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Rimsza JM, Duwal S, Root HD. Impact of Vertex Functionalization on Flexibility of Porous Organic Cages. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:29025-29034. [PMID: 38973899 PMCID: PMC11223230 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c04186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Efficient carbon capture requires engineered porous systems that selectively capture CO2 and have low energy regeneration pathways. Porous liquids (PLs), solvent-based systems containing permanent porosity through the incorporation of a porous host, increase the CO2 adsorption capacity. A proposed mechanism of PL regeneration is the application of isostatic pressure in which the dissolved nanoporous host is compressed to alter the stability of gases in the internal pore. This regeneration mechanism relies on the flexibility of the porous host, which can be evaluated through molecular simulations. Here, the flexibility of porous organic cages (POCs) as representative porous hosts was evaluated, during which pore windows decreased by 10-40% at 6 GPa. POCs with sterically smaller functional groups, such as the 1,2-ethane in the CC1 POC resulted in greater imine cage flexibility relative to those with sterically larger functional groups, such as the cyclohexane in the CC3 POC that protected the imine cage from the application of pressure. Structural changes in the POC also caused CO2 adsorption to be thermodynamically unfavorable beginning at ∼2.2 GPa in the CC1 POC, ∼1.1 GPa in the CC3 POC, and ∼1.0 GPa in the CC13 POC, indicating that the CO2 would be expelled from the POC at or above these pressures. Energy barriers for CO2 desorption from inside the POC varied based on the geometry of the pore window and all the POCs had at least one pore window with a sufficiently low energy barrier to allow for CO2 desorption under ambient temperatures. The results identified that flexibility of the CC1, CC3, or CC13 POCs under compression can result in the expulsion of captured gas molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M. Rimsza
- Geochemistry
Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
| | - Sakun Duwal
- Dynamic
Material Properties Department, Sandia National
Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
| | - Harrison D. Root
- Advanced
Materials Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
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Xu Z, Ye Y, Liu Y, Liu H, Jiang S. Design and assembly of porous organic cages. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:2261-2282. [PMID: 38318641 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05091b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Porous organic cages (POCs) represent a notable category of porous materials, showing remarkable material properties due to their inherent porosity. Unlike extended frameworks which are constructed by strong covalent or coordination bonds, POCs are composed of discrete molecular units held together by weak intermolecular forces. Their structure and chemical traits can be systematically tailored, making them suitable for a range of applications including gas storage and separation, molecular separation and recognition, catalysis, and proton and ion conduction. This review provides a comprehensive overview of POCs, covering their synthesis methods, structure and properties, computational approaches, and applications, serving as a primer for those who are new to the domain. A special emphasis is placed on the growing role of computational methods, highlighting how advanced data-driven techniques and automation are increasingly aiding the rapid exploration and understanding of POCs. We conclude by addressing the prevailing challenges and future prospects in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zezhao Xu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Yangzhi Ye
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Yilan Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Huiyu Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Shan Jiang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
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Borne I, Saigal K, Jones CW, Lively RP. Thermodynamic Evidence for Type II Porous Liquids. Ind Eng Chem Res 2023; 62:11689-11696. [PMID: 37520782 PMCID: PMC10375470 DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.3c01201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Porous liquids are an emerging class of microporous materials where intrinsic, stable porosity is imbued in a liquid material. Many porous liquids are prepared by dispersing porous solids in bulky solvents; these can be contrasted by the method of dissolving microporous molecules. We highlight the latter "Type II" porous liquids-which are stable thermodynamic solutions with demonstrable colligative properties. This feature significantly impacts the ultimate utility of the liquid for various end-use applications. We also describe a facile method for determining if a Type II porous liquid candidate is "porous" based on assessing the partial molar volume of the porous host molecule dissolved in the solvent by measuring the densities of candidate solutions. Conventional CO2 isotherms confirm the porosity of the porous liquids and corroborate the facile density method.
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Chaban VV, Andreeva NA, Bernard FL, M Dos Santos L, Einloft S. Chemical similarity of dialkyl carbonates and carbon dioxide opens an avenue for novel greenhouse gas scavengers: cheap recycling and low volatility via experiments and simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:9320-9335. [PMID: 36920377 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp06089b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Global warming linked to the industrial emissions of greenhouse gases may be the end of mankind unless it is adequately and timely handled. To prevent irreversible changes to the climate of the Earth, numerous research groups are striving to develop robust CO2 sorbents. Dialkyl carbonates (DACs) and CO2 exhibit obvious chemical similarities in their structure and properties. The degrees of oxidation of all atoms composing DACs and CO2 are identical resulting in very similar nucleophilicities and electrophilicities of all interaction centers. While both compounds possess relatively high partial atomic charges on their polar moieties, the molecular geometries prevent tight binding of the head groups. The computed DAC-DAC binding energies are ∼40 kJ mol-1, whereas the effect of the alkyl chain length is marginal. The phase transition points and shear viscosities of DACs are very low. We herein hypothesize and numerically rationalize that DACs represent noteworthy physical sorbents for CO2 thanks to the similar sorbent-CO2 and sorbent-sorbent interaction energies. By reporting in silico-derived sorption thermodynamics at various conditions, spectral and structural properties, and experimentally derived CO2 capacities and recyclabilities, we highlight the mutual affinity of DACs and CO2. Indeed, the experimentally determined CO2 sorption capacity of 0.88 mol% (diethyl carbonate) at 278.15 K and 30 bar is competitive. The unprecedentedly low DAC-CO2 binding energies, ∼14 kJ mol-1, suggest a low-cost desorption process and outstanding recyclability of the sorbent. We also note that DACs possessing long alkyl chains (butyl, hexyl, octyl) exhibit negligible volatilities, while preserving the liquid aggregate state over a practically important temperature range. The reported results may foster the development of a new class of CO2 scavengers with possibly quite peculiar characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nadezhda A Andreeva
- Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Russian Federation.,School of Technology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, PUCRS, Brazil
| | - Franciele L Bernard
- School of Technology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, PUCRS, Brazil
| | - Leonardo M Dos Santos
- School of Technology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, PUCRS, Brazil
| | - Sandra Einloft
- School of Technology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, PUCRS, Brazil.,Post-Graduation Program in Materials Engineering and Technology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul - PUCRS, Brazil
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Krishnan K, Crawford JM, Thallapally PK, Carreon MA. Porous Organic Cages CC3 and CC2 as Adsorbents for the Separation of Carbon Dioxide from Nitrogen and Hydrogen. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keerthana Krishnan
- Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401 United States
| | - James M. Crawford
- Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401 United States
| | | | - Moises A. Carreon
- Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401 United States
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Chaban VV. Carbon Dioxide Chemisorption by Ammonium and Phosphonium Ionic Liquids: Quantum Chemistry Calculations. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:5497-5506. [PMID: 35833871 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c02968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Carbon capture and storage is an important technological endeavor aiming to improve the ecology by combating global warming. The present work investigates reaction paths that are responsible for CO2 chemisorption by the ammonium- and phosphonium-based ionic liquids containing an aprotic heterocyclic anion 2-cyanopyrrolide. We exemplify that 2 mol of CO2 per 1 mol of the gas scavenger can be theoretically fixed by such ionic liquids. Both the cation and anion participate in the chemisorption. The corresponding standard enthalpies and potential energies are moderately negative. The chemisorption reaction, as revealed by the simulations of competing pathways, is started by the donation of the proton from the cation to the anion. The double covalent bond in the cation's structure emerges. The barriers to all reactions involving the phosphonium-based cation are relatively small and favor practical applications of the considered sorbents. The performance of the ammonium-based cation is less favorable due to the inherent instability of the tetraalkylammonium ylide. The role of phosphonium ylide in the mechanism of the reaction is carefully characterized. The performance of the aprotic anion as a CO2 scavenger is unaffected by the chemical identity of the counterion. The essential heights of the identified steric barriers underline the necessity to simulate the entire structures of the reacting species to obtain a reliable description of chemisorption. The reported results foster a fundamental understanding of the outstanding CO2 sorption performance of the quaternary ammonium- and phosphonium-based 2-cyanopyrrolides.
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Chaban VV, Andreeva NA. Extensively amino-functionalized graphene captures carbon dioxide. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:25801-25815. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp03235j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
Amino-functionalized graphene demonstrates certain potential to fix carbon dioxide.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nadezhda A. Andreeva
- Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
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Wang H, Wang X, Tian X, Cheng W, Zheng Y, Obenchain DA, Xu X, Gou Q. Competitive tetrel bond and hydrogen bond in benzaldehyde-CO 2: characterization via rotational spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:25784-25788. [PMID: 34757355 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03608d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The rotational spectrum of the 1 : 1 benzaldehyde-CO2 complex has been investigated using pulsed-jet Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy complemented with quantum chemical calculations. Two isomers, both characterized by one C⋯O tetrel bond (n → π* interaction) and one C-H⋯O hydrogen bond (n → σ* interaction), have been observed in the pulsed jet. Competition between the tetrel bond and the hydrogen bond has been disclosed by natural bond orbital analysis: isomer I is characterized by one dominating OCCO2⋯O tetrel bond (12.6 kJ mol-1) and a secondary (C-H)formyl⋯O hydrogen bond (2.2 kJ mol-1); by contrast, in isomer II the (C-H)phenyl⋯O hydrogen bond (7.6 kJ mol-1) becomes the dominant bond, while the OCCO2⋯O tetrel bond (5.8 kJ mol-1) becomes much weaker with respect to that of isomer I. Using intensity measurements the relative population ratio of the two isomers was estimated to be NI/NII ≈ 2/1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Daxuecheng South Rd. 55, 401331, Chongqing, China.
| | - Xiujuan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Daxuecheng South Rd. 55, 401331, Chongqing, China.
| | - Xiao Tian
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Daxuecheng South Rd. 55, 401331, Chongqing, China.
| | - Wanying Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Daxuecheng South Rd. 55, 401331, Chongqing, China.
| | - Yang Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Daxuecheng South Rd. 55, 401331, Chongqing, China.
| | - Daniel A Obenchain
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstr. 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Xuefang Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Daxuecheng South Rd. 55, 401331, Chongqing, China.
| | - Qian Gou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Daxuecheng South Rd. 55, 401331, Chongqing, China. .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Daxuecheng South Rd 55, 401331, Chongqing, China
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