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Xia N, Gao F, Zhang J, Wang J, Huang Y. Overview on the Development of Electrochemical Immunosensors by the Signal Amplification of Enzyme- or Nanozyme-Based Catalysis Plus Redox Cycling. Molecules 2024; 29:2796. [PMID: 38930860 PMCID: PMC11206384 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29122796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Enzyme-linked electrochemical immunosensors have attracted considerable attention for the sensitive and selective detection of various targets in clinical diagnosis, food quality control, and environmental analysis. In order to improve the performances of conventional immunoassays, significant efforts have been made to couple enzyme-linked or nanozyme-based catalysis and redox cycling for signal amplification. The current review summarizes the recent advances in the development of enzyme- or nanozyme-based electrochemical immunosensors with redox cycling for signal amplification. The special features of redox cycling reactions and their synergistic functions in signal amplification are discussed. Additionally, the current challenges and future directions of enzyme- or nanozyme-based electrochemical immunosensors with redox cycling are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Xia
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Fengli Gao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Jiwen Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Jiaqiang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Yaliang Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
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Li L, Bo Y, Miao P, Chang J, Zhang Y, Ding B, Lv Y, Yang X, Zhang J, Yan M. Self-powered photoelectrochemical immunosensing platform for sensitive CEA detection using dual-photoelectrode synergistic signal amplification. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 250:116075. [PMID: 38301545 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Self-powered photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensing, as an emerging sensing mode, can effectively solve the problems such as weak anti-interference ability and poor signal response of individual photoanode or photocathode sensing. In this work, an ITO/Co-CuInS2 photocathode and ITO/WO3@CdS photoanode based self-powered cathodic PEC immunosensor was developed, which integrated dual-photoelectrode to synergistic amplify the signal for highly sensitive and specific detection of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). The self-powered PEC sensor could drive electrons transfer through the difference in Fermi levels between the two photoelectrodes without an external bias voltage. The photoanode was introduced to amplify the photoelectric signal, and the photocathode was only designed for the construction of sensing interfaces. The proposed sensor quantitatively determined the target CEA with the detection limit of 0.23 pg/mL and a linear correlation confine of 0.1 pg/mL ∼100 ng/mL. The constructed immunosensing platform exhibited high sensitivity, satisfactory stability and great biological detection selectivity, providing a feasible and effective strategy for the manufacture of new self-powered sensors in high-performance PEC bioanalytical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linrong Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Yiran Bo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Pei Miao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Jing Chang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Biyan Ding
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Yanfeng Lv
- Department of Colorectal & Anal Surgery, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250033, China
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China; Zhejiang Sitaili Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Taizhou, 317300, China.
| | - Mei Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China.
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Xiao HJ, Wu P, Hu XB, Wang YL, Ren SW, Liu YM, Cao JT. In Situ Growth Reaction on Photoelectrodes of Single-Atom Fe Incorporated Bi 4O 5I 2: A General Photoelectrochemical Immunoassay Toward Sensitive Protein Analysis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 38477624 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c01553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
As one of the interesting signaling mechanisms, the in situ growth reaction on a photoelectrode has proven its powerful potential in photoelectrochemical (PEC) bioanalysis. However, the specific interaction between the signaling species with the photoactive materials limits the general application of the signal mechanism. Herein, on the basis of an in situ growth reaction on a photoelectrode of single-atom-based photoactive material, a general PEC immunoassay was developed in a split-type mode consisting of the immunoreaction and PEC detection procedure. Specifically, a single-atom photoactive material that incorporates Fe atoms into layered Bi4O5I2 (Bi4O5I2-Fe SAs) was used as a photoelectrode for PEC detection. The sandwich immunoreaction was performed in a well of a 96-well plate using Ag nanoparticles (Ag NPs) as signal tracers. In the PEC detection procedure, the Ag+ converted from Ag NPs were transferred onto the surface of the Bi4O5I2-Fe SAs photoelectrode and thereafter AgI was generated on the Bi4O5I2-Fe SAs in situ to form a heterojunction through the reaction of Ag+ with Bi4O5I2-Fe SAs. The formation of heterojunction greatly promoted the electro-hole separation, boosting the photocurrent response. Exemplified by myoglobin (Myo) as the analyte, the immunosensor achieved a wide linear range from 1.0 × 10-11 to 5.0 × 10-8 g mL-1 with a detection limit of 3.5 × 10-12 g mL-1. This strategy provides a general PEC immunoassay for disease-related proteins, as well as extends the application scope of in situ growth reaction in PEC analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Jin Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinyang Key Laboratory of Functional Nanomaterials for Bioanalysis, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
| | - Pan Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinyang Key Laboratory of Functional Nanomaterials for Bioanalysis, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
| | - Xue-Bo Hu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinyang Key Laboratory of Functional Nanomaterials for Bioanalysis, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
| | - Yu-Ling Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinyang Key Laboratory of Functional Nanomaterials for Bioanalysis, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
| | - Shu-Wei Ren
- Xinyang Central Hospital, Xinyang 464000, China
| | - Yan-Ming Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinyang Key Laboratory of Functional Nanomaterials for Bioanalysis, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
| | - Jun-Tao Cao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinyang Key Laboratory of Functional Nanomaterials for Bioanalysis, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
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Zhang H, Wu S, Xing Z, Wang HB. ALP-assisted chemical redox cycling signal amplification for ultrasensitive fluorescence detection of DNA methylation. Analyst 2023; 148:5753-5761. [PMID: 37842979 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01383a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Affinity assays allow direct detection of DNA methylation events without requiring a special sequence. However, the signal amplification of these methods heavily depends on nanocatalysts and bioenzymes, making them suffer from low sensitivity. In this work, alkaline phosphatase (ALP)-assisted chemical redox cycling was employed to amplify the sensitivity of fluorescence affinity assays for DNA methylation detection using Ru@SiO2@MnO2 nanocomposites as fluorescent probes. In the ALP-assisted chemical redox cycling reaction system, ALP hydrolyzed 2-phosphate-L-ascorbic acid trisodium salt (AAP) to produce AA, which could reduce MnO2 nanosheets to form Mn2+, making the fluorescence recovery of Ru@SiO2 nanoparticles possible. Meanwhile, AA was oxidized to dehydroascorbic acid (DHA), which was re-reduced by tris(2-carboxyethyl) phosphine (TCEP) to trigger a redox cycling reaction. The constantly generated AA could etch large amounts of MnO2 nanosheets and greatly recover Ru@SiO2 fluorescence, amplifying the signal of the fluorescence assay. Employing the proposed ALP-assisted chemical redox cycling signal amplification strategy, a sensitive affinity assay for DNA methylation detection was achieved using ALP encapsulated liposomes that were linked with the 5mC antibody (Ab) to bind with methylated sites. A detection limit down to 2.9 fM was obtained for DNA methylation detection and a DNA methylation level as low as 0.1% could be distinguished, which was superior to conventional affinity assays. Moreover, the affinity assays could detect DNA methylation more specifically and directly, implying their great potential for the analysis of tumor-specific genes in liquid biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongding Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinyang Key Laboratory of Functional Nanomaterials for Bioanalysis, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, PR China.
| | - Sifei Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinyang Key Laboratory of Functional Nanomaterials for Bioanalysis, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, PR China.
| | - Zhenhua Xing
- Xinyang Branch, Henan Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspection Technology Research Institute, Xinyang 464000, PR China
| | - Hai-Bo Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinyang Key Laboratory of Functional Nanomaterials for Bioanalysis, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, PR China.
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Chen C, La M, Yi X, Huang M, Xia N, Zhou Y. Progress in Electrochemical Immunosensors with Alkaline Phosphatase as the Signal Label. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:855. [PMID: 37754089 PMCID: PMC10526794 DOI: 10.3390/bios13090855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical immunosensors have shown great potential in clinical diagnosis, food safety, environmental protection, and other fields. The feasible and innovative combination of enzyme catalysis and other signal-amplified elements has yielded exciting progress in the development of electrochemical immunosensors. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is one of the most popularly used enzyme reporters in bioassays. It has been widely utilized to design electrochemical immunosensors owing to its significant advantages (e.g., high catalytic activity, high turnover number, and excellent substrate specificity). In this work, we summarized the achievements of electrochemical immunosensors with ALP as the signal reporter. We mainly focused on detection principles and signal amplification strategies and briefly discussed the challenges regarding how to further improve the performance of ALP-based immunoassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changdong Chen
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan 476000, China
| | - Ming La
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan 476000, China
| | - Xinyao Yi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Mengjie Huang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Ning Xia
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Yanbiao Zhou
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan 476000, China
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Su Y, Su L, Ran J, Yi H, Liu B. Biological redox cycling amplification in a self-powered photoelectrochemical sensor based on TiO 2/CdIn 2S 4/ g-C 3N 4-WO 3 photoanode for sensitive detection of Hg 2. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1263:341279. [PMID: 37225334 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensor is proposed with a TiO2/CdIn2S4 co-sensitive structure and a g-C3N4-WO3 heterojunction as the photoanode to form a self-powered system. The photogenerated hole-induced biological redox cycle of TiO2/CdIn2S4/g-C3N4-WO3 composites is used as a signal amplification strategy for Hg2+ detection. In the test solution, ascorbic acid is first oxidized by the photogenerated hole of the TiO2/CdIn2S4/g-C3N4-WO3 photoanode, which triggers the ascorbic acid-glutathione cycle to achieve signal amplification and increase the photocurrent. However, in the presence of Hg2+, glutathione forms a complex with Hg2+, which destroys the biological cycle and leads to a decreased of photocurrent, thus achieving detection of Hg2+. Under optimal conditions, the proposed PEC sensor has a wider range (from 0.1 pM to 100 nM), and lower limit of Hg2+ detection (0.44 fM) than most other Hg2+ detection methods. In addition, the developed PEC sensor can be used to detect of real samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghuan Su
- Engineering Laboratory of Synthetic Drug for Guizhou, School of Pharmacy, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Lixia Su
- Engineering Laboratory of Synthetic Drug for Guizhou, School of Pharmacy, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Jiao Ran
- Engineering Laboratory of Synthetic Drug for Guizhou, School of Pharmacy, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Huafei Yi
- Engineering Laboratory of Synthetic Drug for Guizhou, School of Pharmacy, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Bingqian Liu
- Engineering Laboratory of Synthetic Drug for Guizhou, School of Pharmacy, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
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Nanozyme-mediated signal amplification for ultrasensitive photoelectrochemical sensing of Staphylococcus aureus based on Cu–C3N4–TiO2 heterostructure. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 216:114593. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Cao JT, Fu YZ, Wang YL, Zhang HD, Liu XM, Ren SW, Liu YM. Liposome-assisted chemical redox cycling strategy for advanced signal amplification: A proof-of-concept toward sensitive electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 214:114514. [PMID: 35780536 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
This work presents a novel signal amplification strategy for electrochemiluminescence (ECL) biosensor based on liposome-assisted chemical redox cycling for in situ formation of Au nanoparticles (Au NPs) on TiO2 nanotubes (TiO2 NTs) electrode. The system was exemplified by ascorbic acid (AA)-loaded liposome, the redox cycling of AA utilizing tris (2-carboxyethyl) phosphine (TCEP) as reductant, and the use of Au nanoclusters (Au NCs)/TiO2 NTs as working electrode to implement the ECL detection of prostate specific antigen (PSA). Specifically, the AA-loaded liposomes were used as tags to label the captured PSA through a sandwich immunoreaction. After the lysate of the liposome was transferred onto the interface of Au NCs/TiO2 NTs in the presence of Au3+ and TECP, the chemical redox cycling was triggered. In the cycling, Au3+ was directly reduced in situ by AA to form Au NPs on Au NCs/TiO2 NTs electrode, whereas the oxidation product of AA was reduced by TCEP to regenerate AA. The large loading capacity of the liposome and chemical redox cycling resulted in the incomplete reduction of the Au NCs to Au NPs on the TiO2 NTs electrode, enhancing the ECL intensity greatly. The multiple signal amplification strategy achieved an ultrasensitive detection for PSA with a detection limit down to 6.7 × 10-15 g mL-1 and a wide linear concentration range from 1.0 × 10-14 to 1.0 × 10-8 g mL-1. It is believed that this work is anticipated to extend the employment of advanced chemical redox cycling reaction in the field of ECL bioassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Tao Cao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinyang Key Laboratory of Functional Nanomaterials for Bioanalysis, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, China.
| | - Yi-Zhuo Fu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinyang Key Laboratory of Functional Nanomaterials for Bioanalysis, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, China
| | - Yu-Ling Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinyang Key Laboratory of Functional Nanomaterials for Bioanalysis, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, China
| | - Hong-Ding Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinyang Key Laboratory of Functional Nanomaterials for Bioanalysis, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, China
| | - Xiang-Mei Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinyang Key Laboratory of Functional Nanomaterials for Bioanalysis, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, China
| | - Shu-Wei Ren
- Xinyang Central Hospital, Xinyang, 464000, China
| | - Yan-Ming Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinyang Key Laboratory of Functional Nanomaterials for Bioanalysis, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, China.
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Xiao HJ, Liao XJ, Wang H, Ren SW, Cao JT, Liu YM. In Situ Formation of Bi2MoO6-Bi2S3 Heterostructure: A Proof-Of-Concept Study for Photoelectrochemical Bioassay of l-Cysteine. Front Chem 2022; 10:845617. [PMID: 35665063 PMCID: PMC9158332 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.845617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel signal-increased photoelectrochemical (PEC) biosensor for l-cysteine (L-Cys) was proposed based on the Bi2MoO6–Bi2S3 heterostructure formed in situ on the indium–tin oxide (ITO) electrode. To fabricate the PEC biosensor, Bi2MoO6 nanoparticles were prepared by a hydrothermal method and coated on a bare ITO electrode. When L-Cys existed, Bi2S3 was formed in situ on the interface of the Bi2MoO6/ITO electrode by a chemical displacement reaction. Under the visible light irradiation, the Bi2MoO6–Bi2S3/ITO electrode exhibited evident enhancement in photocurrent response compared with the Bi2MoO6/ITO electrode, owing to the signal-increased sensing system and the excellent property of the formed Bi2MoO6–Bi2S3 heterostructure such as the widened light absorption range and efficient separation of photo-induced electron–hole pairs. Under the optimal conditions, the sensor for L-Cys detection has a linear range from 5.0 × 10−11 to 1.0 × 10−4 mol L−1 and a detection limit of 5.0 × 10−12 mol L−1. The recoveries ranging from 90.0% to 110.0% for determining L-Cys in human serum samples validated the applicability of the biosensor. This strategy not only provides a method for L-Cys detection but also broadens the application of the PEC bioanalysis based on in situ formation of photoactive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Jin Xiao
- Xinyang Key Laboratory of Functional Nanomaterials for Bioanalysis, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Liao
- Xinyang Key Laboratory of Functional Nanomaterials for Bioanalysis, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Xinyang Key Laboratory of Functional Nanomaterials for Bioanalysis, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | | | - Jun-Tao Cao
- Xinyang Key Laboratory of Functional Nanomaterials for Bioanalysis, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
- *Correspondence: Jun-Tao Cao, ; Yan-Ming Liu,
| | - Yan-Ming Liu
- Xinyang Key Laboratory of Functional Nanomaterials for Bioanalysis, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
- *Correspondence: Jun-Tao Cao, ; Yan-Ming Liu,
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Zhang B, Huang L, Zhang X, Du Y, Sun H, Jin C, Zuo T, He L, Fa W. Tantalum nitride nanotube structured electrode for non-enzymatic hydrogen peroxide sensing via photoelectrochemical route. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Cao JT, Lv JL, Liao XJ, Ma SH, Liu YM. A membraneless self-powered photoelectrochemical biosensor based on Bi 2S 3/BiPO 4 heterojunction photoanode coupling with redox cycling signal amplification strategy. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 195:113651. [PMID: 34562789 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The photoelectrochemical (PEC) self-powered system has attracted great attention in disease detection. The determination of a simple and efficient approach for disease-related biomarkers is highly interesting and appealing. Herein, an ingenious visible light-induced membraneless self-powered PEC biosensing platform was constructed, integrating a signal amplification strategy for ultrasensitive split-type PEC bioanalysis. The system was comprised of a Bi2S3/BiPO4 heterojunction photoanode and a platinum (Pt) cathode in a one compartment chamber. An alkaline phosphatase (ALP)-loaded sandwich immunoassay was used to generate the signal reporter ascorbic acid (AA) in a 96-well plate, and myoglobin (Myo) was used as a model protein. In the presence of AA, ferrocene (Fc), and Tris (2-carboxyethyl) phosphine (TCEP), the chemical-chemical redox cycling scheme was operated upon the initial oxidation of Fc by the holes in the Bi2S3/BiPO4 photoelectrode, and Fc was regenerated from Fc+ by AA. Subsequently, AA was regenerated by TCEP after its oxidation, and cycling was triggered. As a result, the proposed self-powered PEC sensing exhibited excellent performance with a wide linear range from 5.0 × 10-13 to 1.0 × 10-7 g/mL, and a low detection limit of 2.0 × 10-13 g/mL for Myo. This work provided a new design of a redox cycling strategy in the self-powered PEC biosensor, and showed an effective approach for the clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Tao Cao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinyang Key Laboratory of Functional Nanomaterials for Bioanalysis, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China.
| | - Jing-Lu Lv
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinyang Key Laboratory of Functional Nanomaterials for Bioanalysis, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Liao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinyang Key Laboratory of Functional Nanomaterials for Bioanalysis, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
| | - Shu-Hui Ma
- Xinyang Central Hospital, Xinyang 464000, China
| | - Yan-Ming Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinyang Key Laboratory of Functional Nanomaterials for Bioanalysis, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China.
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