Recent advances in biosensors based on metal-oxide semiconductors system-integrated into bioelectronics

Metal-oxide semiconductors (MOSs) have emerged as pivotal components in technology related to biosensors and bioelectronics. Detecting biomarkers in sweat provides a glimpse into an individual's metabolism without the need for sample preparation or collection steps. The distinctive attributes of this biosensing technology position it as an appealing option for biomedical applications beyond the scope of diagnosis and healthcare monitoring. This review encapsulates ongoing developments of cutting-edge biosensors based on MOSs. Recent advances in MOS-based biosensors for human sweat analyses are reviewed. Also discussed is the progress in sweat-based biosensing technologies to detect and monitor diseases. Next, system integration of biosensors is demonstrated ultimately to ensure the accurate and reliable detection and analysis of target biomarkers beyond individual devices. Finally, the challenges and opportunities related to advanced biosensors and bioelectronics for biomedical applications are discussed.

Recent advances in metal-organic framework/carbon nanotube nanocomposites for developing analytical applications

Nanoscience shows promise for scientific advancement in many sectors, such as biology, energy, materials, environment, and manufacturing. Nanocomposites are mixtures of two or more materials, one of which is nanosized particles. The composites are expected to show combined features resulting in general enhancements in their physical and chemical properties. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are coordination polymers that have attracted attention from researchers in recent years due to their porosity and controllable functionality. Another example of interesting nanomaterials is carbon nanotubes (CNTs) which are also known for their mechanical and thermal properties. Incorporation of both these materials into a nanocomposite has shown an enhancement in properties and conquered challenges in the defects of construction. This mini-review sheds light on the recent synthetic approaches and characterization of MOF-CNT nanocomposites in order to access porous selective nanocomposites that can improve analyte detection in environmental matrixes and biological systems. A summary of the chemical composition of nanocomposites, analytes in the target, and analytical techniques used is provided.

Nanoparticulate pollutants in the environment: Analytical methods, formation, and transformation

The wide application of nanomaterials and plastic products generates a substantial number of nanoparticulate pollutants in the environment. Nanoparticulate pollutants are quite different from their bulk counterparts because of their unique physicochemical properties, which may pose a threat to environmental organisms and human beings. To accurately predict the environmental risks of nanoparticulate pollutants, great efforts have been devoted to developing reliable methods to define their occurrence and track their fate and transformation in the environment. Herein, we summarized representative studies on the preconcentration, separation, formation, and transformation of nanoparticulate pollutants in environmental samples. Finally, some perspectives on future research directions are proposed.