova
- Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University, Lenin av. 51, 620000, Ekaterinburg, Russia.
| | - Malte Schümann
- Chair of Magnetofluiddynamics, Measuring and Automation Technology, Institute of Mechatronic Engineering, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Dmitry Borin
- Chair of Magnetofluiddynamics, Measuring and Automation Technology, Institute of Mechatronic Engineering, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ekaterina Novak
- Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University, Lenin av. 51, 620000, Ekaterinburg, Russia.
| | - Stefan Odenbach
- Chair of Magnetofluiddynamics, Measuring and Automation Technology, Institute of Mechatronic Engineering, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Sofia Kantorovich
- Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University, Lenin av. 51, 620000, Ekaterinburg, Russia.
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, 1090, Kolingasse 14-16, Vienna, Austria
- Research Platform MMM Mathematics-Magnetism-Material, University of Vienna, Oskar-Morgenstern-Platz 1, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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12
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Gong D, Yang F, Lin D, Qian W, Li R, Li C, Chen H, Jia S. Shape-programmable magneto-active elastomer composites for curve and biomimetic behavior imitation. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:10730-10735. [PMID: 34787153 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm01250a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A programming methodology, which can be applied to soft-magnetic-material-based magneto-active elastomers (MAEs), to catch the predefined specific objective curves is proposed in this study. The objective curves have been equally separated into a couple of segments, which will be filled by the designed MAE elements. Furthermore, the designed MAE segments with different chain angles, in which the deformation orientation of each element under applied homogeneous magnetic fields has been investigated based on the designed experimental setup, are arrayed based on the proposed programming methodology to constitute the MAE composite to catch the orientation of the objective curve. The experimental results show that based on the proposed programming methodology, the MAE composites can describe different curves, which include harmonic, tangential and arc tangential functions under applied homogeneous magnetic fields with good agreement. Furthermore, on the basis of the proposed programming methodology, the MAE composites are utilized to mimic the typical biomimetic behavior (the peeking-up behavior of snakes and the flapping behavior of birds) with smooth curvature properties, in which the dynamic procedures present continuous curves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Gong
- Research Center for Intelligent Materials and Structures (CIMS), College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, P. R. China.
| | - Fan Yang
- Research Center for Intelligent Materials and Structures (CIMS), College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, P. R. China.
| | - Dezhao Lin
- Research Center for Intelligent Materials and Structures (CIMS), College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, P. R. China.
| | - Wenbo Qian
- Research Center for Intelligent Materials and Structures (CIMS), College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, P. R. China.
| | - Ruihong Li
- Research Center for Intelligent Materials and Structures (CIMS), College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, P. R. China.
| | - Chenghong Li
- Research Center for Intelligent Materials and Structures (CIMS), College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, P. R. China.
| | - Hongwei Chen
- Research Center for Intelligent Materials and Structures (CIMS), College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, P. R. China.
| | - Sheng Jia
- Research Center for Intelligent Materials and Structures (CIMS), College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, P. R. China.
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13
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Romeis D, Saphiannikova M. A Cascading Mean-Field Approach to the Calculation of Magnetization Fields in Magnetoactive Elastomers. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13091372. [PMID: 33922333 PMCID: PMC8122822 DOI: 10.3390/polym13091372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
We consider magnetoactive elastomer samples based on the elastic matrix and magnetizable particle inclusions. The application of an external magnetic field to such composite samples causes the magnetization of particles, which start to interact with each other. This interaction is determined by the magnetization field, generated not only by the external magnetic field but also by the magnetic fields arising in the surroundings of interacting particles. Due to the scale invariance of magnetic interactions (O(r−3) in d=3 dimensions), a comprehensive description of the local as well as of the global effects requires a knowledge about the magnetization fields within individual particles and in mesoscopic portions of the composite material. Accordingly, any precise calculation becomes technically infeasible for a specimen comprising billions of particles arranged within macroscopic sample boundaries. Here, we show a way out of this problem by presenting a greatly simplified, but accurate approximation approach for the computation of magnetization fields in the composite samples. Based on the dipole model to magnetic interactions, we introduce the cascading mean-field description of the magnetization field by separating it into three contributions on the micro-, meso-, and macroscale. It is revealed that the contributions are nested into each other, as in the Matryoshka’s toy. Such a description accompanied by an appropriate linearization scheme allows for an efficient and transparent analysis of magnetoactive elastomers under rather general conditions.
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14
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Pei P, Peng Y. The squeeze strengthening effect on the rheological and microstructured behaviors of magnetorheological fluids: a molecular dynamics study. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:184-200. [PMID: 33332517 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01149e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Systematic molecular dynamics simulations are conducted on magnetorheological (MR) fluids under steady state, squeeze flows and shear flows. The present study concerns the squeeze-assisted MR fluid strengthening and correlates the suspensions' macroscopic rheological properties to their microstructure evolution in terms of the aggregation kinetics. Simulation results demonstrate that the squeeze strengthening effect on the rheological properties of MR fluids is enhanced with the increasing magnetic field and becomes more prominent for dilute suspensions, but weakened with the increasing squeeze rate after the critical squeeze rate is surpassed. By microscopic inspection, it is found that the rheological properties of MR fluids under squeeze flows are consistent with the microstructured behaviors of MR suspensions in terms of the particle distribution, cluster kinetics, particle connectivity and magnetic energy. This study provides a microstructural insight into the squeeze-assisted MR fluid strengthening, which helps to attain an elegant design of MR devices with high shear performance requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Disaster Reduction in Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China.
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Stolbov OV, Sánchez PA, Kantorovich SS, Raikher YL. Magnetostriction in elastomers with mixtures of magnetically hard and soft microparticles: effects of nonlinear magnetization and matrix rigidity. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2020-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In this contribution, a magnetoactive elastomer (MAE) of mixed content, i.e., a polymer matrix filled with a mixture of magnetically soft and magnetically hard spherical particles, is considered. The object we focus on is an elementary unit of this composite, for which we take a set consisting of a permanent spherical micromagnet surrounded by an elastomer layer filled with magnetically soft microparticles. We present a comparative treatment of this unit from two essentially different viewpoints. The first one is a coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulation model, which presents the composite as a bead-spring assembly and is able to deliver information of all the microstructural changes of the assembly. The second approach is entirely based on the continuum magnetomechanical description of the system, whose direct yield is the macroscopic field-induced response of the MAE to external field, as this model ignores all the microstructural details of the magnetization process. We find that, differing in certain details, both frameworks are coherent in predicting that a unit comprising magnetically soft and hard particles may display a nontrivial reentrant (prolate/oblate/prolate) axial deformation under variation of the applied field strength. The flexibility of the proposed combination of the two complementary frameworks enables us to look deeper into the manifestation of the magnetic response: with respect to the magnetically soft particles, we compare the linear regime of magnetization to that with saturation, which we describe by the Fröhlich–Kennelly approximation; with respect to the polymer matrix, we analyze the dependence of the reentrant deformation on its rigidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg V. Stolbov
- Laboratory of Physics and Mechanics of Soft Matter , Institute of Continuous Media Mechanics, Russian Academy of Sciences (Ural Branch) , Perm , Russia
| | - Pedro A. Sánchez
- Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics , Ural Federal University , Ekaterinburg , Russia
- Wolfgang Pauli Institute , University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria
| | - Sofia S. Kantorovich
- Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics , Ural Federal University , Ekaterinburg , Russia
- Faculty of Physics, Computational and Soft Matter Physics , University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria
- Research Platform MMM , University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria
| | - Yuriy L. Raikher
- Laboratory of Physics and Mechanics of Soft Matter , Institute of Continuous Media Mechanics, Russian Academy of Sciences (Ural Branch) , Perm , Russia
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Romeis D, Kostrov SA, Kramarenko EY, Stepanov GV, Shamonin M, Saphiannikova M. Magnetic-field-induced stress in confined magnetoactive elastomers. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:9047-9058. [PMID: 32915184 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01337d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We present a theoretical approach for calculating the state of stress induced by a uniform magnetic field in confined magnetoactive elastomers of arbitrary shape. The theory explicitly includes the magnetic field generated by magnetizable spherical inclusions in the sample interior assuming a non-linear magnetization behavior. The initial spatial distribution of particles and its change in an external magnetic field are considered. This is achieved by the introduction of an effective demagnetizing factor where both the sample shape and the material microstructure are taken into account. Theoretical predictions are fitted to the stress data measured using a specifically designed experimental setup. It is shown that the theory enables the quantification of the effect of material microstructure upon introducing a specific microstructural factor and its derivative with respect to the extensional strain in the undeformed state. The experimentally observed differences between isotropic and anisotropic samples, compliant and stiff elastomer matrices are explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Romeis
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - S A Kostrov
- Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - E Yu Kramarenko
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - G V Stepanov
- State Scientific Center of the Russian Federation, Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Organoelement Compounds, Moscow 111123, Russia
| | - M Shamonin
- East Bavarian Centre for Intelligent Materials (EBACIM), Ostbayerische Technische Hochschule (OTH) Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - M Saphiannikova
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., 01069 Dresden, Germany
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Saveliev DV, Belyaeva IA, Chashin DV, Fetisov LY, Romeis D, Kettl W, Kramarenko EY, Saphiannikova M, Stepanov GV, Shamonin M. Giant Extensional Strain of Magnetoactive Elastomeric Cylinders in Uniform Magnetic Fields. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E3297. [PMID: 32722149 PMCID: PMC7435617 DOI: 10.3390/ma13153297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Elongations of magnetoactive elastomers (MAEs) under ascending-descending uniform magnetic fields were studied experimentally using a laboratory apparatus specifically designed to measure large extensional strains (up to 20%) in compliant MAEs. In the literature, such a phenomenon is usually denoted as giant magnetostriction. The synthesized cylindrical MAE samples were based on polydimethylsiloxane matrices filled with micrometer-sized particles of carbonyl iron. The impact of both the macroscopic shape factor of the samples and their magneto-mechanical characteristics were evaluated. For this purpose, the aspect ratio of the MAE cylindrical samples, the concentration of magnetic particles in MAEs and the effective shear modulus were systematically varied. It was shown that the magnetically induced elongation of MAE cylinders in the maximum magnetic field of about 400 kA/m, applied along the cylinder axis, grew with the increasing aspect ratio. The effect of the sample composition is discussed in terms of magnetic filler rearrangements in magnetic fields and the observed experimental tendencies are rationalized by simple theoretical estimates. The obtained results can be used for the design of new smart materials with magnetic-field-controlled deformation properties, e.g., for soft robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry V. Saveliev
- Research and Education Center “Magnetoelectric Materials and Devices”, MIREA - Russian Technological University, 119454 Moscow, Russia; (D.V.S.); (D.V.C.); (L.Y.F.)
| | - Inna A. Belyaeva
- East Bavarian Centre for Intelligent Materials (EBACIM), Ostbayerische Technische Hochschule (OTH) Regensburg, Seybothstr. 2, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (I.A.B.); (W.K.)
| | - Dmitry V. Chashin
- Research and Education Center “Magnetoelectric Materials and Devices”, MIREA - Russian Technological University, 119454 Moscow, Russia; (D.V.S.); (D.V.C.); (L.Y.F.)
| | - Leonid Y. Fetisov
- Research and Education Center “Magnetoelectric Materials and Devices”, MIREA - Russian Technological University, 119454 Moscow, Russia; (D.V.S.); (D.V.C.); (L.Y.F.)
| | - Dirk Romeis
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschnung Dresden e.V., 01069 Dresden, Germany; (D.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Wolfgang Kettl
- East Bavarian Centre for Intelligent Materials (EBACIM), Ostbayerische Technische Hochschule (OTH) Regensburg, Seybothstr. 2, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (I.A.B.); (W.K.)
| | - Elena Yu. Kramarenko
- Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.Y.K.); (G.V.S.)
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina Saphiannikova
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschnung Dresden e.V., 01069 Dresden, Germany; (D.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Gennady V. Stepanov
- Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.Y.K.); (G.V.S.)
- State Scientific Center of the Russian Federation, Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Organoelement Compounds, 111123 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail Shamonin
- East Bavarian Centre for Intelligent Materials (EBACIM), Ostbayerische Technische Hochschule (OTH) Regensburg, Seybothstr. 2, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (I.A.B.); (W.K.)
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Daffé N, Zečević J, Trohidou KN, Sikora M, Rovezzi M, Carvallo C, Vasilakaki M, Neveu S, Meeldijk JD, Bouldi N, Gavrilov V, Guyodo Y, Choueikani F, Dupuis V, Taverna D, Sainctavit P, Juhin A. Bad neighbour, good neighbour: how magnetic dipole interactions between soft and hard ferrimagnetic nanoparticles affect macroscopic magnetic properties in ferrofluids. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:11222-11231. [PMID: 32412032 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr02023k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fluids responding to magnetic fields (ferrofluids) offer a scene with no equivalent in nature to explore long-range magnetic dipole interactions. Here, we studied the very original class of binary ferrofluids, embedding soft and hard ferrimagnetic nanoparticles. We used a combination of X-ray magnetic spectroscopy measurements supported by multi-scale experimental techniques and Monte-Carlo simulations to unveil the origin of the emergent macroscopic magnetic properties of the binary mixture. We found that the association of soft and hard magnetic nanoparticles in the fluid has a considerable influence on their inherent magnetic properties. While the ferrofluid remains in a single phase, magnetic interactions at the nanoscale between both types of particles induce a modification of their respective coercive fields. By connecting the microscopic properties of binary ferrofluids containing small particles, our findings lay the groundwork for the manipulation of magnetic interactions between particles at the nanometer scale in magnetic liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niéli Daffé
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, MNHN, UMR7590, 4 place Jussieu, 75052 Paris Cedex 05, France. and Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin - BP48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France and Laboratoire de Physicochimie des Electrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux (PHENIX), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Jovana Zečević
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kalliopi N Trohidou
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, NCSR "Demokritos", 153 10 Aghia Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece
| | - Marcin Sikora
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Mauro Rovezzi
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Irstea, Météo France, OSUG, FAME, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Claire Carvallo
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, MNHN, UMR7590, 4 place Jussieu, 75052 Paris Cedex 05, France.
| | - Marianna Vasilakaki
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, NCSR "Demokritos", 153 10 Aghia Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece
| | - Sophie Neveu
- Laboratoire de Physicochimie des Electrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux (PHENIX), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Johannes D Meeldijk
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nadejda Bouldi
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, MNHN, UMR7590, 4 place Jussieu, 75052 Paris Cedex 05, France. and Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin - BP48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Véronica Gavrilov
- Laboratoire de Physicochimie des Electrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux (PHENIX), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Yohan Guyodo
- Université de Paris, Institut de physique du globe de Paris (IPGP), CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Fadi Choueikani
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin - BP48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Vincent Dupuis
- Laboratoire de Physicochimie des Electrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux (PHENIX), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Dario Taverna
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, MNHN, UMR7590, 4 place Jussieu, 75052 Paris Cedex 05, France.
| | - Philippe Sainctavit
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, MNHN, UMR7590, 4 place Jussieu, 75052 Paris Cedex 05, France. and Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin - BP48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Amélie Juhin
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, MNHN, UMR7590, 4 place Jussieu, 75052 Paris Cedex 05, France.
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