1
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Nie Q, Deng J, Xie B, Zhou T. Highly efficient and sensitive detection of tetracycline in environmental water: Insights into the synergistic mechanism of biomass-derived carbon dots and N-methyl pyrrolidone solvent. Talanta 2024; 278:126512. [PMID: 38970964 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
The tetracycline (TC) residue in water environment has caused serious public safety issue. Thus, efficient sensing of TC is highly desirable for environmental protection. Herein, biomass-derived nitrogen-doped carbon dots (N-CDs) synthesized from natural Ophiopogon japonicus f. nanus (O. japonicus) were used for TC detection. The unique solvent synergism efficiently enhanced detection sensitivity, and the detailed sensing mechanism was deeply investigated. The blue fluorescence of N-CDs was quenched by TC via static quenching and inner filter effect. Moreover, the enhancement of green fluorescence from deprotonated TC was firstly proposed and sufficiently verified. The solvent effect of N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP) and the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) with N-CDs achieved an instantaneous enhancement of the green emission by 64-fold. Accordingly, a ratiometric fluorescence method was constructed for rapid and sensitive sensing of TC with a low detection limit of 6.3 nM within 60 s. The synergistic effect of N-CDs and solvent assistance significantly improved the sensitivity by 7-fold compared to that in water. Remarkably, the biomass-derived N-CDs displayed low cost, good solubility, and desired stability. The deep insights into the synergism with solvent can provide prospects for the utilization of biomass-based materials and broaden the development of advanced sensors with promising applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Nie
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Jingjing Deng
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 20062, China
| | - Bing Xie
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Tianshu Zhou
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 20062, China.
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2
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Jiang M, Wang Y, Li J, Gao X. Review of carbon dot-hydrogel composite material as a future water-environmental regulator. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 269:131850. [PMID: 38670201 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
As water pollution and scarcity pose severe threats to the sustainable progress of human society, it is important to develop a method or materials that can accurately and efficiently detect pollutants and purify aquatic environments or exploit marine resources. The compositing of photoluminescent and hydrophilic carbon dots (CDs) with hydrogels bearing three-dimensional networks to form CD-hydrogel composites to protect aquatic environments is a "win-win" strategy. Herein, the feasibility of the aforementioned method has been demonstrated. This paper reviews the recent progress of CD-hydrogel materials used in aquatic environments. First, the synthesis methods for these composites are discussed, and then, the composites are categorized according to different methods of combining the raw materials. Thereafter, the progress in research on CD-hydrogel materials in the field of water quality detection and purification is reviewed in terms of the application of the mechanisms. Finally, the current challenges and prospects of CD-hydrogel materials are described. These results are expected to provide insights into the development of CD-hydrogel composites for researchers in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghao Jiang
- School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Yong Wang
- School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China.
| | - Jichuan Li
- School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Xing Gao
- College of Sports and Human Sciences, Post-doctoral Mobile Research Station, Graduate School, Harbin Sport University, Harbin 150008, PR China.
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3
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Dong W, Wang L, Zhang R, Wen C, Su R, Gong X, Liang W. High luminescent N,S,P co-doped carbon dots for the fluorescence sensing of extreme acidity and folic acid. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:6551-6558. [PMID: 37185994 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt00560g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots are popular luminescent materials because of their excellent fluorescence properties, but the low quantum yield limits their application. Heteroatom doping is a more convenient and popular approach to increase the quantum yield of carbon dots. Here, novel N,S,P heteroatom co-doped carbon dots (N,S,P-CDs) were synthesized by a simple one-step hydrothermal method using m-phenylenediamine, L-cysteine and phosphoric acid as raw materials. The as-prepared N,S,P-CDs showed excellent photoluminescence properties with a fluorescence quantum yield of up to 41%, which greatly encourages their application in fluorescence sensing. The N,S,P-CDs exhibited good fluorescence stability under salt solution, xenon lamp irradiation and ultraviolet lamp irradiation except for a high sensitivity to extreme acidity. The fluorescence intensity of the N,S,P-CDs can be decreased by as much as 85% when the pH of the solution changes from 2.50 to 4.75, that is, a small fluctuation in pH can cause an intense response of the fluorescence of the N,S,P-CDs. Therefore, an excellent fluorescence sensing platform for accurately monitoring the pH of extreme acidity has been constructed. In addition, the N,S,P-CDs can be applied for quantitative detection of folic acid based on the strong quenching effect of folic acid on the fluorescence of the N,S,P-CDs. Good linearity was obtained in the concentration range of 4.85-82.45 μM, with a detection limit of 0.148 μM. The constructed sensing platform was used for the determination of folic acid in actual samples of orange juice, oatmeal and tablets with satisfactory results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Dong
- Institute of Environmental Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China.
| | - Lu Wang
- Institute of Environmental Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China.
| | - Rongrong Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China.
| | - Chaochao Wen
- Institute of Environmental Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China.
| | - Ren Su
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations (SIEMIS), Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China.
| | - Xiaojuan Gong
- Institute of Environmental Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China.
| | - Wenting Liang
- Institute of Environmental Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China.
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4
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Tian J, An M, Zhao X, Wang Y, Hasan M. Advances in Fluorescent Sensing Carbon Dots: An Account of Food Analysis. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:9031-9039. [PMID: 36936334 PMCID: PMC10018703 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Illuminating the use of nanomaterials, carbon quantum dots (CQDs) have transfigured the food safety arena because of their bright luminescence, optical properties, low toxicity, and enhanced biocompatibility. Therefore, fluorescent resonance energy transfer, photoinduced electron transfer, and an internal filtering effect mechanism allow precise detection of food additives, heavy metal ions, pathogenic bacteria, veterinary drug residues, and food nutrients. In this review, we describe the primal mechanism of CQD-based fluorescence sensors for food safety inspection. This is an abridged description of the nanodesign and future perspectives of more advanced CQD-based sensors for food safety analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixiang Tian
- Institute
of Chinese Materia Medica, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Minmei An
- Taian
Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Taian 271000, China
| | - Xiaoang Zhao
- Institute
of Chinese Materia Medica, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Institute
of Chinese Materia Medica, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Murtaza Hasan
- Faculty
of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhongkai
University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
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5
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Mohandoss S, Ganesan S, Palanisamy S, You S, Velsankar K, Sudhahar S, Lo HM, Lee YR. Nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus Co-doped carbon dots-based ratiometric chemosensor for highly selective sequential detection of Al 3+ and Fe 3+ ions in logic gate, cell imaging, and real sample analysis. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 313:137444. [PMID: 36462566 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Heteroatom-doped photoluminescent (PL) carbon dots (CDs) have recently gained attention as optical sensors due to their excellent tunable properties. In this work, we propose a one-pot hydrothermal synthesis of PL nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), and phosphorus (P) co-doped carbon dots (NSP-CDs) using glutathione and phosphoric acid (H3PO4) as precursors. The synthesized NSP-CDs were characterized using different spectroscopic and microscopic techniques, including ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. The NSP-CDs exhibited excellent PL properties with green emission at 492 nm upon excitation at 417 nm, a high quantum yield of 26.7%, and dependent emission behavior. The as-prepared NSP-CDs were spherical with a well-monodispersed average particle size of 5.2 nm. Moreover, NSP-CDs demonstrate high PL stability toward a wider pH, high salt ionic strength, and various solvents. Furthermore, the NSP-CDs showed a three-state "off-on-off" PL response upon the sequential addition of Al3+ and Fe3+ ions, with a low limit of detection (LOD) of 10.8 nM for Al3+ and 50.7 nM for Fe3+. The NSP-CD sensor can construct an INHIBIT logic gate with Al3+ and Fe3+ ions as the chemical inputs and emissions as the output mode. Owing to an excellent tunable PL property and biocompatibility, the NSP-CDs were applied for sensing Al3+ and Fe3+ ions as well as live cell imaging. Furthermore, NSP-CDs were designed as PL sensors for detecting Al3+ and Fe3+ ions in real water show their potential application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonaimuthu Mohandoss
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sivarasan Ganesan
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung, 41349, Taiwan
| | - Subramanian Palanisamy
- Department of Marine Food Science and Technology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, 120 Gangneungdaehangno, Gangneung, Gangwon, 25457, Republic of Korea
| | - SangGuan You
- Department of Marine Food Science and Technology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, 120 Gangneungdaehangno, Gangneung, Gangwon, 25457, Republic of Korea
| | - K Velsankar
- Department of Physics, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630003, Tamilnadu, India
| | | | - Huang-Mu Lo
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung, 41349, Taiwan.
| | - Yong Rok Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea.
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6
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A rapid and label‐free fluorescent sensor for kojic acid based on the inner filter effect. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.202200271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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7
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Wang G, Li Y, Chen H, Tang S, Cheng Y, Yu Y, Majeedano AQ, Pu S, Wang G. A New Dual-peak Fluorescent Probe for Water Content Detection Made From Taxus. J Fluoresc 2022; 32:1931-1939. [PMID: 35771342 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-022-02983-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, the leaves of Taxus were used as the sole carbon source, and two kinds of carbon dots blue and red, with different properties, were synthesized by the hydrothermal method under different conditions. The red carbon dots were quenched in the water, and the blue carbon dots had stable fluorescence properties in water environment. The bimodal fluorescence probe formed by mixing could accurately and stably measure the water content in ethanol, which was in the range of 82.5%-100%, is highly correlated with the fluorescence intensity ratio (I481/I678) of mixed carbon dots under 390 nm excitation light, with R2 = 0.995 and the detection limit as low as 0.31%. The experimental materials are environmentally friendly, low in cost, and simple to operate, as well as the water content measured by proportional fluorescence has high accuracy, which provides a new method for measuring moisture in ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130, Chengdu, Sichuan province, China
| | - Yaping Li
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130, Chengdu, Sichuan province, China
| | - Haipeng Chen
- College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, 625014, Ya'an, Sichuan province, China
| | - Shuqin Tang
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130, Chengdu, Sichuan province, China
| | - Yiyang Cheng
- College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, 625014, Ya'an, Sichuan province, China
| | - Yuhong Yu
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130, Chengdu, Sichuan province, China
| | - Abdul Qayoom Majeedano
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130, Chengdu, Sichuan province, China
| | - Shangrao Pu
- Department of Landscape Plants, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130, Chengdu, Sichuan province, China.
| | - Gang Wang
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130, Chengdu, Sichuan province, China.
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8
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Qi H, Huang D, Jing J, Ran M, Jing T, Zhao M, Zhang C, Sun X, Sami R, Benajiba N. Transforming waste into value: pomelo-peel-based nitrogen-doped carbon dots for the highly selective detection of tetracycline. RSC Adv 2022; 12:7574-7583. [PMID: 35424683 PMCID: PMC8982453 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra00134a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetracycline (TC) is widely used as a veterinary drug, and its residue in livestock products could enter the human body and cause damage. In this study, we developed an eco-friendly approach that utilized pomelo peel as a carbon source to synthesize new water-soluble N-doped carbon dots (P-NCDs) with blue fluorescence, obtaining a high quantum yield of up to 76.47% and achieving the goal of turning waste into value. Our prepared P-NCDs can selectively recognized TC, and their fluorescence was quenched based on the IFE. P-NCDs could measure the TC concentration in the linear range of 0-100 μmol L-1 with a detection limit (LOD, S/N = 3) as low as 0.045 μmol L-1. Furthermore, we have successfully applied our P-NCDs to the detection of TC in milk samples with convincing results within 90 s. Overall, our newly synthesized fluorescent sensor, P-NCDs, demonstrated huge potential to become an alternative way to detect TC in a simple, efficient, sensitive way without using any special instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Qi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University Qiqihar Heilongjiang Province 161006 China
| | - Demin Huang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University Qiqihar Heilongjiang Province 161006 China
| | - Jing Jing
- School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology No. 92, West Dazhi Street Harbin 150000 P. R.China
| | - Maoxia Ran
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University Qiqihar Heilongjiang Province 161006 China
| | - Tao Jing
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University Qiqihar Heilongjiang Province 161006 China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Heilongjiang Industrial Hemp Processing Technology Innovation Center, Qiqihar University Qiqihar Heilongjiang Province 161006 China
| | - Chenqi Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University Qiqihar Heilongjiang Province 161006 China
| | - Xiaona Sun
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University Qiqihar Heilongjiang Province 161006 China
| | - Rokayya Sami
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Sciences, Taif University P.O. 11099 Taif-21944 Saudi Arabia
| | - Nada Benajiba
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, Deanship of Preparatory Year, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University P.O. Box 84428 Riyadh 11671 Saudi Arabia
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9
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Hashemi N, Mousazadeh MH. Green synthesis of photoluminescent carbon dots derived from red beetroot as a selective probe for Pd2+ detection. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2021.113534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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10
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Preparation of yellow-emitting carbon dots and their bifunctional detection of tetracyclines and Al 3+ in food and living cells. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:418. [PMID: 34767099 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-05078-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A novel bifunctional carbon dot (CD)-based sensing platform was constructed for detection of tetracyclines (TCs) and Al3+. The fluorescence CDs were fabricated by hydrothermal method using phenylenediamine (p-PD) and ethylenebis(oxyethylenenitrilo) tetraacetic acid (EGTA) as precursors. The obtained prepared CDs show bright yellow fluorescence (y-CDs, EX = 400 nm and Em = 556 nm), high fluorescence quantum yield (QY = 21.55 ± 0.06%), and preferable optical stability. TCs can directly quench the fluorescence of y-CDs based on static quenching characteristics and a small internal filtration effect (IEF). By adding Al3+ to the y-CDs + TCs system, the fluorescence is partly recovered because TCs escape from the surface of the y-CDs and form a more stable chelate with Al3+. The sensing platform displays good selectivity and high sensitivity to TCs and Al3+ with low detection limits of 0.057-0.23 μM and 0.091 μM, respectively. Importantly, this sensing platform has enabled the detection of TCs and Al3+ in milk samples with satisfactory recoveries and RSDs, confirming the reliability and feasibility of this method. Combining with low toxicity and preferable biocompatibility, the y-CDs are extended to cellular imaging and detection of CTC and Al3+ in A549 cells.
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11
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Ansari L, Hallaj S, Hallaj T, Amjadi M. Doped-carbon dots: Recent advances in their biosensing, bioimaging and therapy applications. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 203:111743. [PMID: 33872828 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.111743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
As a fascinating class of fluorescent carbon dots (CDs), doped-CDs are now sparked intense research interest, particularly in the diverse fields of biomedical applications due to their unique advantages, including low toxicity, physicochemical, photostability, excellent biocompatibility, and so on. In this review, we have summarized the most recent developments in the literature regarding the employment of doped-CDs for pharmaceutical and medical applications, which are published over approximately the past five years. Accordingly, we discuss the toxicity and optical properties of these nanomaterials. Beyond the presentation of successful examples of the application of these multifunctional nanoparticles in photothermal therapy, photodynamic therapy, and antibacterial activity, we further highlight their application in the cellular labeling, dual imaging, and in vitro and in vivo bioimaging by use of fluorescent-, photoacoustic-, magnetic-, and computed tomography (CT)-imaging. The potency of doped-CDs was also described in the biosensing of ions, small molecules, and drugs in biological samples or inside the cells. Finally, the advantages, disadvantages, and common limitations of doped-CD technologies are reviewed, along with the future prospects in biomedical research. Therefore, this review provides a concise insight into the current developments and challenges in the field of doped-CDs, especially for biological and biomedical researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Legha Ansari
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia 5714783734, Iran
| | - Shahin Hallaj
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia 5714783734, Iran
| | - Tooba Hallaj
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia 5714783734, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Amjadi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 5166616471, Iran
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12
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Sousa HBA, Martins CSM, Prior JAV. You Don't Learn That in School: An Updated Practical Guide to Carbon Quantum Dots. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:611. [PMID: 33804394 PMCID: PMC7998311 DOI: 10.3390/nano11030611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) have started to emerge as candidates for application in cell imaging, biosensing, and targeted drug delivery, amongst other research fields, due to their unique properties. Those applications are possible as the CQDs exhibit tunable fluorescence, biocompatibility, and a versatile surface. This review aims to summarize the recent development in the field of CQDs research, namely the latest synthesis progress concerning materials/methods, surface modifications, characterization methods, and purification techniques. Furthermore, this work will systematically explore the several applications CQDs have been subjected to, such as bioimaging, fluorescence sensing, and cancer/gene therapy. Finally, we will briefly discuss in the concluding section the present and future challenges, as well as future perspectives and views regarding the emerging paradigm that is the CQDs research field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - João A. V. Prior
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (H.B.A.S.); (C.S.M.M.)
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