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Liu S, Ding R, Yuan J, Zhang X, Deng X, Xie Y, Wang Z. Melanin-Inspired Composite Materials: From Nanoarchitectonics to Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:3001-3018. [PMID: 38195388 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c14604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Synthetic melanin is a mimic of natural melanin analogue with intriguing properties such as metal-ion chelation, redox activity, adhesion, and broadband absorption. Melanin-inspired composite materials are formulated by assembly of melanin with other types of inorganic and organic components to target, combine, and build up the functionality, far beyond their natural capabilities. Developing efficient and universal methodologies to prepare melanin-based composite materials with unique functionality is vital for their further applications. In this review, we summarize three types of synthetic approaches, predoping, surface engineering, and physical blending, to access various melanin-inspired composite materials with distinctive structure and properties. The applications of melanin-inspired composite materials in free radical scavenging, bioimaging, antifouling, and catalytic applications are also reviewed. This review also concludes current challenges that must be addressed and research opportunities in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang Liu
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Ran Ding
- Key Laboratory of Polymeric Material Design and Synthesis for Biomedical Function, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jiaxin Yuan
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Xicheng Zhang
- The Department of Vascular Surgery, Dushu Lake Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Xiaoyong Deng
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yijun Xie
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
- Key Laboratory of Polymeric Material Design and Synthesis for Biomedical Function, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zhao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymeric Material Design and Synthesis for Biomedical Function, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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Menichetti A, Mavridi-Printezi A, Mordini D, Montalti M. Polydopamine-Based Nanoprobes Application in Optical Biosensing. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:956. [PMID: 37998131 PMCID: PMC10669744 DOI: 10.3390/bios13110956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Polydopamine (PDA), the synthetic counterpart of melanin, is a widely investigated bio-inspired material for its chemical and photophysical properties, and in the last few years, bio-application of PDA and PDA-based materials have had a dramatic increase. In this review, we described PDA application in optical biosensing, exploring its multiple roles as a nanomaterial. In optical sensing, PDA can not only be used for its intrinsic fluorescent and photoacoustic properties as a probe: in some cases, a sample optical signal can be derived by melanin generation in situ or it can be enhanced in another material thanks to PDA modification. The various possibilities of PDA use coupled with its biocompatibility will indeed widen even more its application in optical bioimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marco Montalti
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (A.M.); (A.M.-P.); (D.M.)
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Lawanprasert A, Sloand JN, Vargas MG, Singh H, Eldor T, Miller MA, Pimcharoen S, Wang J, Leighow SM, Pritchard JR, Dokholyan NV, Medina SH. Deciphering the Mechanistic Basis for Perfluoroalkyl-Protein Interactions. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300159. [PMID: 36943393 PMCID: PMC10364144 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Although rarely used in nature, fluorine has emerged as an important elemental ingredient in the design of proteins with altered folding, stability, oligomerization propensities, and bioactivity. Adding to the molecular modification toolbox, here we report the ability of privileged perfluorinated amphiphiles to noncovalently decorate proteins to alter their conformational plasticity and potentiate their dispersion into fluorous phases. Employing a complementary suite of biophysical, in-silico and in-vitro approaches, we establish structure-activity relationships defining these phenomena and investigate their impact on protein structural dynamics and intracellular trafficking. Notably, we show that the lead compound, perfluorononanoic acid, is 106 times more potent in inducing non-native protein secondary structure in select proteins than is the well-known helix inducer trifluoroethanol, and also significantly enhances the cellular uptake of complexed proteins. These findings could advance the rational design of fluorinated proteins, inform on potential modes of toxicity for perfluoroalkyl substances, and guide the development of fluorine-modified biologics with desirable functional properties for drug discovery and delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atip Lawanprasert
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA, 16802
| | - Janna N. Sloand
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA, 16802
| | - Mariangely González Vargas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA, 16802
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 00682
| | - Harminder Singh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA, 16802
| | - Tomer Eldor
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA, 16802
| | - Michael A. Miller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA, 16802
| | - Sopida Pimcharoen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA, 16802
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA, 17033
| | - Scott M. Leighow
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA, 16802
| | - Justin R. Pritchard
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA, 16802
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA, 16802
| | - Nikolay V. Dokholyan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA, 16802
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA, 17033
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA, 17033
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA, 16802
| | - Scott H. Medina
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA, 16802
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA, 16802
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Vidallon MLP, Salimova E, Crawford SA, Teo BM, Tabor RF, Bishop AI. Enhanced photoacoustic imaging in tissue-mimicking phantoms using polydopamine-shelled perfluorocarbon emulsion droplets. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2022; 86:106041. [PMID: 35617883 PMCID: PMC9136156 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.106041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The current work features process parameters for the ultrasound (25 kHz)-assisted fabrication of polydopamine-shelled perfluorocarbon (PDA/PFC) emulsion droplets with bimodal (modes at 100-600 nm and 1-6 µm) and unimodal (200-600 nm) size distributions. Initial screening of these materials revealed that only PDA/PFC emulsion droplets with bimodal distributions showed photoacoustic signal enhancement due to large size of their optically absorbing PDA shells. Performance of this particular type of emulsion droplets as photoacoustic agents were evaluated in Intralipid®-India ink media, mimicking the optical scattering and absorbanceof various tissuetypes. From these measurements, it was observed that PDA/PFC droplets with bimodal size distributions can enhance the photoacoustic signal of blood-mimicking phantom by up to five folds in various tissue-mimicking phantoms with absorption coefficients from 0.1 to 1.0 cm-1. Furthermore, using the information from enhanced photoacoustic images at 750 nm, the ultimate imaging depth was explored for polydopamine-shelled, perfluorohexane (PDA/PFH) emulsion droplets by photon trajectory simulations in 3D using a Monte Carlo approach. Based on these simulations, maximal tissue imaging depths for PDA/PFH emulsion droplets range from 10 to 40 mm, depending on the tissue type. These results demonstrate for the first time that ultrasonically fabricated PDA/PFC emulsion droplets have great potential as photoacoustic imaging agents that can be complemented with other reported characteristics of PDA/PFC emulsion droplets for extended applications in theranostics and other imaging modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ekaterina Salimova
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Simon A Crawford
- Ramaciotti Centre for Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Boon Mian Teo
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Rico F Tabor
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Alexis I Bishop
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
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Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound in the Bladder: Critical Features to Differentiate Occupied Lesions. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2021; 2021:1047948. [PMID: 34675991 PMCID: PMC8526254 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1047948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective To study the clinical diagnostic value of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in bladder occupied lesions. Methods 38 cases of conventional-ultrasound-found bladder occupied lesions did color Doppler flow imaging (CDFI) and CEUS checks. By comparing the difference between two types of blood flow imaging technologies in displaying the flow of bladder occupied lesions and observing the perfusion modes of contrast agents to enter lesions, the perfusion characteristics of CEUS were analyzed. Finally, they were contrasted with the surgical pathology results. Results Of all the 38 cases, there were 51 bladder occupied lesions, including 43 bladder malignant tumors, 2 bladder inverted papillomas, and 6 glandular cystitis lesions. The blood flow display rate of bladder occupied lesions was 100% using CEUS. Apparently, it was higher than that of CDFI (62.7%), and the result of these showed a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05). Using CEUS, 46 malignant lesions and 5 glandular cystitis lesions were indicated, and the diagnostic accuracy rate was 86.3%. Conclusion CEUS can improve the blood flow display rate of bladder occupied lesions, and it can also observe the real-time blood flow of these lesions. It can help judge their nature and has a higher clinical value in differentiating the benign from the malignant.
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Vidallon MLP, Giles LW, Pottage MJ, Butler CSG, Crawford SA, Bishop AI, Tabor RF, de Campo L, Teo BM. Tracking the heat-triggered phase change of polydopamine-shelled, perfluorocarbon emulsion droplets into microbubbles using neutron scattering. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 607:836-847. [PMID: 34536938 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.08.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorocarbon emulsion droplets are hybrid colloidal materials with vast applications, ranging from imaging to drug delivery, due to their controllable phase transition into microbubbles via heat application or acoustic droplet vapourisation. The current work highlights the application of small- and ultra-small-angle neutron scattering (SANS and USANS), in combination with contrast variation techniques, in observing the in situ phase transition of polydopamine-shelled, perfluorocarbon (PDA/PFC) emulsion droplets with controlled polydispersity into microbubbles upon heating. We correlate these measurements with optical and transmission electron microscopy imaging, dynamic light scattering, and thermogravimetric analysis to characterise these emulsions, and observe their phase transition into microbubbles. Results show that the phase transition of PDA/PFC droplets with perfluorohexane (PFH), perfluoropentane (PFP), and PFH-PFP mixtures occur at temperatures that are around 30-40 °C higher than the boiling points of pure liquid PFCs, and this is influenced by the specific PFC compositions (perfluorohexane, perfluoropentane, and mixtures of these PFCs). Analysis and model fitting of neutron scattering data allowed us to monitor droplet size distributions at different temperatures, giving valuable insights into the transformation of these polydisperse, emulsion droplet systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luke W Giles
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Matthew J Pottage
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Calum S G Butler
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Simon A Crawford
- Ramaciotti Centre for Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Alexis I Bishop
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Rico F Tabor
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Liliana de Campo
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), New Illawarra Rd, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia.
| | - Boon Mian Teo
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
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Xu M, Yim W, Zhou J, Zhou J, Jin Z, Moore C, Borum R, Jorns A, Jokerst JV. The Application of Organic Nanomaterials for Bioimaging, Drug Delivery, and Therapy: Spanning Various Domains. IEEE NANOTECHNOLOGY MAGAZINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1109/mnano.2021.3081758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Tan Y, Chen M, Chen H, Wu J, Liu J. Enhanced Ultrasound Contrast of Renal-Clearable Luminescent Gold Nanoparticles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:11713-11717. [PMID: 33665956 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202017273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Renal-clearable nanoparticles are typically fast eliminated through the free glomerular filtration, which show weak interaction with the renal compartments and negligible ultrasound signals, raising challenges in direct imaging of kidney diseases. Here, we report the ultrasmall renal-clearable luminescent gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with both pH-induced charge reversal and aggregation properties, and discover that enhanced ultrasound contrast could be facilely acquired through the increased tubular reabsorption and in situ aggregation of AuNPs in renal tubule cells in injured kidneys. The tuning elimination pathway of the renal-clearable luminescent AuNPs is further demonstrated to provide a synergistical fluorescence and ultrasound imaging strategy for diagnosing early kidney injury with precise anatomical information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Tan
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Miaona Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Huarui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Juefei Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jinbin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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Tan Y, Chen M, Chen H, Wu J, Liu J. Enhanced Ultrasound Contrast of Renal‐Clearable Luminescent Gold Nanoparticles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202017273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Tan
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Miaona Chen
- Department of Cardiology Nanfang Hospital Southern Medical University Guangzhou 510515 China
| | - Huarui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Juefei Wu
- Department of Cardiology Nanfang Hospital Southern Medical University Guangzhou 510515 China
| | - Jinbin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
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Wu D, Zhou J, Creyer MN, Yim W, Chen Z, Messersmith PB, Jokerst JV. Phenolic-enabled nanotechnology: versatile particle engineering for biomedicine. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:4432-4483. [PMID: 33595004 PMCID: PMC8106539 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00908c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Phenolics are ubiquitous in nature and have gained immense research attention because of their unique physiochemical properties and widespread industrial use. In recent decades, their accessibility, versatile reactivity, and relative biocompatibility have catalysed research in phenolic-enabled nanotechnology (PEN) particularly for biomedical applications which have been a major benefactor of this emergence, as largely demonstrated by polydopamine and polyphenols. Therefore, it is imperative to overveiw the fundamental mechanisms and synthetic strategies of PEN for state-of-the-art biomedical applications and provide a timely and comprehensive summary. In this review, we will focus on the principles and strategies involved in PEN and summarize the use of the PEN synthetic toolkit for particle engineering and the bottom-up synthesis of nanohybrid materials. Specifically, we will discuss the attractive forces between phenolics and complementary structural motifs in confined particle systems to synthesize high-quality products with controllable size, shape, composition, as well as surface chemistry and function. Additionally, phenolic's numerous applications in biosensing, bioimaging, and disease treatment will be highlighted. This review aims to provide guidelines for new scientists in the field and serve as an up-to-date compilation of what has been achieved in this area, while offering expert perspectives on PEN's use in translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Dai L, Shen G, Wang Y, Yang P, Wang H, Liu Z. PSMA-targeted melanin-like nanoparticles as a multifunctional nanoplatform for prostate cancer theranostics. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:1151-1161. [PMID: 33434248 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb02576c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is highly expressed on the surface of most prostate tumor cells and is considered a promising target for prostate cancer imaging and treatment. It is possible to establish a PSMA-targeted theranostic probe to achieve early diagnosis and treatment of this cancer type. In this contribution, we prepared a multifunctional melanin-like polydopamine (PDA) nanocarrier decorated with a small-molecule PSMA inhibitor, N-[N-[(S)-1,3-dicarboxypropyl]carbamoyl]-(S)-l-lysine (DCL). PDA-DCL was then functionalized with perfluoropentane (PFP) and loaded with the photosensitizer chlorin e6 (Ce6) to give Ce6@PDA-DCL-PFP, which was successfully used for ultrasound-guided combined photodynamic/photothermal therapy (PDT/PTT) of prostate cancer. Compared with the corresponding non-targeted probe (Ce6@PDA-PEG-PFP), our targeted probe induced higher cellular uptake in vitro (6.5-fold) and more tumor accumulation in vivo (4.6-fold), suggesting strong active targeting capacity. Meanwhile, this new nanoplatform significantly enhanced the ultrasound contrast signal at the tumor site in vivo, thus facilitating precise and real-time detection of the tumor. In addition, this Ce6-loaded PDA nanoplatform produced a synergistic effect of PDT and PTT under 660 nm and 808 nm irradiation, inducing a more efficient killing effect compared with the individual therapy in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the tumor in the targeted group was more effectively suppressed than that in the non-targeted group under the same irradiation condition. This multifunctional probe may hold great potential for precise and early theranostics of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Dai
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Laboratory of Clinical Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
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Yang P, Zhu F, Zhang Z, Cheng Y, Wang Z, Li Y. Stimuli-responsive polydopamine-based smart materials. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:8319-8343. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00374g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review provides in-depth insight into the structural engineering of PDA-based materials to enhance their responsive feature and the use of them in construction of PDA-based stimuli-responsive smart materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
| | - Fang Zhu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
| | - Zhengbiao Zhang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology
- Soochow University
| | - Yiyun Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology
- School of Life Sciences
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200241
- P. R. China
| | - Zhao Wang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology
- Soochow University
| | - Yiwen Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
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