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da Silva IGR, Miglino MA, de Souza SS, Buchaim DV, Buchaim RL. Evaluation of Different Decellularization Protocols for Obtaining and Characterizing Canine Cardiac Extracellular Matrix. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1190. [PMID: 38927398 PMCID: PMC11200447 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12061190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are considered the leading cause of mortality globally; even with low mortality in dogs, such diseases are described in the same way in companion animals and humans. This study aimed to devise an effective decellularization protocol for the canine myocardium through the association of physical, chemical, and enzymatic methods, assessing resultant alterations in the myocardial extracellular matrix to obtain a suitable scaffold. Two canine hearts were collected; the samples were sectioned into ±1 cm2 fragments, washed in distilled water and 1× PBS solution, and followed by treatment under four distinct decellularization protocols. Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) 1% 7 days + Triton X-100 1% for 48 h (Protocol I); Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) 1% 5 days + Triton X-100 1% for 48 h (Protocol II); Trypsin 0.05% for 1 h at 36 °C + freezing -80 °C overnight + Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) 1% for 3 days, Triton-X-100 for 48 h hours (Protocol III); 0.05% trypsin for 1 h at 36 °C + freezing at -80 °C overnight + 1% Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) for 2 days + 1% Triton-X-100 for 24 h (Protocol IV). After analysis, Protocols I and II showed the removal of cellular content and preservation of extracellular matrix (ECM) contents, unlike Protocols III and IV, which retracted the ECM and removed essential elements of the matrix. In theory, although Protocols I and II have similar results, Protocol II stands out for the preservation of the architecture and components of the extracellular matrix, along with reduced exposure time to reagents, making it the recommended protocol for the development of a canine myocardial scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Gabriela Rodrigues da Silva
- Graduate Program in Anatomy of Domestic and Wild Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo (FMVZ-USP), Sao Paulo 05508-270, Brazil; (I.G.R.d.S.); (M.A.M.); (D.V.B.)
| | - Maria Angelica Miglino
- Graduate Program in Anatomy of Domestic and Wild Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo (FMVZ-USP), Sao Paulo 05508-270, Brazil; (I.G.R.d.S.); (M.A.M.); (D.V.B.)
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Marilia 17525-902, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Health, Production and Environment, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Marilia 17525-902, Brazil
| | - Samara Silva de Souza
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology (PPGBIOTEC), Federal Technological University of Parana (UTFPR), Campus Dois Vizinhos, Dois Vizinhos 85660-000, Brazil;
| | - Daniela Vieira Buchaim
- Graduate Program in Anatomy of Domestic and Wild Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo (FMVZ-USP), Sao Paulo 05508-270, Brazil; (I.G.R.d.S.); (M.A.M.); (D.V.B.)
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Marilia 17525-902, Brazil
- Medical School, University Center of Adamantina (UNIFAI), Adamantina 17800-000, Brazil
| | - Rogerio Leone Buchaim
- Graduate Program in Anatomy of Domestic and Wild Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo (FMVZ-USP), Sao Paulo 05508-270, Brazil; (I.G.R.d.S.); (M.A.M.); (D.V.B.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry (FOB-USP), University of Sao Paulo, Bauru 17012-901, Brazil
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Alhejailan RS, Garoffolo G, Raveendran VV, Pesce M. Cells and Materials for Cardiac Repair and Regeneration. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12103398. [PMID: 37240504 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12103398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
After more than 20 years following the introduction of regenerative medicine to address the problem of cardiac diseases, still questions arise as to the best cell types and materials to use to obtain effective clinical translation. Now that it is definitively clear that the heart does not have a consistent reservoir of stem cells that could give rise to new myocytes, and that there are cells that could contribute, at most, with their pro-angiogenic or immunomodulatory potential, there is fierce debate on what will emerge as the winning strategy. In this regard, new developments in somatic cells' reprogramming, material science and cell biophysics may be of help, not only for protecting the heart from the deleterious consequences of aging, ischemia and metabolic disorders, but also to boost an endogenous regeneration potential that seems to be lost in the adulthood of the human heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Saud Alhejailan
- Cell Biology Department, King's Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gloria Garoffolo
- Unità di Ingegneria Tissutale Cardiovascolare, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Vineesh Vimala Raveendran
- Cell Biology Department, King's Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maurizio Pesce
- Unità di Ingegneria Tissutale Cardiovascolare, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy
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Mesquita FCP, Morrissey J, Monnerat G, Domont GB, Nogueira FCS, Hochman-Mendez C. Decellularized Extracellular Matrix Powder Accelerates Metabolic Maturation at Early Stages of Cardiac Differentiation in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes. Cells Tissues Organs 2023; 212:32-44. [PMID: 34933302 DOI: 10.1159/000521580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During fetal development, cardiomyocytes switch from glycolysis to oxidative metabolism to sustain the energy requirements of functional cells. State-of-the-art cardiac differentiation protocols yield phenotypically immature cardiomyocytes, and common methods to improve metabolic maturation require multistep protocols to induce maturation only after cardiac specification is completed. Here, we describe a maturation method using ventricle-derived decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) that promoted early-stage metabolic maturation of cardiomyocytes differentiated from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). Chemically and architecturally preserved particles (45-500 μm) of pig ventricular dECM were added to hiPSCs at the start of differentiation. At the end of our maturation protocol (day 15 of cardiac differentiation), we observed an intimate interaction between cardiomyocytes and dECM particles without impairment of cardiac differentiation efficiency (approx. 70% of cTNT+). Compared with control cells (those cultured without pig dECM), 15-day-old dECM-treated cardiomyocytes demonstrated increased expression of markers related to cardiac metabolic maturation, MAPK1, FOXO1, and FOXO3, and a switch from ITGA6 (the immature integrin isoform) to ITGA3 and ITGA7 (those present in adult cardiomyocytes). Electrical parameters and responsiveness to dobutamine also improved in pig ventricular dECM-treated cells. Extending the culture time to 30 days, we observed a switch from glucose to fatty acid metabolism, indicated by decreased glucose uptake and increased fatty acid consumption in cells cultured with dECM. Together, these data suggest that dECM contains endogenous cues that enable metabolic maturation of hiPSC-CMs at early stages of cardiac differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gustavo Monnerat
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gilberto B Domont
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fabio C S Nogueira
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Barbulescu GI, Bojin FM, Ordodi VL, Goje ID, Barbulescu AS, Paunescu V. Decellularized Extracellular Matrix Scaffolds for Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering: Current Techniques and Challenges. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13040. [PMID: 36361824 PMCID: PMC9658138 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of global mortality. Over the past two decades, researchers have tried to provide novel solutions for end-stage heart failure to address cardiac transplantation hurdles such as donor organ shortage, chronic rejection, and life-long immunosuppression. Cardiac decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) has been widely explored as a promising approach in tissue-regenerative medicine because of its remarkable similarity to the original tissue. Optimized decellularization protocols combining physical, chemical, and enzymatic agents have been developed to obtain the perfect balance between cell removal, ECM composition, and function maintenance. However, proper assessment of decellularized tissue composition is still needed before clinical translation. Recellularizing the acellular scaffold with organ-specific cells and evaluating the extent of cardiomyocyte repopulation is also challenging. This review aims to discuss the existing literature on decellularized cardiac scaffolds, especially on the advantages and methods of preparation, pointing out areas for improvement. Finally, an overview of the state of research regarding the application of cardiac dECM and future challenges in bioengineering a human heart suitable for transplantation is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Ionela Barbulescu
- Immuno-Physiology and Biotechnologies Center (CIFBIOTEH), Department of Functional Sciences, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, No 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Department of Clinical Practical Skills, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, No 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Florina Maria Bojin
- Immuno-Physiology and Biotechnologies Center (CIFBIOTEH), Department of Functional Sciences, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, No 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Clinical Emergency County Hospital “Pius Brinzeu” Timisoara, Center for Gene and Cellular Therapies in the Treatment of Cancer Timisoara-OncoGen, No 156 Liviu Rebreanu, 300723 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Valentin Laurentiu Ordodi
- Clinical Emergency County Hospital “Pius Brinzeu” Timisoara, Center for Gene and Cellular Therapies in the Treatment of Cancer Timisoara-OncoGen, No 156 Liviu Rebreanu, 300723 Timisoara, Romania
- Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, “Politehnica” University Timisoara, No 2 Victoriei Square, 300006 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Iacob Daniel Goje
- Department of Medical Semiology I, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, No 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Advanced Cardiology and Hemostaseology Research Center, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, No 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Andreea Severina Barbulescu
- Center for Advanced Research in Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Virgil Paunescu
- Immuno-Physiology and Biotechnologies Center (CIFBIOTEH), Department of Functional Sciences, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, No 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Clinical Emergency County Hospital “Pius Brinzeu” Timisoara, Center for Gene and Cellular Therapies in the Treatment of Cancer Timisoara-OncoGen, No 156 Liviu Rebreanu, 300723 Timisoara, Romania
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Hochman-Mendez C, Mesquita FC, Morrissey J, da Costa EC, Hulsmann J, Tang-Quan K, Xi Y, Lee PF, Sampaio LC, Taylor DA. Restoring anatomical complexity of a left ventricle wall as a step toward bioengineering a human heart with human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiac cells. Acta Biomater 2022; 141:48-58. [PMID: 34936938 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The heart is a highly complex, multicellular solid organ with energy-demanding processes that require a dense vascular network, extensive cell-cell interactions, and extracellular matrix (ECM)-mediated crosstalk among heterogeneous cell populations. Here, we describe the regeneration of left ventricular (LV) wall using decellularized whole rabbit heart scaffolds recellularized exclusively with human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived endothelial cells, cardiomyocytes, and other cardiac cell types. Cells were sequentially delivered to the scaffold using an optimized endothelial cell:cardiomyocyte media. Macroscopic assessment after 60 days showed that the LV wall of recellularized hearts was anatomically restored to full thickness from base to apex and endocardium to epicardium. Histologic analysis of the recellularized LV wall revealed a heterogeneous pool of cardiac cells containing aligned cardiac troponin T-positive cells in close contact with ECM; vessels varied from large artery-like, surrounded by smooth muscle actin+ cells, to capillary-like. Vessel patency was demonstrated after perfusion of recellularized hearts transplanted into the femoral artery bed of a pig. The construct exhibited visible beating and responded to chronotropic drug administration. These results demonstrate the ability to tissue engineer a vascularized, full-thickness LV wall with an unparalleled level of microanatomical organization and multicellular composition, using decellularized ECM and human cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, and other cardiac cell types. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Decellularized extracellular matrix (ECM) is a bioactive template for tissue engineering, but recellularizing acellular whole heart scaffolds is challenging. Here, we successfully revascularized and repopulated a large, full-thickness portion of a ventricle using human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived endothelial and cardiac cells. At 60 days, histologic studies showed that the microanatomical organization and cellular composition of this region was similar to that of the native heart. The recellularized heart showed visible beating and responded appropriately to heartbeat-altering drugs. Vessels surrounded by smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells supported blood flow through the vessels of a recellularized heart that was surgically connected to a pig femoral artery. These findings move this approach closer to the possibility of clinical translation.
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Tan YH, Helms HR, Nakayama KH. Decellularization Strategies for Regenerating Cardiac and Skeletal Muscle Tissues. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:831300. [PMID: 35295645 PMCID: PMC8918733 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.831300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide and is associated with approximately 17.9 million deaths each year. Musculoskeletal conditions affect more than 1.71 billion people globally and are the leading cause of disability. These two areas represent a massive global health burden that is perpetuated by a lack of functionally restorative treatment options. The fields of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering offer great promise for the development of therapies to repair damaged or diseased tissues. Decellularized tissues and extracellular matrices are cornerstones of regenerative biomaterials and have been used clinically for decades and many have received FDA approval. In this review, we first discuss and compare methods used to produce decellularized tissues and ECMs from cardiac and skeletal muscle. We take a focused look at how different biophysical properties such as spatial topography, extracellular matrix composition, and mechanical characteristics influence cell behavior and function in the context of regenerative medicine. Lastly, we describe emerging research and forecast the future high impact applications of decellularized cardiac and skeletal muscle that will drive novel and effective regenerative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Karina H. Nakayama
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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Multiomic Approaches to Uncover the Complexities of Dystrophin-Associated Cardiomyopathy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168954. [PMID: 34445659 PMCID: PMC8396646 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite major progress in treating skeletal muscle disease associated with dystrophinopathies, cardiomyopathy is emerging as a major cause of death in people carrying dystrophin gene mutations that remain without a targeted cure even with new treatment directions and advances in modelling abilities. The reasons for the stunted progress in ameliorating dystrophin-associated cardiomyopathy (DAC) can be explained by the difficulties in detecting pathophysiological mechanisms which can also be efficiently targeted within the heart in the widest patient population. New perspectives are clearly required to effectively address the unanswered questions concerning the identification of authentic and effectual readouts of DAC occurrence and severity. A potential way forward to achieve further therapy breakthroughs lies in combining multiomic analysis with advanced preclinical precision models. This review presents the fundamental discoveries made using relevant models of DAC and how omics approaches have been incorporated to date.
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