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Huang E, Liu P. Theoretical Perspective of Promoting Direct Methane-to-Methanol Conversion at Complex Metal Oxide-Metal Interfaces. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:6556-6563. [PMID: 37458591 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Direct methane conversion to methanol has been considered as an effective and economic way to address greenhouse effects and the current high demand for methanol in industry. However, the process has long been challenging due to lack of viable catalysts to compromise the activation of methane that typically occurs at high temperatures and retaining of produced methanol that requires mild conditions. This Perspective demonstrates an effective strategy to promote direct methane to methanol conversion by engineering the active sites and chemical environments at complex metal oxide - copper oxide - copper interfaces. Such effort strongly depends on extensive theoretical studies by combining density functional theory (DFT) calculations and kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) simulations to provide in-depth understanding of reaction mechanism and active sites, which build a strong basis to enable the identification of design principles and advance the catalyst optimization for selective CH4-to-CH3OH conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwei Huang
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Ping Liu
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
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2
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Ranjan P, Saptal VB, Bera JK. Recent Advances in Carbon Dioxide Adsorption, Activation and Hydrogenation to Methanol using Transition Metal Carbides. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202201183. [PMID: 36036640 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The inevitable emission of carbon dioxide (CO2 ) due to the burning of a substantial amount of fossil fuels has led to serious energy and environmental challenges. Metal-based catalytic CO2 transformations into commodity chemicals are a favorable approach in the CO2 mitigation strategy. Among these transformations, selective hydrogenation of CO2 to methanol is the most promising process that not only fulfils the energy demands but also re-balances the carbon cycle. The investigation of CO2 adsorption on the surface of heterogeneous catalyst is highly important because the formation of various intermediates which determines the selectivity of product. Transition metal carbides (TMCs) have received considerable attention in recent years because of their noble metal-like reactivity, ceramic-like properties, high chemical and thermal stability. These features make them excellent catalytic materials for a variety of transformations such as CO2 adsorption and its conversion into value-added chemicals. Herein, the catalytic properties of TMCs are summarize along with synthetic methods, CO2 binding modes, mechanistic studies, effects of dopant on CO2 adsorption, and carbon/metal ratio in the CO2 hydrogenation reaction to methanol using computational as well as experimental studies. Additionally, this Review provides an outline of the challenges and opportunities for the development of potential TMCs in CO2 hydrogenation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabodh Ranjan
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India
| | - Vitthal B Saptal
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India
| | - Jitendra K Bera
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India
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3
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Jimenez-Orozco C, Figueras M, Flórez E, Viñes F, Rodriguez JA, Illas F. Effect of nanostructuring on the interaction of CO 2 with molybdenum carbide nanoparticles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:16556-16565. [PMID: 35770743 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01143c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Transition metal carbides are increasingly used as catalysts for the transformation of CO2 into useful chemicals. Recently, the effect of nanostructuring of such carbides has started to gain relevance in tailoring their catalytic capabilities. Catalytic materials based on molybdenum carbide nanoparticles (MoCy) have shown a remarkable ability to bind CO2 at room temperature and to hydrogenate it into oxygenates or light alkanes. However, the involved chemistry is largely unknown. In the present work, a systematic computational study is presented aiming to elucidate the chemistry behind the bonding of CO2 with a representative set of MoCy nanoparticles of increasing size, including stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric cases. The obtained results provide clear trends to tune the catalytic activity of these systems and to move towards more efficient CO2 transformation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Jimenez-Orozco
- Universidad de Medellín, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Grupo de Materiales con Impacto (Mat&mpac), Carrera 87 No 30-65, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Marc Figueras
- Universitat de Barcelona, Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física & Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), c/Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Elizabeth Flórez
- Universidad de Medellín, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Grupo de Materiales con Impacto (Mat&mpac), Carrera 87 No 30-65, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Francesc Viñes
- Universitat de Barcelona, Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física & Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), c/Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - José A Rodriguez
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Chemistry Division, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - Francesc Illas
- Universitat de Barcelona, Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física & Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), c/Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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4
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Rodriguez JA, Rui N, Zhang F, Senanayake SD. In Situ Studies of Methane Activation Using Synchrotron-Based Techniques: Guiding the Conversion of C–H Bonds. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c00941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José A. Rodriguez
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, SUNY at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Ning Rui
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, SUNY at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Sanjaya D. Senanayake
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
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5
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Gold Carbide: A Predicted Nanotube Candidate from First Principle. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11123182. [PMID: 34947530 PMCID: PMC8708319 DOI: 10.3390/nano11123182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, density functional theory (DFT) calculations were applied to confirm that the gold carbide previously experimentally synthesized was AuC film. A crucial finding is that these kinds of AuC films are self-folded on the graphite substrate, leading to the formation of a semi-nanotube structure, which significantly diminishes the error between the experimental and simulated lattice constant. The unique characteristic, the spontaneous archlike reconstruction, makes AuC a possible candidate for self-assembled nanotubes. The band structure indicated, in the designed AuC nanotube, a narrow gap semiconductor with a bandgap of 0.14 eV. Both AIMD (at 300 and 450 K) results and phonon spectra showed a rather high stability for the AuC nanotube because a strong chemical bond formed between the Au–5d and C–2p states. The AuC nanotube could become a novel functional material.
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6
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Huang E, Orozco I, Ramírez PJ, Liu Z, Zhang F, Mahapatra M, Nemšák S, Senanayake SD, Rodriguez JA, Liu P. Selective Methane Oxidation to Methanol on ZnO/Cu 2O/Cu(111) Catalysts: Multiple Site-Dependent Behaviors. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:19018-19032. [PMID: 34735767 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c08063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Because of the abundance of natural gas in our planet, a major goal is to achieve a direct methane-to-methanol conversion at medium to low temperatures using mixtures of methane and oxygen. Here, we report an efficient catalyst, ZnO/Cu2O/Cu(111), for this process investigated using a combination of reactor testing, scanning tunneling microscopy, ambient-pressure X-ray photoemission spectroscopy, density functional calculations, and kinetic Monte Carlo simulations. The catalyst is capable of methane activation at room temperature and transforms mixtures of methane and oxygen to methanol at 450 K with a selectivity of ∼30%. This performance is not seen for other heterogeneous catalysts which usually require the addition of water to enable a significant conversion of methane to methanol. The unique coarse structure of the ZnO islands supported on a Cu2O/Cu(111) substrate provides a collection of multiple centers that display different catalytic activity during the reaction. ZnO-Cu2O step sites are active centers for methanol synthesis when exposed to CH4 and O2 due to an effective O-O bond dissociation, which enables a methane-to-methanol conversion with a reasonable selectivity. Upon addition of water, the defected O-rich ZnO sites, introduced by Zn vacancies, show superior behavior toward methane conversion and enhance the overall methanol selectivity to over 80%. Thus, in this case, the surface sites involved in a direct CH4 → CH3OH conversion are different from those engaged in methanol formation without water. The identification of the site-dependent behavior of ZnO/Cu2O/Cu(111) opens a design strategy for guiding efficient methane reformation with high methanol selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwei Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Ivan Orozco
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Pedro J Ramírez
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas 1020-A Venezuela.,Zoneca-CENEX, R&D Laboratories, Alta Vista, 64770 Monterrey, México
| | - Zongyuan Liu
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Mausumi Mahapatra
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Slavomír Nemšák
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Sanjaya D Senanayake
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - José A Rodriguez
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States.,Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States.,Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
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7
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Wu H, Wu XN, Jin X, Zhou Y, Li W, Ji C, Zhou M. Quadruple C-H Bond Activations of Methane by Dinuclear Rhodium Carbide Cation [Rh 2C 3] . JACS AU 2021; 1:1631-1638. [PMID: 34723266 PMCID: PMC8549038 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The structure of the [Rh2C3]+ ion and its reaction with CH4 in the gas phase have been studied by infrared photodissociation spectroscopy and mass spectrometry in conjunction with quantum chemical calculations. The [Rh2C3]+ ion is characterized to have an unsymmetrical linear [Rh-C-C-C-Rh]+ structure existing in two nearly isoenergetic spin states. The [Rh2C3]+ ion reacts with CH4 at room temperature to form [Rh2C]+ + C3H4 and [Rh2C2H2]+ + C2H2 as the major products. In addition to the [Rh2C]+ ion, the [Rh2 13C]+ ion is formed at about one-half of the [Rh2C]+ intensity when the isotopic-labeled 13CH4 sample is used. The production of [Rh2 13C]+ indicates that the linear C3 moiety of [Rh2C3]+ can be replaced by the bare carbon atom of methane with all four C-H bonds being activated. The calculations suggest that the overall reactions are thermodynamically exothermic, and that the two Rh centers are the reactive sites for C-H bond activation and hydrogen atom transfer reactions.
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Kang J, Rui N, Huang E, Tian Y, Mahapatra M, Rosales R, Orozco I, Shi R, Senanayake SD, Liu P, Rodriguez JA. Surface characterization and methane activation on SnO x/Cu 2O/Cu(111) inverse oxide/metal catalysts. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:17186-17196. [PMID: 34346423 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02829d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
To activate methane at low or medium temperatures is a difficult task and a pre-requisite for the conversion of this light alkane into high value chemicals. Herein, we report the preparation and characterizations of novel SnOx/Cu2O/Cu(111) interfaces that enable low-temperature methane activation. Scanning tunneling microscopy identified small, well-dispersed SnOx nanoclusters on the Cu2O/Cu(111) substrate with an average size of 8 Å, and such morphology was sustained up to 450 K in UHV annealing. Ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that hydrocarbon species (CHx groups), the product of methane activation, were formed on SnOx/Cu2O/Cu(111) at a temperature as low as 300 K. An essential role of the SnOx-Cu2O interface was evinced by the SnOx coverage dependence. Systems with a small amount of tin oxide, 0.1-0.2 ML coverage, produced the highest concentration of adsorbed CHx groups. Calculations based on density functional theory showed a drastic reduction in the activation barrier for C-H bond cleavage when going from Cu2O/Cu(111) to SnOx/Cu2O/Cu(111). On the supported SnOx, the dissociation of methane was highly exothermic (ΔE∼-35 kcal mol-1) and the calculated barrier for activation (∼20 kcal mol-1) could be overcome at 300-500 K, target temperatures for the conversion of methane to high value chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jindong Kang
- Department of Chemistry, SUNY at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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9
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Figueras M, Gutiérrez RA, Viñes F, Ramírez PJ, Rodriguez JA, Illas F. Supported Molybdenum Carbide Nanoparticles as an Excellent Catalyst for CO 2 Hydrogenation. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c01738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Figueras
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física & Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, c/ Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramón A. Gutiérrez
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Central de Venezuela, 1020-A Caracas, Venezuela
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Francesc Viñes
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física & Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, c/ Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pedro J. Ramírez
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Central de Venezuela, 1020-A Caracas, Venezuela
| | - José A. Rodriguez
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Francesc Illas
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física & Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, c/ Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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10
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Naguib M, Tang W, Browning KL, Veith GM, Maliekkal V, Neurock M, Villa A. Catalytic Activity of Ti‐based MXenes for the Hydrogenation of Furfural. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202000977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Naguib
- Department of Physics and Engineering Physics Tulane University 6823 St Charles Ave New Orleans LA 70118 USA
- Chemical Sciences Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory 1 Bethel Valley Rd. Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
| | - Wenjie Tang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science University of Minnesota 421 Washington Ave. SE Minneapolis MN 55455 USA
| | - Katie L. Browning
- Chemical Sciences Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory 1 Bethel Valley Rd. Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
| | - Gabriel M. Veith
- Chemical Sciences Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory 1 Bethel Valley Rd. Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
| | - Vineet Maliekkal
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science University of Minnesota 421 Washington Ave. SE Minneapolis MN 55455 USA
| | - Matthew Neurock
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science University of Minnesota 421 Washington Ave. SE Minneapolis MN 55455 USA
| | - Alberto Villa
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Milano Via Camillo Golgi, 19 Milan MI 20133 Italy
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11
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Figueras M, Gutiérrez RA, Viñes F, Ramírez PJ, Rodriguez JA, Illas F. Supported Molybdenum Carbide Nanoparticles as Hot Hydrogen Reservoirs for Catalytic Applications. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:8437-8441. [PMID: 32960609 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c02608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Transition metal carbides have been long proposed as replacements for expensive Pt-group transition metals as heterogeneous catalysts for hydrogenation reactions, featuring similar or superior activities and selectivities. Combining experimental observations and theoretical calculations, we show that the hydrogenating capabilities of molybdenum carbide can be further improved by nanostructuring, as seen on MoCy nanoclusters anchored on an inert Au(111) support, revealing a more prominent role of Mo active sites in the easier H2 adsorption, dissociation, H adatom diffusion, and elongated chemisorbed H2 Kubas moieties formation when compared to the bulk δ-MoC(001) surface, thus explaining the observed stronger H2 interaction and the larger formation of CHx species, making these systems ideal to catalyze hydrogenation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Figueras
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Quı́mica Fı́sica & Institut de Quı́mica Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, c/Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramón A Gutiérrez
- Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas 1020-A, Venezuela
| | - Francesc Viñes
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Quı́mica Fı́sica & Institut de Quı́mica Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, c/Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pedro J Ramírez
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas 1020-A, Venezuela
- Zoneca-CENEX, R&D Laboratories, Alta Vista, 64770 Monterrey, Mexico
| | - José A Rodriguez
- Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Francesc Illas
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Quı́mica Fı́sica & Institut de Quı́mica Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, c/Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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12
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Senanayake SD, Rodriguez JA, Weaver JF. Low Temperature Activation of Methane on Metal-Oxides and Complex Interfaces: Insights from Surface Science. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:1488-1497. [PMID: 32659076 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusThe abundance of cheap, natural gas has transformed the energy landscape, whereby revealing new possibilities for sustainable chemical technologies or impacting those that have relied on traditional fossil fuels. The primary component, methane, is underutilized and wastefully exhausted, leading to anthropogenic global warming. Historically, the manipulation of methane remained "clavis aurea," an insurmountable yet rewarding challenge and thus the focus of intense research. This is primarily due to an inability to dissociate C-H bonds in methane selectively, which requires a high energy penalty and is an essential prerequisite for the direct conversion of methane into a large set of value-added products. The discovery of such processes would promise an energy gainful use of natural gas benefiting several essential chemical processes associated with C1 chemistry. This first C-H bond dissociation step of the methane molecule appears in numerous catalytic mechanisms as the rate-determining step or most essential barrier sequence for all subsequent steps that follow in the production of C-C, C-O, or Cx-Hy-Oz bonds found in value added products. A main goal is to catalytically reduce the energy barrier for the first C-H bond dissociation to be able to achieve the activation of methane at low or moderate temperatures. As such there is great value in understanding the fundamental nature of the active sites responsible for bond breaking or formation and thus be able to facilitate better control of this chemistry, leading to the development of new technologies for fuel production and chemical conversion. Surface science studies offer enhanced perspectives for a careful manipulation of bonds over the last layer atoms of catalyst surfaces, an essential factor for the design of atomically precise catalysts and unravelling of the reaction mechanism. With the advent of new surface imaging, spectroscopy, and in situ tools, it has been possible to decipher the surface chemistry of complex materials systems and further our understanding of atomic active sites on the surfaces of metals, oxides, and carbides or metal-oxide and metal-carbide interfaces. The once considered near impossible step of C-H bond activation is now observed at low temperatures with high propensity over a collection of oxide, metal-oxide, and metal-carbide systems in a conventional or inverse configuration (oxide or carbide on metal). The enabling of C-H activation at low temperature has opened interesting possibilities for the specific production of chemicals such as methanol directly from methane, a step toward facile synthesis of liquid fuels. We highlight the most recent of these results and present the key aspects of active site configurations engineered from surface science studies which enable such a simple reactive event through careful manipulation of the last surface layer of atoms found in the catalyst structure. New concepts which help in the activation and conversion of methane are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjaya D. Senanayake
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - José A. Rodriguez
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Jason F. Weaver
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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