Employing CuInS2 quantum dots modified with vancomycin for detecting Staphylococcus aureus and iron(iii)

Multi-functional electrochemiluminescence biosensor for efficient capture, elimination, and sensitive monitoring of Staphylococcus aureus

In this study, we developed a novel strategy for effective bacteria capture, elimination, and detection. The aptamer of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) was immobilized on Fe3O4 NPs and partly hybridized with the T strand, which exhibited good bacterial capture efficiency. Even though high concentration of S. aureus (7.7 × 106 CFU/mL) was introduced, almost all the bacteria were combined on Fe3O4 in 60 min. Meanwhile, efficient amplification strategies include strand-displacement reaction, DNA walker, and essential oil-synthesized Au:Ag NPs were developed for the sensitive measurement of the released T strand during the capture of S. aureus. The green-synthesized Au:Ag NPs can effectively kill S. aureus while also significantly improving the ECL signal (16.7-fold). Owing to the outstanding features of Au:Ag NPs, this novel biosensor displayed a wide linear range and a low detection limit for S. aureus measurement. As a result, this multifunctional technique shows great potential for practical applications in the fields of food safety and the environment.

Utilizing nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and chlorine co-doped carbon dots as a fluorescent probe for determination of vancomycin in exhaled breath condensate

Vancomycin is employed to treat infections caused by gram-positive bacteria. Ensuring precise vancomycin dosages is essential to avoid the emergence of bacterial resistance. In the current study, a fluorescent nanoprobe was designed for vancomycin determination in exhaled breath condensate samples. The nanoprobe was based on carbon dots (CDs) doped with nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and chlorine (NSPCl-doped CDs). Vancomycin significantly reduced the fluorescence of NSPCl-doped CDs and presented a quenching process in the analytical response of the probe within a concentration range of 0.01-2.0 μg mL-1 due to forming a non-fluorescent complex. The nanoprobe's intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviations were 1.4 % and 3.2 %, respectively. This nanoprobe was successfully used to determine vancomycin in the patients receiving this drug collected from the expiratory circuit of the mechanical ventilator.

Modularization of dual recognized CRISPR/Cas12a system for the detection of Staphylococcus aureus assisted by hydrazone chemistry

In this work, a dual recognized CRISPR/Cas12a system has been proposed, in which the activation chain is cleverly divided into two parts that can serve for precise dual target recognition, and hydrazone chemistry is introduced for the formation of a whole activation chain. It has been further explored to construct a new method for the specific and sensitive detection of Staphylococcus aureus (SA) as one of the most common pathogens in infectious diseases. In virtue of proximity effect contributed by complementary base pairing, hydrazone chemistry accelerates the formation of the whole activation strand and improves the specificity of the CRISPR/Cas12a system, serving for the accurate analysis of SA. Moreover, the temporary aggregation of CRISPR/Cas12a around SA enhances its catalytical efficiency so as to further amplify signal. With high sensitivity, stability, reproducibility and specificity, the established method has been successfully applied to detect SA in complex substrates. Meanwhile, our established method can well evaluate the inhibition effect of chlorogenic acid and congo red in comparison with flow cytometry. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATION: Bacterial pathogens exist widely in the environment and seriously threaten the safety of human health. Staphylococcus aureus (SA) is the most common pathogen of human suppurative infection, which can cause local suppurative infection, pneumonia, and even systemic infections such as sepsis. In this work, a dual recognized CRISPR/Cas12a system mediated by hydrazone chemistry has been proposed. With high sensitivity and low detection limit, the established method can specifically detect SA and effectively evaluate the antibacterial effect of inhibitors. This method is expected to be further developed into a detection method in different scenarios such as environmental monitoring and clinical diagnosis.

A novel hybrid lanthanide metal-organic frameworks based on porphyrin for rapid detection of iron ions

BACKGROUND

Iron ion (Fe3+) is essential for the environment and human health. Detecting Fe3+ in water is crucial, making high-performance detection a key objective. Lanthanide metal-organic frameworks with abundant functional sites have been deemed a promising fluorescence sensor for Fe3+ detection. Currently, most metal-organic framework-based sensors for Fe3+ detection have cumbersome and time-consuming synthesis procedures and long detection times, which greatly limits their practical application. This study aims to construct a hybrid lanthanide metal-organic frameworks-based fluorescence sensor for Fe3+ detection that promises simple and rapid iron ion quantification in water.

RESULTS

A novel hybrid lanthanide metal-organic frameworks (ECTMNs) was synthesized in one step using a solvothermal method with only 4 h. The frameworks comprise two metal ions, cerium and europium, serving as metal centers, and 4,4,4,4-(Porphine-5,10,15,20-tetrayl) tetrakis (TCPP) as an organic ligand. With the addition of Fe3+, the host-guest reaction occurred between Fe3+ and ECTMNs probe, leading to the gradual fluorescence burst of ECTMNs probe. A strong linear correlation between ECTMNs fluorescence intensity and Fe3+ concentration (1-90 μM) makes it a reliable sensor for Fe3+ monitoring with a detection limit of 0.3 μM. Moreover, the method was used to analyze real samples (tap water and river water), showing good recoveries (92-98 %) and low relative standard deviations (3.96-6.11 %), making it a promising option for rapidly detecting Fe3+.

SIGNIFICANCE AND NOVELTY

A rapid synthesis protocol for hybrid lanthanide metal-organic frameworks is proposed in this study. The obtained ECTMNs exhibits good water solubility, high stability, and specificity for Fe3+. Based on ECTMNs, an innovative fluorescence sensor is established for selectively detecting Fe3+ in water, which is a simple operation method with a low detection limit and short sensing time. It provides a novel method for accurately and rapidly detecting Fe3+ in environmental pollution and water safety monitoring.

Toxicity Mechanisms of Copper Nanoparticles and Copper Surfaces on Bacterial Cells and Viruses

Copper is a metal historically used to prevent infections. One of the most relevant challenges in modern society are infectious disease outbreaks, where copper-based technologies can play a significant role. Currently, copper nanoparticles and surfaces are the most common antimicrobial copper-based technologies. Despite the widespread use of copper on nanoparticles and surfaces, the toxicity mechanism(s) explaining their unique antimicrobial properties are not entirely known. In general, toxicity effects described in bacteria and fungi involve the rupture of membranes, accumulation of ions inside the cell, protein inactivation, and DNA damage. A few studies have associated Cu-toxicity with ROS production and genetic material degradation in viruses. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms of the toxicity of copper nanoparticles and surfaces will contribute to developing and implementing efficient antimicrobial technologies to combat old and new infectious agents that can lead to disease outbreaks such as COVID-19. This review summarizes the current knowledge regarding the microbial toxicity of copper nanoparticles and surfaces and the gaps in this knowledge. In addition, we discuss potential applications derived from discovering new elements of copper toxicity, such as using different molecules or modifications to potentiate toxicity or antimicrobial specificity.

Optimization of PEC and photocathodic protection performance of TiO2/CuInS2heterojunction photoanodes

The establishment of heterojunction is a powerful strategy to enhance the photoresponse performance of photoanode. Here, TiO₂/CuInS₂(T/CIS) composites were prepared via a two-step hydrothermal method, and their morphologies were controlled by adjusting the reaction time. The absorption spectra show that CuInS₂can significantly improve the absorption of visible light. The T/CIS2 (2 h reaction time) photoanode exhibited the most outstanding photoelectrochemical (PEC) performance, with a photocurrent density of 168% that of the pure TiO₂photoanode. Under simulated sunlight, this photoanode can supply a protective photocurrent of 0.49 mA cm^-2and a protective voltage of 0.36 V to stainless steel (304ss), which are about 4 and 2 times those of the TiO₂sample. The enhancement in the photocathodic protection performance is attributed to enlarged visible light absorbance and higher charge separation rate. This study demonstrates that the TiO₂/CuInS₂photoanode is a promising candidate for application in photoinduced cathodic protection of metallic materials.

Application of Protein in Extrusion-Based 3D Food Printing: Current Status and Prospectus

Extrusion-based 3D food printing is one of the most common ways to manufacture complex shapes and personalized food. A wide variety of food raw materials have been documented in the last two decades for the fabrication of personalized food for various groups of people. This review aims to highlight the most relevant and current information on the use of protein raw materials as functional 3D food printing ink. The functional properties of protein raw materials, influencing factors, and application of different types of protein in 3D food printing were also discussed. This article also clarified that the effective and reasonable utilization of protein is a vital part of the future 3D food printing ink development process. The challenges of achieving comprehensive nutrition and customization, enhancing printing precision and accuracy, and paying attention to product appearance, texture, and shelf life remain significant.

Vancomycin recognition and induced-aggregation of the Au nanoparticles through freeze-thaw for foodborne pathogen Staphylococcus aureus detection

Infectious diseases caused by foodborne pathogens have become a serious public health problem. It is urgent to develop simple, rapid, and visual methods for pathogen detection. Herein, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), aptamer and vancomycin (Van) based dual-recognition molecules and magnetic enrichment were combined to realize visual detection of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Initially, S. aureus was bounded to aptamer coupled Fe₃O₄ with high affinity and selectivity, which can achieve the separation and enrichment of S. aureus in complex sample matrix. Subsequently, the second recognition molecule, Van, was conjugated to S. aureus -Apt - Fe₃O₄. Finally, the unbound Van supernatant was dropped in AuNPs solution that induced the aggregation of the AuNPs through freeze-thaw. Firstly, it was found that AuNPs were stable in the presence of Van after a freeze-thaw cycle. A facile visual colorimetric detection of S. aureus was constructed with the linear range from 10¹ to 10⁴ CFU/mL and the limit of detection (LOD) of 0.2 CFU/mL. By altering the aptamer, this method can be extended to the other Gram-positive bacteria. The proposed method has great potential applications in monitoring food contamination and infectious diseases.

Iodide-enhanced Cu-MOF nanomaterials for the amplified colorimetric detection of Fe3

In this paper, a novel colorimetric strategy based on iodide ion (I^-) and Cu-MOF catalysis was developed for simple, low-cost, and naked-eye detection of Fe³⁺. Both I^- and MOFs display catalytic activity toward peroxidase substrate 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB). Adsorption and embedding of I^- in Cu-MOF generates Cu-MOF/I with a three-dimensional porous structure that exhibits higher specific surface area, providing more active sites to facilitate interaction with TMB, resulting in enhanced catalytic efficiency. Reports have shown that Fe³⁺ can oxidize TMB in the absence of H₂O₂. We found that as Fe³⁺ concentration increases, the color of the system gradually deepens and the UV absorption peak gradually increases, thus providing a colorimetric sensor for quantitative Fe³⁺ detection. The detection limit (LOD) obtained in the presence of I^- is 200 nM; however, in the absence of I^-, the LOD is approx. 10 μM. Thus, the sensing system is ideal for signal amplified analysis of Fe³⁺. In the presence of various interfering metal ions, the developed sensing system displays excellent selectivity. Additionally, the practical application to Fe³⁺ detection in real samples is explored.

Encapsulation of Photothermal Nanoparticles in Stealth and pH-Responsive Micelles for Eradication of Infectious Biofilms In Vitro and In Vivo

Photothermal nanoparticles can be used for non-antibiotic-based eradication of infectious biofilms, but this may cause collateral damage to tissue surrounding an infection site. In order to prevent collateral tissue damage, we encapsulated photothermal polydopamine-nanoparticles (PDA-NPs) in mixed shell polymeric micelles, composed of stealth polyethylene glycol (PEG) and pH-sensitive poly(β-amino ester) (PAE). To achieve encapsulation, PDA-NPs were made hydrophobic by electrostatic binding of indocyanine green (ICG). Coupling of ICG enhanced the photothermal conversion efficacy of PDA-NPs from 33% to 47%. Photothermal conversion was not affected by micellar encapsulation. No cytotoxicity or hemolytic effects of PEG-PAE encapsulated PDA-ICG-NPs were observed. PEG-PAE encapsulated PDA-ICG-NPs showed good penetration and accumulation in a Staphylococcus aureus biofilm. Penetration and accumulation were absent when nanoparticles were encapsulated in PEG-micelles without a pH-responsive moiety. PDA-ICG-NPs encapsulated in PEG-PAE-micelles found their way through the blood circulation to a sub-cutaneous infection site after tail-vein injection in mice, yielding faster eradication of infections upon near-infrared (NIR) irradiation than could be achieved after encapsulation in PEG-micelles. Moreover, staphylococcal counts in surrounding tissue were reduced facilitating faster wound healing. Thus, the combined effect of targeting and localized NIR irradiation prevented collateral tissue damage while eradicating an infectious biofilm.