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Matsumoto N, Nakagawa S, Morisato K, Kanamori K, Nakanishi K, Yanai N. Crystalline organic monoliths with bicontinuous porosity. Chem Sci 2024; 15:11500-11506. [PMID: 39055017 PMCID: PMC11268461 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01650e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Organic crystals are a promising class of materials for various optical applications. However, it has been challenging to make macroscopic organic crystals with bicontinuous porosity that are applicable to flow chemistry. In this study, a new class of porous materials, cm-scale crystalline organic monoliths (COMs) with bicontinuous porosity, are synthesized by replicating the porous structure of silica monolith templates. The COMs composed of p-terphenyl can take up more than 30 wt% of an aqueous solution, and the photophysical properties of the p-terphenyl crystals are well maintained in the COMs. The relatively high surface area of the COMs can be exploited for efficient Dexter energy transfer from triplet sensitizers on the pore surface. The resulting triplet excitons in the COMs encounter and annihilate, generating upconverted UV emission. The COMs would open a new avenue toward applications of organic crystals in flow photoreaction systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Matsumoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Sakura Nakagawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Kei Morisato
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Kanamori
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
- PRESTO, JST Honcho 4-1-8 Kawaguchi Saitama 332-0012 Japan
| | - Kazuki Nakanishi
- Institute of Materials and Systems for Sustainability, Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya Aichi 464-8601 Japan
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University Yoshida, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Yanai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
- FOREST, JST Honcho 4-1-8 Kawaguchi Saitama 332-0012 Japan
- CREST, JST Honcho 4-1-8 Kawaguchi Saitama 332-0012 Japan
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Yiu TC, Gnanasekaran P, Chen WL, Lin WH, Lin MJ, Wang DY, Lu CW, Chang CH, Chang YJ. Multifaceted Sulfone-Carbazole-Based D-A-D Materials: A Blue Fluorescent Emitter as a Host for Phosphorescent OLEDs and Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Up-Conversion Electroluminescence. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:1748-1761. [PMID: 36576167 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c21294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Electroluminescence (EL) from the singlet-excited (S1) state is the ideal choice for stable, high-performing deep-blue organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) owing to the advantages of an adequately short radiative lifetime, improved device durability, and low cost, which are the most important criteria for their commercialization. Herein, we present the design and synthesis of three donor-acceptor-donor (D-A-D)-configured deep-blue fluorescent materials (denoted as TC-1, TC-2, and TC-3) composed of a thioxanthone or diphenyl sulfonyl acceptor and phenyl carbazolyl donor. These systems exhibit strong deep-blue photoluminescence (422-432 nm) in solutions and redshifted emission (472-486 nm) in thin films. The solid-state photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) was estimated to be 78 and 94% for TC-2 and TC-3, respectively. TC-2 and TC-3 possess good molecular packing and large molecular cross-sectional areas, which not only improves the PLQY but enhances the triplet-triplet annihilation up-conversion (TTAUC) efficiency of fluorescent emitters. Furthermore, both compounds were applied as an acceptor for confirming their TTAUC property using bis(2-methyldibenzo[f,h]quinoxaline)(acetylacetonate)iridium(III) (Ir(MDQ)2acac) as the sensitizer. Non-doped OLEDs based on TC-2 and TC-3 exhibit blue EL in the 461-476 nm range. In particular, TC-3 exhibits a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQEmax) of 5.1%, and its EL maximum is 476 nm. In addition, the three emitters were employed as hosts in red OLEDs using bis(1-phenylisoquinoline)(acetylacetonate)iridium(III) (Ir(piq)2acac) as the phosphorescent dopant. The red phosphorescent OLEDs based on TC-1, TC-2, and TC-3 achieve excellent EQEmax values of 21.6, 22.9, and 21.9%, respectively, and peak luminance efficiencies of 12.0, 14.0, and 12.3 cd A-1. These results highlight these fluorophores' versatility and promising prospects in practical OLED applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsz Chung Yiu
- Department of Chemistry, Tunghai University, Taichung 40704, Taiwan
| | | | - Wei-Ling Chen
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan 32003, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Han Lin
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan 32003, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jun Lin
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan 32003, Taiwan
| | - Di-Yan Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Tunghai University, Taichung 40704, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Wei Lu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Providence University, Taichung 43301, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hao Chang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan 32003, Taiwan
| | - Yuan Jay Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Tunghai University, Taichung 40704, Taiwan
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Wei L, Fan C, Rao M, Gao F, He C, Sun Y, Zhu S, He Q, Yang C, Wu W. Triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion in LAPONITE®/PVP nanocomposites: absolute quantum yields of up to 23.8% in the solid state and application to anti-counterfeiting. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2022; 9:3048-3056. [PMID: 36213984 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh00887d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The low quantum efficiency in the solid phase and the highly efficient quenching by oxygen are two major weaknesses limiting the practical applications of triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA) upconversion (UC). Herein, we report an organic-inorganic hybrid nanocomposites fabricated by self-assembly of LAPONITE® clay and poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) (PVP), which serves as excellent matrix for solid-state TTA-UC even in air. In the hybrid hydrogel doped by TTA-UC components, the anionic acceptors are arranged in an ordered manner at the nano-disk edge through electrostatic attraction, which avoids haphazard accumulation of the acceptors and allows for highly efficient inter-acceptor triplet energy migration. Moreover, the entangled PVP could not only protect the triplet excitons from oxygen quenching but even proactively eliminate oxygen by photoirradiation. Significantly, the dried gel prepared by completely removing water from the hydrogel gave absolute UC quantum efficiencies of up to 23.8% (out of a 50% maximum), which is the highest TTA-UC efficiency obtained in the solid state. The dried gels are readily made into powder by grinding with maintained UC emissions, making them convenient for application to information encryption and anti-counterfeiting security by virtue of the high UC quantum efficiency and insensitivity to oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Wei
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Chunying Fan
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Ming Rao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Fanrui Gao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Cheng He
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Yujiao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Sijia Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Qiuhui He
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Cheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Wanhua Wu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
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Mizokuro T, Kamada K, Sonoda Y. Triplet-triplet annihilation photon upconversion from diphenylhexatriene and ring-substituted derivatives in solution. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:11520-11526. [PMID: 35416189 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04784a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We report that diphenylhexatriene (DPH) and its ring-substituted derivatives act as emitter molecules in triplet-triplet annihilation photon upconversion (TTA-UC). A palladium porphyrin derivative, meso-tetraphenyl-tetrabenzoporphine palladium complex (PdTPBP), which acts as a sensitiser in TTA-UC, and DPH derivatives were dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (THF). The solution showed blue-green to green UC emission under photoexcitation at 640 nm in a nitrogen atmosphere. The UC quantum efficiency (ηUC) values of the DPHs were estimated, with (E,E,E)-1,6-bis[4-(di-2-picolylamino)phenyl]hexa-1,3,5-triene (pico DPH) showing the highest. In addition, the quantum yields of triplet energy transfer (TET) and triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA), which are elementary processes in TTA-UC, were estimated, as well as the triplet lifetimes of each DPH derivative. The results indicate that the TTA process governs the value of ηUC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiko Mizokuro
- RIAEP, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan.
| | - Kenji Kamada
- NMRI, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan
| | - Yoriko Sonoda
- RIAEP, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan.
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Dimitriev OP. Dynamics of Excitons in Conjugated Molecules and Organic Semiconductor Systems. Chem Rev 2022; 122:8487-8593. [PMID: 35298145 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The exciton, an excited electron-hole pair bound by Coulomb attraction, plays a key role in photophysics of organic molecules and drives practically important phenomena such as photoinduced mechanical motions of a molecule, photochemical conversions, energy transfer, generation of free charge carriers, etc. Its behavior in extended π-conjugated molecules and disordered organic films is very different and very rich compared with exciton behavior in inorganic semiconductor crystals. Due to the high degree of variability of organic systems themselves, the exciton not only exerts changes on molecules that carry it but undergoes its own changes during all phases of its lifetime, that is, birth, conversion and transport, and decay. The goal of this review is to give a systematic and comprehensive view on exciton behavior in π-conjugated molecules and molecular assemblies at all phases of exciton evolution with emphasis on rates typical for this dynamic picture and various consequences of the above dynamics. To uncover the rich variety of exciton behavior, details of exciton formation, exciton transport, exciton energy conversion, direct and reverse intersystem crossing, and radiative and nonradiative decay are considered in different systems, where these processes lead to or are influenced by static and dynamic disorder, charge distribution symmetry breaking, photoinduced reactions, electron and proton transfer, structural rearrangements, exciton coupling with vibrations and intermediate particles, and exciton dissociation and annihilation as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg P Dimitriev
- V. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics NAS of Ukraine, pr. Nauki 41, Kyiv 03028, Ukraine
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Murakami Y, Kamada K. Kinetics of photon upconversion by triplet-triplet annihilation: a comprehensive tutorial. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:18268-18282. [PMID: 34612372 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02654b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This perspective article provides a comprehensive but organized tutorial introduction of the kinetics related to photon upconversion (UC) by triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA) (TTA-UC). The field of TTA-UC is multi-disciplinary and rapidly growing with the involvement of researchers from diverse backgrounds. TTA-UC consists of a series of tangled photophysical processes, so a solid understanding of the kinetic features and consequences is important to develop and evaluate materials for TTA-UC. This tutorial starts with an introduction of the standard model of TTA-UC along with the assumptions used in the model. The essential concept of the spin statistics for TTA and how this concept is related to the singlet branching ratio, which directly affects the efficiency of UC, are then explained through step-by-step analyses. Using these foundations, solutions for the steady-state behaviors are derived, featuring the universal curve that describes the excitation intensity dependence of the UC quantum yield for any sample type. Various useful functions for analyzing experimental data are also introduced and summarized. The transient behaviors of TTA-UC are then discussed along with their equations, and the usefulness for analyzing transient experimental data is explained using examples. In this article, self-consistent derivations and relevant references are provided for an easy understanding of the advanced discussion and analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Murakami
- School of Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan.
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Edhborg F, Bildirir H, Bharmoria P, Moth-Poulsen K, Albinsson B. Intramolecular Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Photon Upconversion in Diffusionally Restricted Anthracene Polymer. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:6255-6263. [PMID: 34081465 PMCID: PMC8279549 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c02856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
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In the strive to
develop triplet–triplet annihilation photon
upconversion (TTA-UC) to become applicable in a viable technology,
there is a need to develop upconversion systems that can function
well in solid states. One method to achieve efficient solid-state
TTA-UC systems is to replace the intermolecular energy-transfer steps
with the corresponding intramolecular transfers, thereby minimizing
loss channels involved in chromophore diffusion. Herein, we present
a study of photon upconversion by TTA internally within a polymeric
annihilator network (iTTA). By the design of the annihilator polymer
and the choice of experiment conditions, we isolate upconversion emission
governed by iTTA within the annihilator particles and eliminate possible
external TTA between separate annihilator particles (xTTA). This approach
leads to mechanistic insights into the process of iTTA and makes it
possible to explore the upconversion kinetics and performance of a
polymeric annihilator. In comparison to a monomeric upconversion system
that only functions using xTTA, we show that upconversion in a polymeric
annihilator is efficient also at extremely low annihilator concentrations
and that the overall kinetics is significantly faster. The presented
results show that intramolecular photon upconversion is a versatile
concept for the development of highly efficient solid-state photon
upconversion materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Edhborg
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 412 96, Sweden
| | - Hakan Bildirir
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 412 96, Sweden
| | - Pankaj Bharmoria
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 412 96, Sweden
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 412 96, Sweden
| | - Bo Albinsson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 412 96, Sweden
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