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Takeshita J, Tsurugi H, Mauliana A, Yamaguchi A, Kondo T, Miyauchi M. Visible-Light-Induced Hydrogen Generation from Mixtures of Hydrogen Boride Nanosheets and Phenanthroline Molecules. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2405981. [PMID: 39269288 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202405981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2024] [Revised: 08/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogen boride (HB) nanosheets are recognized as a safe and lightweight hydrogen carrier, yet their hydrogen (H2) generation technique has been limited. In the present study, nitrogen-containing organic heterocycles are mixed with HB nanosheets in acetonitrile solution for visible-light-driven H2 generation. After exploring various nitrogen-containing heterocycles, the mixture of 1,10-phenanthroline molecules (Phens) and HB nanosheets exhibited significant H2 generation even under visible light irradiation. The quantum efficiency for H2 generation of the mixture of HB nanosheets and Phens is 0.6%. Based on spectroscopic and electrochemical analyses and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, it is determined that radical species generated from Phens with electrons and protons donated by HB nanosheets are responsive to visible light for H2 generation. The HB nanosheets/Phens mixture presented in this study can generate H2 using renewable energy sources such as sunlight without the need for complex electrochemical systems or heating mechanisms and is expected to serve as a lightweight hydrogen storage/release system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jumpei Takeshita
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8552, Japan
| | - Hayato Tsurugi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Andi Mauliana
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8552, Japan
| | - Akira Yamaguchi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8552, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kondo
- Department of Materials Science, Institute of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8573, Japan
- The Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8577, Japan
- Tsukuba Research Center for Energy Materials Science, Institute of Pure and Applied Sciences and R&D Center for Zero CO2 Emission Functional Materials, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8573, Japan
| | - Masahiro Miyauchi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8552, Japan
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2
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Akiyama T, Ukai M, Ishii Y, Kawasaki S, Hattori Y. Lithium-ion battery electrode properties of hydrogen boride. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:12738-12744. [PMID: 38618908 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00450g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Recently, hydrogen boride (HB) with a pseudo-two-dimensional sheet structure was successfully synthesized, and it is theoretically predicted to have high potential as a negative electrode material for alkali metal ion batteries, making it a promising new candidate. This study represents the first experimental examination of the negative electrode properties of HB. HB was synthesized via cation exchange from MgB2. The confirmation of HB synthesis was achieved through various spectroscopic experiments, including synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, in addition to direct observation using transmission electron microscopy. The HB electrode was prepared by mixing the HB powder sample with conductive additive carbon black and a polymer binder. A test cell was assembled with the HB electrode as the working electrode, and lithium metal as the counter and reference electrodes, and its battery electrode properties were evaluated. Although reversible charge-discharge curves with good reversibility were observed, the reversible capacity was 100 ± 20 mA h g-1 which is significantly smaller than the theoretical predictions. Nitrogen gas adsorption experiments were performed on the HB powder sample to determine the specific surface area indicating that the HB sheets were stacked together. It is plausible to consider that this stacking structure led to a reduced lithium-ion storage capacity compared to the theoretical predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Akiyama
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan.
- F.C.C. Co., Ltd, 7000-36 Nakagawa, Hosoe, Kita, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-1394, Japan
| | - Marina Ukai
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan.
| | - Yosuke Ishii
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan.
| | - Shinji Kawasaki
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan.
| | - Yoshiyuki Hattori
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Tokida, Ueda 386-8567, Japan
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3
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Feng G, Wang S, Li S, Ge R, Feng X, Zhang J, Song Y, Dong X, Zhang J, Zeng G, Zhang Q, Ma G, Chuang YD, Zhang X, Guo J, Sun Y, Wei W, Chen W. Highly Selective Photoelectroreduction of Carbon Dioxide to Ethanol over Graphene/Silicon Carbide Composites. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202218664. [PMID: 36787047 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202218664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Using sunlight to produce valuable chemicals and fuels from carbon dioxide (CO2 ), i.e., artificial photosynthesis (AP) is a promising strategy to achieve solar energy storage and a negative carbon cycle. However, selective synthesis of C2 compounds with a high CO2 conversion rate remains challenging for current AP technologies. We performed CO2 photoelectroreduction over a graphene/silicon carbide (SiC) catalyst under simulated solar irradiation with ethanol (C2 H5 OH) selectivity of>99 % and a CO2 conversion rate of up to 17.1 mmol gcat -1 h-1 with sustained performance. Experimental and theoretical investigations indicated an optimal interfacial layer to facilitate the transfer of photogenerated electrons from the SiC substrate to the few-layer graphene overlayer, which also favored an efficient CO2 to C2 H5 OH conversion pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghui Feng
- Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering Center, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Shibin Wang
- Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering Center, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China.,Institute of Industrial Catalysis, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, P. R. China
| | - Shenggang Li
- Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering Center, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China.,School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
| | - Ruipeng Ge
- Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering Center, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China.,School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
| | - Xuefei Feng
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Junwei Zhang
- Division of Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yanfang Song
- Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering Center, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Dong
- Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering Center, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China
| | - Jiazhou Zhang
- Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering Center, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China.,School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
| | - Gaofeng Zeng
- Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering Center, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Division of Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Guijun Ma
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
| | - Yi-De Chuang
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Xixiang Zhang
- Division of Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jinghua Guo
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Yuhan Sun
- Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering Center, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China.,School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wei
- Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering Center, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China.,School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering Center, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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Noguchi N, Ito SI, Hikichi M, Cho Y, Goto K, Kubo A, Matsuda I, Fujita T, Miyauchi M, Kondo T. Highly Dispersed Ni Nanoclusters Spontaneously Formed on Hydrogen Boride Sheets. Molecules 2022; 27:8261. [PMID: 36500350 PMCID: PMC9736194 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen boride (HB) sheets are two-dimensional materials comprising a negatively charged hexagonal boron network and positively charged hydrogen atoms with a stoichiometric ratio of 1:1. Herein, we report the spontaneous formation of highly dispersed Ni nanoclusters on HB sheets. The spontaneous reduction reaction of Ni ions by the HB sheets was monitored by in-situ measurements with an ultraviolet-visible spectrometer. Acetonitrile solutions of Ni complexes and acetonitrile dispersions of the HB sheets were mixed in several molar ratios (the HB:Ni molar ratio was varied from 100:0.5 to 100:20), and the changes in the absorbance were measured over time. In all cases, the results suggest that Ni metal clusters grow on the HB sheets, considering the increase in absorbance with time. The absorbance peak position shifts to the higher wavelength as the Ni ion concentration increases. Transmission electron microscopy images of the post-reaction products indicate the formation of Ni nanoclusters, with sizes of a few nanometers, on the HB sheets, regardless of the preparation conditions. These highly dispersed Ni nanoclusters supported on HB sheets will be used for catalytic and plasmonic applications and as hydrogen storage materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsumi Noguchi
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8574, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Ito
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8573, Japan
| | - Miwa Hikichi
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8573, Japan
| | - Yohei Cho
- School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Kazuho Goto
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8574, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kubo
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8573, Japan
| | - Iwao Matsuda
- Institute for Solid State Physics (ISSP), The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8581, Japan
| | - Takeshi Fujita
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kochi University of Technology, 185 Miyanokuchi, Tosayamada, Kami 782-8502, Japan
| | - Masahiro Miyauchi
- School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kondo
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8573, Japan
- R&D Center for Zero CO2 Emission Functional Materials and Tsukuba Research Center for Energy Materials Science (TREMS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8573, Japan
- The Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
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5
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Goto T, Ito SI, Shinde SL, Ishibiki R, Hikita Y, Matsuda I, Hamada I, Hosono H, Kondo T. Carbon dioxide adsorption and conversion to methane and ethane on hydrogen boride sheets. Commun Chem 2022; 5:118. [PMID: 36698003 PMCID: PMC9814476 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-022-00739-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen boride (HB) sheets are metal-free two-dimensional materials comprising boron and hydrogen in a 1:1 stoichiometric ratio. In spite of the several advancements, the fundamental interactions between HB sheets and discrete molecules remain unclear. Here, we report the adsorption of CO2 and its conversion to CH4 and C2H6 using hydrogen-deficient HB sheets. Although fresh HB sheets did not adsorb CO2, hydrogen-deficient HB sheets reproducibly physisorbed CO2 at 297 K. The adsorption followed the Langmuir model with a saturation coverage of 2.4 × 10-4 mol g-1 and a heat of adsorption of approximately 20 kJ mol-1, which was supported by density functional theory calculations. When heated in a CO2 atmosphere, hydrogen-deficient HB began reacting with CO2 at 423 K. The detection of CH4 and C2H6 as CO2 reaction products in a moist atmosphere indicated that hydrogen-deficient HB promotes C-C coupling and CO2 conversion reactions. Our findings highlight the application potential of HB sheets as catalysts for CO2 conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiga Goto
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, 305-8573, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Ito
- Materials Research Center for Element Strategy, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
- Department of Materials Science and Tsukuba Research Center for Energy Materials Science, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8573, Japan
| | - Satish Laxman Shinde
- Department of Materials Science and Tsukuba Research Center for Energy Materials Science, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8573, Japan
| | - Ryota Ishibiki
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, 305-8573, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Hikita
- Advanced Research and Innovation Center, DENSO CORPORATION, Nisshin, Aichi, 470-0111, Japan
| | - Iwao Matsuda
- Institute for Solid State Physics (ISSP), The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8581, Japan
| | - Ikutaro Hamada
- Department of Precision Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Hideo Hosono
- Materials Research Center for Element Strategy, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kondo
- Materials Research Center for Element Strategy, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan.
- Department of Materials Science and Tsukuba Research Center for Energy Materials Science, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8573, Japan.
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6
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Wu R, Wang L. Insight and Activation Energy Surface of the Dehydrogenation of C2HxO Species in Ethanol Oxidation Reaction on Ir(100). Chemphyschem 2022; 23:e202200132. [PMID: 35446461 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Dehydrogenation of an organic compound is the first and the most fundamental elementary reaction in many organic reactions. In ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR) to form CO 2 , there are a total of 46 pathways in C 2 H x O (x=1-6) species leading to the removal of all six hydrogen atoms in five C-H bonds and one O-H bond. To investigate the degree of dehydrogenation in EOR under operando conditions, we performed density function theory (DFT) calculations to study 28 dehydrogenation steps of C 2 H x O on Ir(100). An activation energy surface was then constructed and compared with that of the C-C bond cleavages to understand the importance of the degree of dehydrogenation in EOR. The results show that there are likely 28 dehydrogenations in EOR under fuel cell temperatures and the last two hydrogens in C 2 H 2 O are less likely cleaved. On the other hand, deep dehydrogenation including 45 dehydrogenations can occur under ethanol steam reforming conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruitao Wu
- Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Chemistry and Biochemistry, UNITED STATES
| | - Lichang Wang
- Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 224 Neckers Hall, 62901, Carbondale, UNITED STATES
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7
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Tateishi I, Zhang X, Matsuda I. Electronic Structures of Polymorphic Layers of Borophane. Molecules 2022; 27:1808. [PMID: 35335171 PMCID: PMC8950085 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27061808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The search for free-standing 2D materials has been one of the most important subjects in the field of studies on 2D materials and their applications. Recently, a free-standing monolayer of hydrogenated boron (HB) sheet has been synthesized by hydrogenation of borophene. The HB sheet is also called borophane, and its application is actively studied in many aspects. Here, we review recent studies on the electronic structures of polymorphic sheets of borophane. A hydrogenated boron sheet with a hexagonal boron frame was shown to have a semimetallic electronic structure by experimental and theoretical analyses. A tight-binding model that reproduces the electronic structure was given and it allows easy estimation of the properties of the material. Hydrogenated boron sheets with more complicated nonsymmorphic boron frames were also analyzed. Using the symmetry restrictions from the nonsymmorphic symmetry and the filling factor of hydrogenated boron sheets, the existence of a Dirac nodal line was suggested. These studies provide basic insights for research on and device applications of hydrogenated boron sheets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuma Tateishi
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science, Wako 351-0198, Saitama, Japan
| | - Xiaoni Zhang
- Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8581, Chiba, Japan; (X.Z.); (I.M.)
| | - Iwao Matsuda
- Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8581, Chiba, Japan; (X.Z.); (I.M.)
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8
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Hirabayashi T, Yasuhara S, Shoji S, Yamaguchi A, Abe H, Ueda S, Zhu H, Kondo T, Miyauchi M. Fabrication of Hydrogen Boride Thin Film by Ion Exchange in MgB 2. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26206212. [PMID: 34684790 PMCID: PMC8540303 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26206212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, hydrogen boride films are fabricated by ion-exchange treatment on magnesium diboride (MgB2) films under ambient temperature and pressure. We prepared oriented MgB2 films on strontium titanate (SrTiO3) substrates using pulsed laser deposition (PLD). Subsequently, these films were treated with ion exchangers in acetonitrile solution. TOF-SIMS analysis evidenced that hydrogen species were introduced into the MgB2 films by using two types of ion exchangers: proton exchange resin and formic acid. According to the HAXPES analysis, negatively charged boron species were preserved in the films after the ion-exchange treatment. In addition, the FT-IR analysis suggested that B-H bonds were formed in the MgB2 films following the ion-exchange treatment. The ion-exchange treatment using formic acid was more efficient compared to the resin treatment; with respect to the amount of hydrogen species introduced into the MgB2 films. These ion-exchanged films exhibited photoinduced hydrogen release as observed in a powder sample. Based on the present study, we expect to be able to control the morphology and hydrogen content of hydrogen boride thin films by optimising the ion-exchange treatment process, which will be useful for further studies and device applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Hirabayashi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan; (T.H.); (S.Y.); (S.S.); (A.Y.)
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;
| | - S. Yasuhara
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan; (T.H.); (S.Y.); (S.S.); (A.Y.)
| | - S. Shoji
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan; (T.H.); (S.Y.); (S.S.); (A.Y.)
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - A. Yamaguchi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan; (T.H.); (S.Y.); (S.S.); (A.Y.)
| | - H. Abe
- Center for Green Research on Energy and Environmental Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan;
| | - S. Ueda
- Synchrotron X-ray Station at SPring-8, National Institute for Materials Science, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan;
- Research Center for Advanced Measurement and Characterization, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba 305-0047, Japan
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - H. Zhu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;
| | - T. Kondo
- Department of Materials Science and Tsukuba Research Center for Energy Materials Science, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8573, Japan
- Materials Research Center for Element Strategy, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
- Correspondence: (T.K.); (M.M.)
| | - M. Miyauchi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan; (T.H.); (S.Y.); (S.S.); (A.Y.)
- Correspondence: (T.K.); (M.M.)
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