Calixarene Modification Strategy for Efficient Intracellular Protein Delivery

Efficient intracellular protein delivery is of great importance for the development of protein-based therapy and modern biotechnologies. However, the hydrophilic and macromolecular nature of proteins greatly hinders their ability to cross cell membranes. Herein, a calixarene modification strategy for the intracellular delivery of protein drugs is developed. The decoration of sulfonate azocalix[4]arene (SAC4A) on proteins results in a nano-multivalent effect between Protein-S and amino acids on the cell surface, leading to efficient intracellular delivery of the protein via the clathrin-mediated endocytic pathway. By using SAC4A as a novel ligand, this calixarene modification strategy efficiently delivers 7 proteins, bovine serum albumin (BSA), trypsin (TRY), horseradish peroxidase (HRP), α-chymotrypsin (α-Chyt), lysozyme (LYZ), cytochrome C (Cyt C) and ribonuclease A (RNase A), into cells and significantly enhances the cytotoxicity of Cyt C and RNase A. Moreover, SAC4A-modified Cyt C demonstrates markedly enhanced antitumor efficacy in 4T1-bearing mice without notable side effects. Considering that these proteins are varied in molecular weight and isoelectric point, this calixarene modification strategy provides a platform technology for intracellular protein delivery and the development of protein drugs targeting intracellular pathways.

Gold Nanoparticles in Nanomedicine: Unique Properties and Therapeutic Potential

Gold nanoparticles (NPs) have demonstrated significance in several important fields, including drug delivery and anticancer research, due to their unique properties. Gold NPs possess significant optical characteristics that enhance their application in biosensor development for diagnosis, in photothermal and photodynamic therapies for anticancer treatment, and in targeted drug delivery and bioimaging. The broad surface modification possibilities of gold NPs have been utilized in the delivery of various molecules, including nucleic acids, drugs, and proteins. Moreover, gold NPs possess strong localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) properties, facilitating their use in surface-enhanced Raman scattering for precise and efficient biomolecule detection. These optical properties are extensively utilized in anticancer research. Both photothermal and photodynamic therapies show significant results in anticancer treatments using gold NPs. Additionally, the properties of gold NPs demonstrate potential in other biological areas, particularly in antimicrobial activity. In addition to delivering antigens, peptides, and antibiotics to enhance antimicrobial activity, gold NPs can penetrate cell membranes and induce apoptosis through various intracellular mechanisms. Among other types of metal NPs, gold NPs show more tolerable toxicity capacity, supporting their application in wide-ranging areas. Gold NPs hold a special position in nanomaterial research, offering limited toxicity and unique properties. This review aims to address recently highlighted applications and the current status of gold NP research and to discuss their future in nanomedicine.

The Dawn of a New Era: Targeting the "Undruggables" with Antibody-Based Therapeutics

The high selectivity and affinity of antibodies toward their antigens have made them a highly valuable tool in disease therapy, diagnosis, and basic research. A plethora of chemical and genetic approaches have been devised to make antibodies accessible to more "undruggable" targets and equipped with new functions of illustrating or regulating biological processes more precisely. In this Review, in addition to introducing how naked antibodies and various antibody conjugates (such as antibody-drug conjugates, antibody-oligonucleotide conjugates, antibody-enzyme conjugates, etc.) work in therapeutic applications, special attention has been paid to how chemistry tools have helped to optimize the therapeutic outcome (i.e., with enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects) or facilitate the multifunctionalization of antibodies, with a focus on emerging fields such as targeted protein degradation, real-time live-cell imaging, catalytic labeling or decaging with spatiotemporal control as well as the engagement of antibodies inside cells. With advances in modern chemistry and biotechnology, well-designed antibodies and their derivatives via size miniaturization or multifunctionalization together with efficient delivery systems have emerged, which have gradually improved our understanding of important biological processes and paved the way to pursue novel targets for potential treatments of various diseases.

Biomimetic Mineralization of Iron-Fumarate Nanoparticles for Protective Encapsulation and Intracellular Delivery of Proteins

Biomimetic mineralization of proteins and nucleic acids into hybrid metal-organic nanoparticles allows for protection and cellular delivery of these sensitive and generally membrane-impermeable biomolecules. Although the concept is not necessarily restricted to zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs), so far reports about intracellular delivery of functional proteins have focused on ZIF structures. Here, we present a green room-temperature synthesis of amorphous iron-fumarate nanoparticles under mildly acidic conditions in water to encapsulate bovine serum albumin (BSA), horseradish peroxidase (HRP), green fluorescent protein (GFP), and Cas9/sgRNA ribonucleoproteins (RNPs). The synthesis conditions preserve the activity of enzymatic model proteins and the resulting nanoparticles deliver functional HRP and Cas9 RNPs into cells. Incorporation into the iron-fumarate nanoparticles preserves and protects the activity of RNPs composed of the acid-sensitive Cas9 protein and hydrolytically labile RNA even during exposure to pH 3.5 and storage for 2 months at 4 °C, which are conditions that strongly impair the functionality of unprotected RNPs. Thus, the biomimetic mineralization into iron-fumarate nanoparticles presents a versatile platform for the delivery of biomolecules and protects them from degradation during storage under challenging conditions.

Dynamic-Responsive Virus-Mimetic Nanocapsules Facilitate Protein Drug Penetration and Extracellular-Specific Unpacking for Antitumor Treatment

Protein-based drugs have been demonstrating great potential on the treatment of various diseases, but most of them encounter many difficulties in clinical trials or uses, such as instability, low bioavailability,...

Nucleus-selective codelivery of proteins and drugs for synergistic antitumor therapy

Subcellular organelle targeted transport is of great significance for accurately delivering drugs to active sites for better pharmacological effects, but there are still a lot of challenges due to transport problems. In addition, the killing effect of one kind of drug on cells is limited. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a multifunctional nanoplatform that can co-deliver synergistic therapeutic agents. Here, we prepare a simple amphiphilic nanocarrier (LC) with rapid endosomal escape ability for nucleus-selective delivery of hydrophilic active protein deoxyribonuclease I (DNase I) and hydrophobic anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX). LC has been applied to effectively encapsulate DNase I just by simply mixing their aqueous solutions together. In addition, DOX modified with adamantane groups via a redox-responsive linker is incorporated into the architecture of DNase I nanoformulations through host–guest interaction. This multi-component nanoplatform can quickly escape from the endolysosomes into the cytoplasm and make DNase I and DOX highly accumulate in the nucleus and consequently induce strong synergistic anticancer efficacy both in vitro and in vivo. This work illustrates a new platform for codelivery of proteins and drugs that target subcellular compartments for functions.

An efficient nucleus-targeted co-delivery nanoplatform with high endosomal escape ability to transport proteins and drugs into nucleus was prepared for synergistically enhanced cancer therapy.

Cytosolic protein delivery via metabolic glycoengineering and bioorthogonal click reactions

Cytosolic protein delivery holds great potential for the development of protein-based biotechnologies and therapeutics. Currently, cytosolic protein delivery is mainly achieved with the assistance of various carriers. Herein, we present a universal and effective strategy for carrier-free cytosolic protein delivery via metabolic glycoengineering and bioorthogonal click reactions. Ac₄ManNAz (AAM), an azido-modified N-acetylmannosamine analogue, was first employed to label tumor cell surfaces with abundant azido groups via glycometabolism. Then, proteins including RNase A, cytochrome C (Cyt C), and bovine serum albumin (BSA) were covalently modified with dibenzocyclooctyne (DBCO). Based on the highly efficient bioorthogonal click reactions between DBCO and azido, DBCO-modified proteins could be efficiently internalized by azido-labeled cancer cells. RNase A-DBCO could largely maintain its enzymatic activity and, thus, led to notable anti-tumor efficacy in HeLa and B16F10 cells in vitro and in B16F10 xenograft tumors in vivo. This study therefore provides a simple and powerful approach for carrier-free protein delivery and would have broad applicability in anti-tumor protein therapy.

Fluoropolymers in biomedical applications: state-of-the-art and future perspectives

Biomedical applications of fluoropolymers in gene delivery, protein delivery, drug delivery, ¹⁹F MRI, PDT, anti-fouling, anti-bacterial, cell culture, and tissue engineering.

Bifunctional and Bioreducible Dendrimer Bearing a Fluoroalkyl Tail for Efficient Protein Delivery Both In Vitro and In Vivo

Rational design of stimuli-responsive polymers for cytosolic protein delivery with robust efficiency is of great importance but remains a challenging task. Here, we reported a bioreducible and amphiphilic dendrimer bearing a fluoroalkyl tail for this purpose. The fluorolipid was conjugated to the focal point of a cysteamine-cored polyamidoamine dendrimer via disulfide bond, while phenylboronic acid moieties were decorated on dendrimer surface for efficient protein binding. The yielding polymer showed high protein binding capability and complex stability and could efficiently release the cargo proteins in a glutathione-responsive manner. The designed polymer was effective in the delivery of various membrane-impermeable proteins into living cells with reserved bioactivities. In addition, the polymer efficiently delivered a toxin protein saporin into 4T1 breast cancer cells and inhibited the tumor growth in vivo after intravenous injection. The developed polymer in this study is a promising vector for the delivery of membrane-impermeable proteins to treat various diseases.

Targeting nanoparticles for diagnosis and therapy of bone tumors: Opportunities and challenges

A variety of targeted nanoparticles were developed for the diagnosis and therapy of orthotopic and metastatic bone tumors during the past decade. This critical review will focus on principles and methods in the design of these bone-targeted nanoparticles. Ligands including bisphosphonates, aspartic acid-rich peptides and synthetic polymers were grafted on nanoparticles such as PLGA nanoparticles, liposomes, dendrimers and inorganic nanoparticles for bone targeting. Besides, other ligands such as monoclonal antibodies, peptides and aptamers targeting biomarkers on tumor/bone cells were identified for targeted diagnosis and therapy. Examples of targeted nanoparticles for the early detection of bone metastatic tumors and the ablation of cancer via chemotherapy, photothermal therapy, gene therapy and combination therapy will be intensively reviewed. The development of multifunctional nanoparticles to break down the "vicious" cycle between tumor cell proliferation and bone resorption, and the challenges and perspectives in this area will be discussed.