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Spange S, Seifert A. Solvatochromism in Mixtures of Hydrogen Bond Acceptor (HBA) Solvents with Water. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202400077. [PMID: 38709643 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202400077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
The UV/Vis absorption energies νmax of Reichardt's dye B30 with respect to ET(30) and 4-nitroaniline (NA) are investigated as a function of the solvent composition Nav,z. in co-solvent/water mixtures. Nav,z. is the average molar concentration of the solvent mixture at a given solvent fraction z. The z can be the mole, the volume or the mass fraction. The co-solvents considered were acetonitrile, acetone, tetrahydrofuran, pyridine, piperidine and 2-(diethylamino)-ethanol. Acetone and acetonitrile can be expected to slightly enhance the water structure at low co-solvent concentrations. This interpretation is supported by the analysis of the refractive index as a function of the solvent composition. In general, it can be stated that the structural complexity of the binary solvent mixtures is mainly responsible for the evolution of the absorption energies ET(30) or νmax(NA) as a function of the mixture composition. In particular, the endothermic solvation of NA in co-solvent/water mixtures and its effect on the νmax(NA) is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Spange
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Technology Chemnitz, Straße der Nationen 62, 09111, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Andreas Seifert
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Technology Chemnitz, Straße der Nationen 62, 09111, Chemnitz, Germany
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2
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Maity N, Polok K, Piatkowski P, Smortsova Y, Miannay FA, Gadomski W, Idrissi A. Effect of Mixture Composition on the Photophysics of Indoline Dyes in Imidazolium Ionic Liquid-Molecular Solvent Mixtures: A Femtosecond Transient Absorption Study. J Phys Chem B 2024. [PMID: 38687688 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c00320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
We conducted a study on the photophysics of three indoline dyes, D102, D149, and D205, in binary mixtures of ionic liquids (IL) and polar aprotic molecular solvents (MS). Specifically, we examined the behavior of these dyes in IL-MS mixtures containing four different imidazolium-based ILs and three different polar aprotic MSs. Our investigation involved several techniques, including stationary absorption and emission measurements, as well as femtosecond transient absorption (TA) spectroscopy. Through our analysis, we discovered a peculiar behavior of several photophysical properties at low IL mole fractions (0 < XIL < 0.2). Indeed, in this range of mixture composition, the absorption maximum wavelength decreases noticeably, while the emission maximum wavelength and the Stokes shift, expressed in wavenumbers, reach a maximum. while a minimum occurs in the relative quantum yield and the excited state lifetime. These results indicate that the solvation of dye undergoes a large change in this range of mixture composition. We found that, at high ionic liquid content, the excited relaxation times are correlated with the high viscosity, while at low content, it is the polarity of the solvent that influences the behavior of the excited relaxation times. At a mixture composition of around 0.10, the behavior of the photophysical properties of the studied IL-MS mixtures indicates a crossover between situations where the solvation is dominated by that of ions and that dominated by the solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishith Maity
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel 24118, Germany
| | - Kamil Polok
- Faculty of Chemistry, Laboratory of Spectroscopy and Intermolecular Interactions, University of Warsaw, ̇wirki i Wigury 101, Warsaw 02-089, Poland
| | - Piotr Piatkowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Laboratory of Spectroscopy and Intermolecular Interactions, University of Warsaw, ̇wirki i Wigury 101, Warsaw 02-089, Poland
| | | | - François-Alexandre Miannay
- CNRS, UMR 8516-LASIRe, Laboratoire Avancé de Spectroscopie pour les Interactions, la réactivité et l'Environement, Universiy of Lille, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Wojciech Gadomski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Laboratory of Spectroscopy and Intermolecular Interactions, University of Warsaw, ̇wirki i Wigury 101, Warsaw 02-089, Poland
| | - Abdenacer Idrissi
- CNRS, UMR 8516-LASIRe, Laboratoire Avancé de Spectroscopie pour les Interactions, la réactivité et l'Environement, Universiy of Lille, Lille F-59000, France
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3
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Abouelela AR, Nakasu PYS, Hallett JP. Influence of Pretreatment Severity Factor and Hammett Acidity on Softwood Fractionation by an Acidic Protic Ionic Liquid. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2023; 11:2404-2415. [PMID: 36817410 PMCID: PMC9930189 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c06076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The impact of pretreatment severity in the acidic protic ionic liquid (IL) N,N-dimethylbutylammonium hydrogen sulfate, [DMBA][HSO4] using pine softwood was investigated using a modified severity factor that considers the IL solution acidity based on Hammett acidity. A Box-Behnken experimental design was employed to evaluate pretreatment severity with temperature, pretreatment time, and IL concentration as factors and degree of delignification as the response variable. The optimal pretreatment conditions were found to be at 170 °C, 30 min, and 80 wt % IL, which yielded nearly 90% of delignification and 95% of glucose yield in enzymatic saccharification. The modified severity factor showed an improved correlation with the fractionation indicators relative to the classical pretreatment severity factor, indicating that it can better predict the pretreatment outcomes, particularly for delignification and hemicellulose removal. The fate of hemicellulose, its conversion to humins, and its impact on the precipitated lignin properties were also investigated and correlated to the modified pretreatment severity factor. It was found that such parameters alone cannot be used to predict the fate of dissolved hemicellulose sugars in the IL medium. Furthermore, IL acidity greatly impacts the degradation of the dissolved hemicellulose sugars and the formation of humins.
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Pal T, Chaudhuri D. Chiral and Morphological Anisotropy of Supramolecular Polymers Shaped by a Singularity in Solvent Composition. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:2532-2543. [PMID: 36669197 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the role of solvent in translating molecular anisotropy to supramolecular polymers is in the early stages. A solvent's influence on the strength of different noncovalent interactions can explain anisotropic growth in some cases, but its effect on cooperative processes, particularly in mixed solvents, remains obscure. We report the self-assembly of a series of chiral perylene bisimides in water-cosolvent mixtures, and the results highlight the fascinating influence of solvent-solute interactions on supramolecular anisotropy, both chiral and morphological. The initial assembly is agnostic to solvent composition, resulting in weakly chiral, spherical nanostructures. In an extremely narrow solvent composition range, the nanospheres transform into long, prominently chiral supramolecular polymers. Further, chirality can be fully reversed by changing the good (achiral) cosolvent. We elucidate how solvent modulates specific noncovalent interactions and governs the kinetics and thermodynamics of key processes, such as spontaneous phase segregation, secondary nucleation, and cooperative growth. In the context of supramolecular polymerization, our results encourage one to steer the focus away from the physical attributes of a solvent (polarity, phase diagram, etc.) and toward the complexities of solvent-solute interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Triza Pal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Debangshu Chaudhuri
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
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5
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Besford QA, Van den Heuvel W, Christofferson AJ. Dipolar Dispersion Forces in Water-Methanol Mixtures: Enhancement of Water Interactions upon Dilution Drives Self-Association. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:6231-6239. [PMID: 35976055 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c04638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mixtures of short-chain alcohols and water produce anomalous thermodynamic and structural quantities, including molecular segregation into water-rich and alcohol-rich components. Herein, we used molecular dynamics simulations with polarizable models to investigate interactions that could drive the self-association of water molecules in mixtures with methanol (MeOH). As water was diluted with MeOH, significant changes in the distribution of molecules and solvation properties occurred, where water exhibited a clear preference for self-association. When common structural quantities were analyzed, it was found that there was a clear reduction in water-water hydrogen bonding and tetrahedral order (both in terms of typical bulk behavior), contrary to the observed water self-association. However, when dipolar dispersion forces between all molecules as a function of system composition were analyzed, it was found that water-water dipolar interactions became significantly stronger with dilution (6-fold stronger interaction in 75% MeOH compared to 0% MeOH). This was only observed for water, where MeOH-MeOH interactions became weaker as the systems were more dilute in MeOH. These forces result from specific dipole orientations, likely occurring to adopt lower energy configurations (i.e., head-to-tail or antiparallel). For water, this may result from lost other interactions (e.g., hydrogen bonding), leading to more rotational freedom between the dipole moments. These intriguing changes in dipolar interactions, which directly result from structural changes, can therefore explain, in part, the driving force for water self-association in MeOH-water mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quinn A Besford
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung e.V., Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Willem Van den Heuvel
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Andrew J Christofferson
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
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6
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Chaban VV, Andreeva NA, Voroshylova IV. Ammonium-, phosphonium- and sulfonium-based 2-cyanopyrrolidine ionic liquids for carbon dioxide fixation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:9659-9672. [PMID: 35411362 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00177b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The development of carbon dioxide (CO2) scavengers is an acute problem nowadays because of the global warming problem. Many groups around the globe intensively develop new greenhouse gas scavengers. Room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) are seen as a proper starting point to synthesize more environmentally friendly and high-performance sorbents. Aprotic heterocyclic anions (AHA) represent excellent agents for carbon capture and storage technologies. In the present work, we investigate RTILs in which both the weakly coordinating cation and AHA bind CO2. The ammonium-, phosphonium-, and sulfonium-based 2-cyanopyrrolidines were investigated using the state-of-the-art method to describe the thermochemistry of the CO2 fixation reactions. The infrared spectra and electronic and structural properties were simulated at the hybrid density functional level of theory to characterize the reactants and products of the chemisorption reactions. We conclude that the proposed CO2 capturing mechanism is thermodynamically allowed and discuss the difference between different families of RTILs. Quite unusually, the intramolecular electrostatic attraction plays an essential role in stabilizing the zwitterionic products of the CO2 chemisorption. The difference in chemisorption performance between the families of RTILs is linked to sterical hindrances and nucleophilicities of the α- and β-carbon atoms of the aprotic cations. Our results rationalize previous experimental CO2 sorption measurements (Brennecke et al., 2021).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nadezhda A Andreeva
- Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Iuliia V Voroshylova
- LAQV@REQUIMTE, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
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7
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Han Q, Brown SJ, Drummond CJ, Greaves TL. Protein aggregation and crystallization with ionic liquids: Insights into the influence of solvent properties. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 608:1173-1190. [PMID: 34735853 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.10.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) have been used in solvents for proteins in many applications, including biotechnology, pharmaceutics, and medicine due to their tunable physicochemical and biological properties. Protein aggregation is often undesirable, and predominantly occurs during bioprocesses, while the aggregation process can be reversible or irreversible and the aggregates formed can be native/non-native and soluble/insoluble. Recent studies have clearly identified key properties of ILs and IL-water mixtures related to protein performance, suggesting the use of the tailorable properties of ILs to inhibit protein aggregation, to promote protein crystallization, and to control protein aggregation pathways. This review discusses the critical properties of IL and IL-water mixtures and presents the latest understanding of the protein aggregation pathways and the development of IL systems that affect or control the protein aggregation process. Through this feature article, we hope to inspire further advances in understanding and new approaches to controlling protein behavior to optimize bioprocesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Han
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe Street, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Stuart J Brown
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe Street, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Calum J Drummond
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe Street, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Tamar L Greaves
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe Street, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
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8
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Ghazipour H, Gutiérrez A, Alavianmehr M, Hosseini S, Aparicio S. Tuning the properties of ionic liquids by mixing with organic solvents: The case of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium glutamate with alkanols. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.117953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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9
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Bulk and interfacial nanostructure and properties in deep eutectic solvents: Current perspectives and future directions. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 608:2430-2454. [PMID: 34785053 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.10.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are a tailorable class of solvents that are rapidly gaining scientific and industrial interest. This is because they are distinct from conventional molecular solvents, inherently tuneable via careful selection of constituents, and possess many attractive properties for applications, including catalysis, chemical extraction, reaction media, novel lubricants, materials chemistry, and electrochemistry. DESs are a class of solvents composed solely of hydrogen bond donors and acceptors with a melting point lower than the individual components and are often fluidic at room temperature. A unique feature of DESs is that they possess distinct bulk liquid and interfacial nanostructure, which results from intra- and inter-molecular interactions, including coulomb forces, hydrogen bonding, van der Waals interactions, electrostatics, dispersion forces, and apolar-polar segregation. This nanostructure manifests as preferential spatial arrangements of the different species, and exists over several length scales, from molecular- to nano- and meso-scales. The physicochemical properties of DESs are dictated by structure-property relationships; however, there is a significant gap in our understanding of the underlying factors which govern their solvent properties. This is a major limitation of DES-based technologies, as nanostructure can significantly influence physical properties and thus potential applications. This perspective provides an overview of the current state of knowledge of DES nanostructure, both in the bulk liquid and at solid interfaces. We provide definitions which clearly distinguish DESs as a unique solvent class, rather than a subset of ILs. An appraisal of recent work provides hints towards trends in structure-property relationships, while also highlighting inconsistencies within the literature suggesting new research directions for the field. It is hoped that this review will provide insight into DES nanostructure, their potential applications, and development of a robust framework for systematic investigation moving forward.
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10
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Kadaoluwa Pathirannahalage SP, Meftahi N, Elbourne A, Weiss ACG, McConville CF, Padua A, Winkler DA, Costa Gomes M, Greaves TL, Le TC, Besford QA, Christofferson AJ. Systematic Comparison of the Structural and Dynamic Properties of Commonly Used Water Models for Molecular Dynamics Simulations. J Chem Inf Model 2021; 61:4521-4536. [PMID: 34406000 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.1c00794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Water is a unique solvent that is ubiquitous in biology and present in a variety of solutions, mixtures, and materials settings. It therefore forms the basis for all molecular dynamics simulations of biological phenomena, as well as for many chemical, industrial, and materials investigations. Over the years, many water models have been developed, and it remains a challenge to find a single water model that accurately reproduces all experimental properties of water simultaneously. Here, we report a comprehensive comparison of structural and dynamic properties of 30 commonly used 3-point, 4-point, 5-point, and polarizable water models simulated using consistent settings and analysis methods. For the properties of density, coordination number, surface tension, dielectric constant, self-diffusion coefficient, and solvation free energy of methane, models published within the past two decades consistently show better agreement with experimental values compared to models published earlier, albeit with some notable exceptions. However, no single model reproduced all experimental values exactly, highlighting the need to carefully choose a water model for a particular study, depending on the phenomena of interest. Finally, machine learning algorithms quantified the relationship between the water model force field parameters and the resulting bulk properties, providing insight into the parameter-property relationship and illustrating the challenges of developing a water model that can accurately reproduce all properties of water simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachini P Kadaoluwa Pathirannahalage
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Laboratoire de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS, Lyon 69342, France
| | - Nastaran Meftahi
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Aaron Elbourne
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Alessia C G Weiss
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Chris F McConville
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Agilio Padua
- Laboratoire de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS, Lyon 69342, France
| | - David A Winkler
- School of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia.,Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2QL, U.K
| | | | - Tamar L Greaves
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Tu C Le
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Quinn A Besford
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Andrew J Christofferson
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
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11
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Fong B. Self-Cognizant Bionic Liquid Sensor for Pathogen Diagnosis. CYBORG AND BIONIC SYSTEMS 2021; 2021:9861513. [PMID: 36285143 PMCID: PMC9494726 DOI: 10.34133/2021/9861513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
As observed in the outbreaks of SARS and swine flu, as well as many other infectious diseases, the huge volume of human traffic across numerous enclosed public venues has posed immense challenges to preventing the spread of communicable diseases. There is an urgent need for effective disease surveillance management in public areas under pandemic outbreaks. The physicochemical properties associated with ionic liquids make them particularly suited for molecular communications in sensing networks where low throughput is quite adequate for pathogen detection. This paper presents a self-cognizant system for rapid diagnosis of infectious disease using a bionic sensor such that testing can be supported without collecting a fluid sample from a subject through any invasive methods. The system is implemented for testing the performance of the proposed bionic liquid sensing network.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Fong
- Providence University, Taiwan (Province of China)
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12
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Zhao M, Wu B, Castner EW. Mixtures of octanol and an ionic liquid: Structure and transport. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:214501. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0031989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Man Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Boning Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Edward W. Castner
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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13
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Gilbert A, Haines RS, Harper JB. Controlling the reactions of 1-bromogalactose acetate in methanol using ionic liquids as co-solvents. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:5442-5452. [PMID: 32638805 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01198c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reactions of an acetobromogalactose in mixtures of methanol and one of seven different ionic liquids with varying constituent ions were studied. In general, small amounts of ionic liquid in the reaction mixture led to increases in the rate constant compared to methanol, whilst large amounts of ionic liquid led to decreases in the rate constant; this outcome differs significantly from previous reactions proceeding through this mechansim. Temperature dependent kinetic studies indicated that the dominant interaction driving these changes was between the ionic liquid and the transition state of the process. Through considering solvent parameters of ionic liquids, a relationship was found between the changes in the rate constant and both the hydrogen bond accepting ability and polarisability of the solvent, indicating that the interactions affecting reaction outcome are both specific and non-specific in nature; once more, these interactions were different to those observed in previous similar reactions. By changing the amount of ionic liquid in the reaction mixture, additional products not seen in the molecular solvent case were observed, the ratios of which are dependent on the anion of the ionic liquid and the proportion of ionic liquid in the reaction mixture. This demonstrates the importance of considering solvent effects on both the rate and product determining steps and the potential application of such changes is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Gilbert
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Ronald S Haines
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Jason B Harper
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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