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Costalin M, Rousselot S, Lepage D, Foran G, Prébé A, Aymé-Perrot D, Dollé M. Effects of Lithium Metal Storage Environment on Its Reactivity toward Polyethylene Oxide-Based Blend Electrolytes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:42015-42025. [PMID: 37611069 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c06152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Lithium metal has generated significant interest as an anode material because of its high theoretical capacity. However, issues such as dendrite growth and lithium loss during cycling make this material incompatible with liquid electrolytes. Solid polymer electrolytes (SPE) have been proposed as replacements as they are non-flammable, resist dendrite growth, have decent ionic conductivity, and have low resistance with lithium metal. Passivation layers, which form on the lithium metal surface and are hence intrinsic to its chemical composition, are often overlooked. Residual quantities of atmospheric gases are present in lithium metal storage environments, making surface modification and its subsequent impact on anode reactivity inevitable. Moreover, the impact of this phenomenon in a realistic lithium metal anode (LMA) environment with SPE has not yet been extensively investigated. In this study, the impact of gas exposure on an LMA was investigated by exposing freshly cut lithium rods to O2, CO2, and N2. Passivation layers were characterized via X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The effect of passivation layer formation on LMA reactivity toward SPE was measured by exposing passivated samples to common SPE materials. The resultant interface was characterized using Raman spectroscopy. SPE-passivation layer reactivity was correlated to ageing by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and kinetic charge transfer via galvanostatic linear polarization at the LMA-SPE interface in symmetric Li─SPE─Li stacks. This study revealed that the chemical composition of the passivation layer affects LMA reactivity toward SPE and electrochemical performance. A thorough characterization of the lithium metal passivation layer is essential to understanding the fundamental factors affecting solid-state lithium metal battery performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Costalin
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montreal, 1375 Avenue Thérèse-Lavoie-Roux, Montreal H2V 0B3, Quebec, Canada
| | - Steeve Rousselot
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montreal, 1375 Avenue Thérèse-Lavoie-Roux, Montreal H2V 0B3, Quebec, Canada
| | - David Lepage
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montreal, 1375 Avenue Thérèse-Lavoie-Roux, Montreal H2V 0B3, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gabrielle Foran
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montreal, 1375 Avenue Thérèse-Lavoie-Roux, Montreal H2V 0B3, Quebec, Canada
| | - Arnaud Prébé
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montreal, 1375 Avenue Thérèse-Lavoie-Roux, Montreal H2V 0B3, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Mickael Dollé
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montreal, 1375 Avenue Thérèse-Lavoie-Roux, Montreal H2V 0B3, Quebec, Canada
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2
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Tekell MC, Nikolakakou G, Glynos E, Kumar SK. Ionic Conductivity and Mechanical Reinforcement of Well-Dispersed Polymer Nanocomposite Electrolytes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37327494 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c04633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles are commonly added to polymer electrolytes to enhance both their mechanical and ion transport properties. Previous work reports significant increases in the ionic conductivity and Li-ion transference in nanocomposite electrolytes with inert, ceramic fillers. The mechanistic understanding of this property enhancement, however, assumes nanoparticle dispersion states─namely, well-dispersed or percolating aggregates─that are seldom quantified using small-angle scattering. In this work, we carefully control the inter-silica nanoparticle structure (where each NP has a diameter D = 14 nm) in a model polymer electrolyte system (PEO:LiTFSI). We find that hydrophobically modified silica NPs are stabilized against aggregation in an organic solvent by inter-NP electrostatic repulsion. Favorable NP surface chemistry and a strongly negative zeta potential promote compatibility with PEO and the resulting electrolyte. Upon prolonged thermal annealing, the nanocomposite electrolytes display structure factors with characteristic interparticle spacings determined by particle volume fraction. Thermal annealing and particle structuring yield significant increases in the storage modulus, G', at 90 °C for the PEO/NP mixtures. We measure the dielectric spectra and blocking-electrode (κb) conductivities from -100 to 100 °C, and the Li+ current fraction (ρLi+) in symmetric Li-metal cells at 90 °C. We find that nanoparticles monotonically decrease the bulk ionic conductivity of PEO:LiTFSI at a rate faster than Maxwell's prediction for transport in composite media, while ρLi+ does not significantly change as a function of particle loading. Thus, when nanoparticle dispersion is controlled in polymer electrolytes, Li+ conductivity monotonically, i.e., (κbρLi+), decreases but favorable mechanical properties are realized. These results imply that percolating aggregates of ceramic surfaces, as opposed to physically separated particles, probably are required to achieve increases in bulk, ionic conductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marshall C Tekell
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Georgia Nikolakakou
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 711 10 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 710 03 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Emmanouil Glynos
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 711 10 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Sanat K Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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Teng CP, Tan MY, Toh JPW, Lim QF, Wang X, Ponsford D, Lin EMJ, Thitsartarn W, Tee SY. Advances in Cellulose-Based Composites for Energy Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16103856. [PMID: 37241483 DOI: 10.3390/ma16103856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The various forms of cellulose-based materials possess high mechanical and thermal stabilities, as well as three-dimensional open network structures with high aspect ratios capable of incorporating other materials to produce composites for a wide range of applications. Being the most prevalent natural biopolymer on the Earth, cellulose has been used as a renewable replacement for many plastic and metal substrates, in order to diminish pollutant residues in the environment. As a result, the design and development of green technological applications of cellulose and its derivatives has become a key principle of ecological sustainability. Recently, cellulose-based mesoporous structures, flexible thin films, fibers, and three-dimensional networks have been developed for use as substrates in which conductive materials can be loaded for a wide range of energy conversion and energy conservation applications. The present article provides an overview of the recent advancements in the preparation of cellulose-based composites synthesized by combining metal/semiconductor nanoparticles, organic polymers, and metal-organic frameworks with cellulose. To begin, a brief review of cellulosic materials is given, with emphasis on their properties and processing methods. Further sections focus on the integration of cellulose-based flexible substrates or three-dimensional structures into energy conversion devices, such as photovoltaic solar cells, triboelectric generators, piezoelectric generators, thermoelectric generators, as well as sensors. The review also highlights the uses of cellulose-based composites in the separators, electrolytes, binders, and electrodes of energy conservation devices such as lithium-ion batteries. Moreover, the use of cellulose-based electrodes in water splitting for hydrogen generation is discussed. In the final section, we propose the underlying challenges and outlook for the field of cellulose-based composite materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choon Peng Teng
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Ming Yan Tan
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Jessica Pei Wen Toh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Qi Feng Lim
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Xiaobai Wang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Daniel Ponsford
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Singapore
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London WC1H 0AJ, UK
- Institute for Materials Discovery, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Esther Marie JieRong Lin
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Warintorn Thitsartarn
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Si Yin Tee
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Singapore
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Gerlitz AI, Diddens D, Grünebaum M, Heuer A, Winter M, Wiemhöfer HD. Polypropylene carbonate-based electrolytes as model for a different approach towards improved ion transport properties for novel electrolytes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:4810-4823. [PMID: 36692378 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp03756d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Linear poly(alkylene carbonates) such as polyethylene carbonate (PEC) and polypropylene carbonate (PPC) have gained increasing interest due to their remarkable ion transport properties such as high Li+ transference numbers. The cause of these properties is not yet fully understood which makes it challenging to replicate them in other polymer electrolytes. Therefore, it is critical to understand the underlying mechanisms in polycarbonate electrolytes such as PPC. In this work we present insights from impedance spectroscopy, transference number measurements, PFG-NMR, IR and Raman spectroscopy as well as molecular dynamics simulations to address this issue. We find that in addition to plasticization, the lithium ion coordination by the carbonate groups of the polymer is weakened upon gelation, leading to a rapid exhange of the lithium ion solvation shell and consequently a strong increase of the conductivity. Moreover, we study the impact of the anions by employing different conducting salts. Interestingly, while the total conductivity decreases with increasing anion size, the reverse trend can be observed for the lithium ion transference numbers. Via our holistic approach, we demonstrate that this behavior can be attributed to differences in the collective ion dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna I Gerlitz
- Helmholtz Institute Münster, IEK-12, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Corrensstraße 46, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Diddo Diddens
- Helmholtz Institute Münster, IEK-12, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Corrensstraße 46, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Mariano Grünebaum
- Helmholtz Institute Münster, IEK-12, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Corrensstraße 46, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Andreas Heuer
- Helmholtz Institute Münster, IEK-12, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Corrensstraße 46, 48149 Münster, Germany. .,Institute of Physical Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstaße 28/30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Martin Winter
- Helmholtz Institute Münster, IEK-12, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Corrensstraße 46, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Hans-Dieter Wiemhöfer
- Helmholtz Institute Münster, IEK-12, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Corrensstraße 46, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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Brige A, Olsson M, Xiong S, Matic A. A comparative study of hydroxyethylcellulose‐based solid polymer electrolytes for solid state Zn batteries. NANO SELECT 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/nano.202200221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Brige
- Department of Chemistry École Normale Supérieure, PSL University Paris France
| | - Martina Olsson
- Department of Physics Chalmers University of Technology Göteborg Sweden
| | - Shizhao Xiong
- Department of Physics Chalmers University of Technology Göteborg Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Centre Chalmers University of Technology Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Aleksandar Matic
- Department of Physics Chalmers University of Technology Göteborg Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Centre Chalmers University of Technology Gothenburg Sweden
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Foran G, Mery A, Bertrand M, Rousselot S, Lepage D, Aymé-Perrot D, Dollé M. NMR Study of Lithium Transport in Liquid-Ceramic Hybrid Solid Composite Electrolytes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:43226-43236. [PMID: 36123320 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c10666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Despite their high conductivity, factors such as being fragile enough to face processing issues and interfacial incompatibility with lithium electrodes are some of the main drawbacks hindering the commercialization of inorganic (mainly oxide-based) solid electrolytes for use in all-solid-state lithium batteries. To this end, strategies such as the addition of solid polymer electrolytes have been proposed to improve the electrode-electrolyte interface. Hybrid electrolytes, which are usually composed of ceramic particles dispersed in a polymer, generally have a better affinity with electrodes and higher ionic conductivity than pure inorganic electrolytes. However, a significant downside of this strategy is that differences in lithium transportability between electrolyte layers can result in the formation of a high interfacial energy barrier across the cell. One strategy to ensure sufficient "wetting" of ceramics is to incorporate a liquid electrolyte directly into the solid inorganic electrolyte resulting in the formation of a hybrid liquid-ceramic electrolyte. To this end, liquid-ceramic hybrid electrolytes were prepared by adding LiG4TFSI, a solvate ionic liquid (SIL), to garnet, NASICON, and perovskite-type ceramic electrolytes. Although SIL addition resulted in increased ionic conductivity, comparisons between the pure SIL and the hybrid systems revealed that improvements were due to the SIL alone. A thorough investigation of the hybrid systems by solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) revealed little to no lithium exchange between the ceramic and the SIL. This confirms that lithium conductivity preferentially occurs through the SIL in these hybrid systems. The primary role of the ceramic is to provide mechanical strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Foran
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, 1375 Avenue Thérèse-Lavoie-Roux, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Adrien Mery
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, 1375 Avenue Thérèse-Lavoie-Roux, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Marc Bertrand
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, 1375 Avenue Thérèse-Lavoie-Roux, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Steeve Rousselot
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, 1375 Avenue Thérèse-Lavoie-Roux, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - David Lepage
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, 1375 Avenue Thérèse-Lavoie-Roux, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
| | | | - Mickaël Dollé
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, 1375 Avenue Thérèse-Lavoie-Roux, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
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7
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Vivek JP, Meddings N, Garcia-Araez N. Negating the Interfacial Resistance between Solid and Liquid Electrolytes for Next-Generation Lithium Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:633-646. [PMID: 34962750 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c17247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The combination of solid and liquid electrolytes enables the development of safe and high-energy batteries where the solid electrolyte acts as a protective barrier for a high-energy lithium metal anode, while the liquid electrolyte maintains facile electrochemical reactions with the cathode. However, the contact region between the solid and liquid electrolytes is associated with a very high resistance, which severely limits the specific energy that can be practically delivered. In this work, we demonstrate a suitable approach to virtually suppress such interfacial resistance. Using a NASICON-type solid electrolyte in a variety of liquid electrolytes (ethers, DMSO, acetonitrile, ionic liquids, etc.), we show that the addition of water as electrolyte additive decreases the interfacial resistance from >100 Ω cm2 to a negligible value (<5 Ω cm2). XPS measurements reveal that the composition of the solid-liquid electrolyte interphase is very similar in wet and dry liquid electrolytes, and thus the suppression of the associated resistance is tentatively ascribed to a plasticizer or preferential ion solvation effect of water, or to a change in the interphase morphology or porosity caused by water. Our simple estimates show that the improvement in the solid-liquid electrolyte interphase resistance observed here could translate to an enhancement of 15-22% in the practical energy density of a Li-S or Li-O2 battery and improvements in the roundtrip efficiency of 21-28 percentage points.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Padmanabhan Vivek
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, United Kingdom
| | - Nina Meddings
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Nuria Garcia-Araez
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, United Kingdom
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Thermal and Electrochemical Properties of Solid Polymer Electrolytes Prepared via Lithium Salt-Catalyzed Epoxide Ring Opening Polymerization. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11041561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Solid polymer electrolytes have been widely proposed for use in all solid-state lithium batteries. Advantages of polymer electrolytes over liquid and ceramic electrolytes include their flexibility, tunability and easy processability. An additional benefit of using some types of polymers for electrolytes is that they can be processed without the use of solvents. An example of polymers that are compatible with solvent-free processing is epoxide-containing precursors that can form films via the lithium salt-catalyzed epoxide ring opening polymerization reaction. Many polymers with epoxide functional groups are liquid under ambient conditions and can be used to directly dissolve lithium salts, allowing the reaction to be performed in a single reaction vessel under mild conditions. The existence of a variety of epoxide-containing polymers opens the possibility for significant customization of the resultant films. This review discusses several varieties of epoxide-based polymer electrolytes (polyethylene, silicone-based, amine and plasticizer-containing) and to compare them based on their thermal and electrochemical properties.
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Verdier N, Foran G, Lepage D, Prébé A, Aymé-Perrot D, Dollé M. Challenges in Solvent-Free Methods for Manufacturing Electrodes and Electrolytes for Lithium-Based Batteries. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:323. [PMID: 33498290 PMCID: PMC7863923 DOI: 10.3390/polym13030323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
With the ever-growing energy storage notably due to the electric vehicle market expansion and stationary applications, one of the challenges of lithium batteries lies in the cost and environmental impacts of their manufacture. The main process employed is the solvent-casting method, based on a slurry casted onto a current collector. The disadvantages of this technique include the use of toxic and costly solvents as well as significant quantity of energy required for solvent evaporation and recycling. A solvent-free manufacturing method would represent significant progress in the development of cost-effective and environmentally friendly lithium-ion and lithium metal batteries. This review provides an overview of solvent-free processes used to make solid polymer electrolytes and composite electrodes. Two methods can be described: heat-based (hot-pressing, melt processing, dissolution into melted polymer, the incorporation of melted polymer into particles) and spray-based (electrospray deposition or high-pressure deposition). Heat-based processes are used for solid electrolyte and electrode manufacturing, while spray-based processes are only used for electrode processing. Amongst these techniques, hot-pressing and melt processing were revealed to be the most used alternatives for both polymer-based electrolytes and electrodes. These two techniques are versatile and can be used in the processing of fillers with a wide range of morphologies and loadings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Verdier
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, CP6128 Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; (N.V.); (G.F.); (D.L.); (A.P.)
| | - Gabrielle Foran
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, CP6128 Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; (N.V.); (G.F.); (D.L.); (A.P.)
| | - David Lepage
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, CP6128 Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; (N.V.); (G.F.); (D.L.); (A.P.)
| | - Arnaud Prébé
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, CP6128 Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; (N.V.); (G.F.); (D.L.); (A.P.)
| | | | - Mickaël Dollé
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, CP6128 Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; (N.V.); (G.F.); (D.L.); (A.P.)
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Foran G, Mankovsky D, Verdier N, Lepage D, Prébé A, Aymé-Perrot D, Dollé M. The Impact of Absorbed Solvent on the Performance of Solid Polymer Electrolytes for Use in Solid-State Lithium Batteries. iScience 2020; 23:101597. [PMID: 33205013 PMCID: PMC7648137 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of solvent absorption on the electrochemical and mechanical properties of polymer electrolytes for use in solid-state batteries have been measured by researchers since the 1980s. These studies have shown that small amounts of absorbed solvent may increase ion mobility and decrease crystallinity in these materials. Even though many polymers and lithium salts are hygroscopic, the solvent content of these materials is rarely reported. As ppm-level solvent content may have important consequences for the lithium conductivity and crystallinity of these electrolytes, more widespread reporting is recommended. Here we illustrate that ppm-level solvent content can significantly increase ion mobility, and therefore the reported performance, in solid polymer electrolytes. Additionally, the impact of absorbed solvents on other battery components has not been widely investigated in all-solid-state battery systems. Therefore, comparisons will be made with systems that use liquid electrolytes to better understand the consequences of absorbed solvents on electrode performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Foran
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, 1375 Avenue Thérèse-Lavoie-Roux, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Denis Mankovsky
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, 1375 Avenue Thérèse-Lavoie-Roux, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Nina Verdier
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, 1375 Avenue Thérèse-Lavoie-Roux, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - David Lepage
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, 1375 Avenue Thérèse-Lavoie-Roux, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Arnaud Prébé
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, 1375 Avenue Thérèse-Lavoie-Roux, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
| | | | - Mickaël Dollé
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, 1375 Avenue Thérèse-Lavoie-Roux, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
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