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de Morais Valentim JMB, Coradi C, Viana NP, Fagundes TR, Micheletti PL, Gaboardi SC, Fadel B, Pizzatti L, Candiotto LZP, Panis C. Glyphosate as a Food Contaminant: Main Sources, Detection Levels, and Implications for Human and Public Health. Foods 2024; 13:1697. [PMID: 38890925 PMCID: PMC11171990 DOI: 10.3390/foods13111697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Glyphosate is a broad-spectrum pesticide that has become the most widely used herbicide globally. However, concerns have risen regarding its potential health impacts due to food contamination. Studies have detected glyphosate in human blood and urine samples, indicating human exposure and its persistence in the organism. A growing body of literature has reported the health risks concerning glyphosate exposure, suggesting that the daily intake of contaminated food and water poses a public health concern. Furthermore, countries with high glyphosate usage and lenient regulations regarding food and water contamination may face more severe consequences. In this context, in this review, we examined the literature regarding food contamination by glyphosate, discussed its detection methods, and highlighted its risks to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carolina Coradi
- Center of Health Sciences, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná (UNIOESTE), Francisco Beltrão 85605-010, Brazil; (C.C.); (N.P.V.); (P.L.M.); (S.C.G.); (L.Z.P.C.)
| | - Natália Prudêncio Viana
- Center of Health Sciences, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná (UNIOESTE), Francisco Beltrão 85605-010, Brazil; (C.C.); (N.P.V.); (P.L.M.); (S.C.G.); (L.Z.P.C.)
| | - Tatiane Renata Fagundes
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paraná (UENP), Bandeirantes 86360-000, Brazil;
| | - Pâmela Lonardoni Micheletti
- Center of Health Sciences, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná (UNIOESTE), Francisco Beltrão 85605-010, Brazil; (C.C.); (N.P.V.); (P.L.M.); (S.C.G.); (L.Z.P.C.)
| | - Shaiane Carla Gaboardi
- Center of Health Sciences, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná (UNIOESTE), Francisco Beltrão 85605-010, Brazil; (C.C.); (N.P.V.); (P.L.M.); (S.C.G.); (L.Z.P.C.)
- Instituto Federal Catarinense, Blumenau 89070-270, Brazil
| | - Bruna Fadel
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Proteômica do Sangue, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (IQ-UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil; (B.F.); (L.P.)
| | - Luciana Pizzatti
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Proteômica do Sangue, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (IQ-UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil; (B.F.); (L.P.)
| | - Luciano Zanetti Pessoa Candiotto
- Center of Health Sciences, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná (UNIOESTE), Francisco Beltrão 85605-010, Brazil; (C.C.); (N.P.V.); (P.L.M.); (S.C.G.); (L.Z.P.C.)
| | - Carolina Panis
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Londrina 86057-970, Brazil;
- Center of Health Sciences, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná (UNIOESTE), Francisco Beltrão 85605-010, Brazil; (C.C.); (N.P.V.); (P.L.M.); (S.C.G.); (L.Z.P.C.)
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Yar A, Ansari TM, Rehman F, Raza A, Riaz U, Iqbal R, Al-Mohaimeed AM, Al-Onazi WA, Rizwan M. Simultaneous determination of bromoxynil and MCPA in commercial samples and raw materials using reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography. BMC Chem 2024; 18:53. [PMID: 38493163 PMCID: PMC10943769 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-024-01154-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
This study encompasses a quick, efficient, repeatable and reproducible analytical method for simultaneous determination of Bromoxynil (3, 5-Dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile) and MCPA (2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid) using RP-HPLC with UV-Detector. Bromoxynil + MCPA is one of the most selective post emergent herbicide formulations for the control of important broad leaf weeds infesting small grains (wheat, barley, oats, rye), conservation reserve program areas and grass grown for seed. Optimum weed control is achieved when Bromoxynil + MCPA is applied to actively growing weed seedlings. So, a simple, repeatable, reproducible and efficient simultaneous analytical method was developed for Bromoxynil + MCPA. The developed method was applied for the detection and quantitation of these pesticides in formulations and raw materials with excellent recoveries. It was validated according to ICH Guidelines with excellent linearity R2 = 0.992 for Bromoxynil and 0.998 for MCPA. For Bromoxynil, LOD = 1.57 mg/L and LOQ = 5.22 mg/L while for MCPA the LOD = 1.08 mg/L and LOQ = 3.62 mg/L was found. The proposed method has shown high precision (RSD %) 0.06% and 0.11% for Bromoxynil and MCPA respectively while the trueness has been calculated in terms of recovery percentage obtained as "mean value of Bromoxynil 99.53% and MCPA 100.10%" which is excellent under optimized conditions. For repeatability and reproducibility, five replicate readings of standard and sample were taken and had found within acceptable limits of relative standard deviation (RSD ≤ ± 2%). Finally, the robustness of the developed method was determined by changing flow rate and mobile phase ratios that has found within the permissible limits (% RSD NMT 1.5). So, the proposed analytical method has found to be more precise, valid and accurate at commercial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Yar
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 68000, Pakistan.
| | - Tariq Mahmood Ansari
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 68000, Pakistan
| | - Faariah Rehman
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 68000, Pakistan
| | - Asad Raza
- Department of Chemistry, Govt. Post Graduate College Civil Lines, Multan, Punjab, 68000, Pakistan
| | - Umair Riaz
- Department of Soil & Environmental Sciences, MNS-University of Agriculture, Multan, 66000, Pakistan.
| | - Rashid Iqbal
- Department of Agronomy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahwalpur, 63100, Pakistan.
| | - Amal M Al-Mohaimeed
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, 11495, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wedad A Al-Onazi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, 11495, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Rizwan
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
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Choi BS, Lee DU, Kim WS, Park CW, Choe WJ, Moon MJ. Simultaneous Screening of 322 Residual Pesticides in Fruits and Vegetables Using GC-MS/MS and Deterministic Health Risk Assessments. Foods 2023; 12:3001. [PMID: 37628000 PMCID: PMC10453053 DOI: 10.3390/foods12163001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of efficient methods for evaluating pesticide residues is essential in order to ensure the safety and quality of agricultural products since the Republic of Korea implemented the Positive List System (PLS). The objective of this research was to establish a method for the simultaneous analysis of 322 pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables (such as coffee, potato, corn, and chili pepper), using the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) approach in combination with gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). This study introduces a robust, high-throughput GC-MS/MS method for screening the target pesticide residues in agricultural products, achieving the PLS criterion of 0.01 mg/kg LOQ. Despite some compounds not aligning with the CODEX recovery guideline, sufficient reproducibility was confirmed, attesting to the method's applicability in qualitative analyses. A health risk assessment conducted using estimated daily intake/acceptable daily intake ratios indicated low risks associated with product consumption (<0.035391%), thereby confirming their safety. This efficient method holds significant implications for the safe distribution of agricultural products, including during import inspections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byong-Sun Choi
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea;
| | - Dong-Uk Lee
- Biomedical Manufacturing Technology Center, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Yeongcheon 38822, Republic of Korea;
| | - Woo-Seong Kim
- Center of Food & Drug Analysis, Busan Regional Office of Food and Drug Safety, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Busan 47537, Republic of Korea; (W.-S.K.); (C.-W.P.)
| | - Chan-Woong Park
- Center of Food & Drug Analysis, Busan Regional Office of Food and Drug Safety, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Busan 47537, Republic of Korea; (W.-S.K.); (C.-W.P.)
| | - Won-Jo Choe
- Pesticides & Veterinary Drug Residues Division, National Institute of Food & Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Jun Moon
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea;
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Saito-Shida S, Saito M, Nemoto S, Tsutsumi T. GC–MS/MS method for determining quizalofop ethyl, quizalofop tefuryl, and their metabolites in foods. J Food Compost Anal 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.105011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Meseguer-Lloret S, Torres-Cartas S, Gómez-Benito C, Herrero-Martínez JM. Magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer for the simultaneous selective extraction of phenoxy acid herbicides from environmental water samples. Talanta 2021; 239:123082. [PMID: 34823860 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.123082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A selective magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer (MMIP) was synthetized with 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid as template and 4-vinylpiridine as monomer in presence of vinylized magnetite nanoparticles. Scanning electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry and vibrating sample magnetometry were applied to characterize the resulting material. The synthesized MMIP was applied as sorbent in magnetic molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction (MMISPE) for selective extraction of a mixture of the five herbicides 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA), 4-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)butyric acid (MCPB), mecoprop (MCPP), fenoxaprop (FEN) and haloxyfop (HAL). Several parameters affecting the extraction conditions were optimized to achieve the best extraction performance. The best MMISPE combined with HPLC-DAD gave detection and quantification limits between 0.33 and 0.71 μg L-1 and 1.1-2.4 μg L-1, respectively, were obtained. The precision of the whole method provided RSD values below 7.3%, and the accuracy was demonstrated by the analysis of several water samples of different origins, with recoveries ranged from 77 to 98%. Moreover, a remarkable re-usability of the MMIP sorbent, more than 65 uses without losses in extraction capacity, was obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Meseguer-Lloret
- Institut d'Investigació per a la Gestió Integrada de Zones Costaneres, Campus de Gandia, Universitat Politècnica de València, C/ Paranimf 1, 46730, Grao de Gandia, València, Spain.
| | - Sagrario Torres-Cartas
- Institut d'Investigació per a la Gestió Integrada de Zones Costaneres, Campus de Gandia, Universitat Politècnica de València, C/ Paranimf 1, 46730, Grao de Gandia, València, Spain
| | - Carmen Gómez-Benito
- Institut d'Investigació per a la Gestió Integrada de Zones Costaneres, Campus de Gandia, Universitat Politècnica de València, C/ Paranimf 1, 46730, Grao de Gandia, València, Spain
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