1
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Yao X, Vishnu JA, Lupfer C, Hoenders D, Skarsetz O, Chen W, Dattler D, Perrot A, Wang WZ, Gao C, Giuseppone N, Schmid F, Walther A. Scalable Approach to Molecular Motor-Polymer Conjugates for Light-Driven Artificial Muscles. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2403514. [PMID: 38613525 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202403514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
The integration of molecular machines and motors into materials represents a promising avenue for creating dynamic and functional molecular systems, with potential applications in soft robotics or reconfigurable biomaterials. However, the development of truly scalable and controllable approaches for incorporating molecular motors into polymeric matrices has remained a challenge. Here, it is shown that light-driven molecular motors with sensitive photo-isomerizable double bonds can be converted into initiators for Cu-mediated controlled/living radical polymerization enabling the synthesis of star-shaped motor-polymer conjugates. This approach enables scalability, precise control over the molecular structure, block copolymer structures, and high-end group fidelity. Moreover, it is demonstrated that these materials can be crosslinked to form gels with quasi-ideal network topology, exhibiting light-triggered contraction. The influence of arm length and polymer structure is investigated, and the first molecular dynamics simulation framework to gain deeper insights into the contraction processes is developed. Leveraging this scalable methodology, the creation of bilayer soft robotic devices and cargo-lifting artificial muscles is showcased, highlighting the versatility and potential applications of this advanced polymer chemistry approach. It is anticipated that the integrated experimental and simulation framework will accelerate scalable approaches for active polymer materials based on molecular machines, opening up new horizons in materials science and bioscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyang Yao
- Life-Like Materials and Systems, Department of Chemistry, University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- SAMS Research Group, Université de Strasbourg, Institut Charles Sadron - CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034, Strasbourg, Cedex 2, France
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, Freiburg, Germany
- Strasbourg Institute for Advanced Studies, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jude Ann Vishnu
- KOMET 1, Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, D 55099, Mainz, Germany
| | - Claudius Lupfer
- Life-Like Materials and Systems, Department of Chemistry, University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Daniel Hoenders
- Life-Like Materials and Systems, Department of Chemistry, University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Oliver Skarsetz
- Life-Like Materials and Systems, Department of Chemistry, University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Weixiang Chen
- Life-Like Materials and Systems, Department of Chemistry, University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Damien Dattler
- SAMS Research Group, Université de Strasbourg, Institut Charles Sadron - CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034, Strasbourg, Cedex 2, France
| | - Alexis Perrot
- SAMS Research Group, Université de Strasbourg, Institut Charles Sadron - CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034, Strasbourg, Cedex 2, France
| | - Wen-Zhi Wang
- SAMS Research Group, Université de Strasbourg, Institut Charles Sadron - CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034, Strasbourg, Cedex 2, France
| | - Chuan Gao
- SAMS Research Group, Université de Strasbourg, Institut Charles Sadron - CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034, Strasbourg, Cedex 2, France
| | - Nicolas Giuseppone
- SAMS Research Group, Université de Strasbourg, Institut Charles Sadron - CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034, Strasbourg, Cedex 2, France
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, Freiburg, Germany
- Strasbourg Institute for Advanced Studies, Strasbourg, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, 75005, France
| | - Friederike Schmid
- KOMET 1, Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, D 55099, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Walther
- Life-Like Materials and Systems, Department of Chemistry, University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, Freiburg, Germany
- Strasbourg Institute for Advanced Studies, Strasbourg, France
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2
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Stracke K, Evans JD. The use of collective variables and enhanced sampling in the simulations of existing and emerging microporous materials. NANOSCALE 2024. [PMID: 38647659 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr01024h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Microporous materials, including zeolites, metal-organic frameworks, and cage compounds, offer diverse functionalities due to their unique dynamics and guest confinement properties. These materials play a significant role in separation, catalysis, and sensing, but their complexity hinders exploration using traditional atomistic simulations. This review explores collective variables (CVs) paired with enhanced sampling as a powerful approach to enable efficient investigation of key features in microporous materials. We highlight successful applications of CVs in studying adsorption, diffusion, phase transitions, and mechanical properties, demonstrating their crucial role in guiding material design and optimisation. The future of CVs lies in integration with techniques like machine learning, allowing for enhanced efficiency and accuracy. By tailoring CVs to specific materials and developing multi-scale approaches we can further unlock the intricacies of these fascinating materials. Simulations are a cornerstone in unravelling the complexities of microporous materials and are crucial for our future understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Stracke
- School of Physics, Chemistry and Earth Science, The University of Adelaide, 5005 Australia.
| | - Jack D Evans
- School of Physics, Chemistry and Earth Science, The University of Adelaide, 5005 Australia.
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3
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Tarzia A, Wolpert EH, Jelfs KE, Pavan GM. Systematic exploration of accessible topologies of cage molecules via minimalistic models. Chem Sci 2023; 14:12506-12517. [PMID: 38020374 PMCID: PMC10646940 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03991a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cages are macrocyclic structures with an intrinsic internal cavity that support applications in separations, sensing and catalysis. These materials can be synthesised via self-assembly of organic or metal-organic building blocks. Their bottom-up synthesis and the diversity in building block chemistry allows for fine-tuning of their shape and properties towards a target property. However, it is not straightforward to predict the outcome of self-assembly, and, thus, the structures that are practically accessible during synthesis. Indeed, such a prediction becomes more difficult as problems related to the flexibility of the building blocks or increased combinatorics lead to a higher level of complexity and increased computational costs. Molecular models, and their coarse-graining into simplified representations, may be very useful to this end. Here, we develop a minimalistic toy model of cage-like molecules to explore the stable space of different cage topologies based on a few fundamental geometric building block parameters. Our results capture, despite the simplifications of the model, known geometrical design rules in synthetic cage molecules and uncover the role of building block coordination number and flexibility on the stability of cage topologies. This leads to a large-scale and systematic exploration of design principles, generating data that we expect could be analysed through expandable approaches towards the rational design of self-assembled porous architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Tarzia
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24 10129 Torino Italy
| | - Emma H Wolpert
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Kim E Jelfs
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Giovanni M Pavan
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24 10129 Torino Italy
- Department of Innovative Technologies, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Polo Universitario Lugano Campus Est, Via la Santa 1 6962 Lugano-Viganello Switzerland
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4
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Krause S, Milić JV. Functional dynamics in framework materials. Commun Chem 2023; 6:151. [PMID: 37452112 PMCID: PMC10349092 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-00945-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Dynamic crystalline materials have emerged as a unique category of condensed phase matter that combines crystalline lattice with components that display dynamic behavior in the solid state. This has involved a range of materials incorporating dynamic functional units in the form of stimuli-responsive molecular switches and machines, among others. In particular, it has been possible by relying on framework materials, such as porous molecular frameworks and other hybrid organic-inorganic systems that demonstrated potential for serving as scaffolds for dynamic molecular functions. As functional dynamics increase the level of complexity, the associated phenomena are often overlooked and need to be explored. In this perspective, we discuss a selection of recent developments of dynamic solid-state materials across material classes, outlining opportunities and fundamental and methodological challenges for their advancement toward innovative functionality and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Krause
- Max Planck Institute for Solid-State Research, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Jovana V Milić
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.
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5
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Krause S. Active Separation of Water Isotopologues by Local Molecular Motion in Microporous Framework Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202217680. [PMID: 36591731 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202217680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Around 10-15 % of the world's energy consumption is accounted for by the separation and purification of chemicals. Among them is the enrichment and separation of isotopologues which are an essential aspect of modern chemistry. In their recent work, Su et al. demonstrate the separation of water isotopologues by responsive dynamic pore windows in a microporous coordination polymer with unprecedented selectivity based on an elegant mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Krause
- Nanochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
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6
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Jiang Y, Danowski W, Feringa BL, Heinke L. Nanoporous Films with Oriented Arrays of Molecular Motors for Photoswitching the Guest Adsorption and Diffusion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202214202. [PMID: 36367076 PMCID: PMC10107543 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Molecular motors are fascinating nanomachines. However, constructing smart materials from such functional molecules presents a severe challenge in material science. Here, we present a bottom-up layer-by-layer assembly of oriented overcrowded-alkene molecular motors forming a crystalline metal-organic framework thin film. While all stator parts of the overcrowded-alkene motors are oriented perpendicular to the substrate, the rotors point into the pores, which are large enough allowing for the light-induced molecular rotation. Taking advantage of the thin film's transparency, the motor rotation and its activation energy are determined by UV/Vis spectroscopy. As shown by gravimetric uptake experiments, molecular motors in crystalline porous materials are used, for the first time, to control the adsorption and diffusion properties of guest molecules in the pores, here, by switching with light between the (meta-)stable states. The work demonstrates the potential of designed materials with molecular motors and indicates a path for the future development of smart materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunzhe Jiang
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Wojciech Danowski
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, AG, The Netherlands.,University of Strasbourg CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006, 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, AG, The Netherlands
| | - Lars Heinke
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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7
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Senn MS, Goodwin AL. Polarization from sliding molecular rotors. NATURE MATERIALS 2022; 21:1100-1101. [PMID: 35927435 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-022-01334-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Senn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
| | - Andrew L Goodwin
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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8
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Feng L, Astumian RD, Stoddart JF. Controlling dynamics in extended molecular frameworks. Nat Rev Chem 2022; 6:705-725. [PMID: 37117491 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-022-00412-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Molecular machines are essential dynamic components for fuel production, cargo delivery, information storage and processing in living systems. Scientists have demonstrated that they can design and synthesize artificial molecular machines that operate efficiently in isolation - for example, at high dilution in solution - fuelled by chemicals, electricity or light. To organize the spatial arrangement and motion of these machines within close proximity to one another in solid frameworks, such that useful macroscopic work can be performed, remains a challenge in both chemical and materials science. In this Review, we summarize the progress that has been made during the past decade in organizing dynamic molecular entities in such solid frameworks. Emerging applications of these dynamic smart materials in the contexts of molecular recognition, optoelectronics, drug delivery, photodynamic therapy and water desalination are highlighted. Finally, we review recent work on a new non-equilibrium adsorption phenomenon for which we have coined the term mechanisorption. The ability to use external energy to drive directional processes in mechanized extended frameworks augurs well for the future development of artificial molecular factories.
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9
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Stähler C, Grunenberg L, Terban MW, Browne WR, Doellerer D, Kathan M, Etter M, Lotsch BV, Feringa BL, Krause S. Light-Driven Molecular Motors Embedded in Covalent Organic Frameworks. Chem Sci 2022; 13:8253-8264. [PMID: 35919721 PMCID: PMC9297439 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc02282f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The incorporation of molecular machines into the backbone of porous framework structures will facilitate nano actuation, enhanced molecular transport, and other out-of-equilibrium host-guest phenomena in well-defined 3D solid materials. In...
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosima Stähler
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen Netherlands
| | - Lars Grunenberg
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstr. 1 70569 Stuttgart Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Butenandtstr. 5-13 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Maxwell W Terban
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstr. 1 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Wesley R Browne
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen Netherlands
| | - Daniel Doellerer
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen Netherlands
| | - Michael Kathan
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen Netherlands
| | - Martin Etter
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY) Notkestr. 85 22607 Hamburg Germany
| | - Bettina V Lotsch
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstr. 1 70569 Stuttgart Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Butenandtstr. 5-13 81377 Munich Germany
- E-conversion Lichtenbergstrasse 4a 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen Netherlands
| | - Simon Krause
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstr. 1 70569 Stuttgart Germany
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10
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Gonzalez-Nelson A, Mula S, Šimėnas M, Balčiu Nas S, Altenhof AR, Vojvodin CS, Canossa S, Banys JR, Schurko RW, Coudert FX, van der Veen MA. Emergence of Coupled Rotor Dynamics in Metal-Organic Frameworks via Tuned Steric Interactions. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:12053-12062. [PMID: 34324323 PMCID: PMC8361432 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c03630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The organic components
in metal–organic frameworks (MOFs)
are unique: they are embedded in a crystalline lattice, yet, as they
are separated from each other by tunable free space, a large variety
of dynamic behavior can emerge. These rotational dynamics of the organic
linkers are especially important due to their influence over properties
such as gas adsorption and kinetics of guest release. To fully exploit
linker rotation, such as in the form of molecular machines, it is
necessary to engineer correlated linker dynamics to achieve their
cooperative functional motion. Here, we show that for MIL-53, a topology
with closely spaced rotors, the phenylene functionalization allows
researchers to tune the rotors’ steric environment, shifting
linker rotation from completely static to rapid motions at frequencies
above 100 MHz. For steric interactions that start to inhibit independent
rotor motion, we identify for the first time the emergence of coupled
rotation modes in linker dynamics. These findings pave the way for
function-specific engineering of gear-like cooperative motion in MOFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Gonzalez-Nelson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands.,DPI, P.O.Box 92, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Srinidhi Mula
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Mantas Šimėnas
- Faculty of Physics, Vilnius University, LT-10222 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | | | - Adam R Altenhof
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States.,National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Cameron S Vojvodin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States.,National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Stefano Canossa
- EMAT, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ju Ras Banys
- Faculty of Physics, Vilnius University, LT-10222 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Robert W Schurko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States.,National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - François-Xavier Coudert
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Monique A van der Veen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
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11
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Kolodzeiski E, Amirjalayer S. Collective structural properties of embedded molecular motors in functionalized metal-organic frameworks. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:4728-4735. [PMID: 33598666 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp06263d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photo-responsive molecular motors incorporated in soft porous materials enable the amplification of the motion of individual motor units by employing their collective and cooperative behavior. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) provide in this regard, due to their structural diversity and modular assembly, a unique matrix to construct well-defined and systematically tunable molecular environments for the embedding of molecular motors. However, despite advances in the development of such photo-responsive functional materials, a thorough understanding of the governing interactions at the atomic scale has been missing so far, limiting the possibility of predicting and fully exploring the potential of these assembled machineries. Here, we present a conformational study to unravel the collective structural behavior and elucidate the impact of motor-motor interactions on the local and global properties of the scaffold. In particular, our work highlights the impact of full conversion of the embedded molecular motors on the overall network topology of the MotorMOF and thus acts as a benchmark for future studies to further explore the correlation of responsive building units with the resulting functionality of these hierarchical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Kolodzeiski
- Physikalisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Willhelm-Klemm-Strasse 10, 48149 Münster, Germany. and Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech), Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation (CMTC), Heisenbergstrasse 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Saeed Amirjalayer
- Physikalisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Willhelm-Klemm-Strasse 10, 48149 Münster, Germany. and Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech), Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation (CMTC), Heisenbergstrasse 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
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12
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Terzopoulou A, Nicholas JD, Chen XZ, Nelson BJ, Pané S, Puigmartí-Luis J. Metal–Organic Frameworks in Motion. Chem Rev 2020; 120:11175-11193. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Terzopoulou
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich, Tannenstrasse 3, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - James D. Nicholas
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Departament de Ciència dels Materials i Química Física, Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xiang-Zhong Chen
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich, Tannenstrasse 3, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bradley J. Nelson
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich, Tannenstrasse 3, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Salvador Pané
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich, Tannenstrasse 3, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Josep Puigmartí-Luis
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Departament de Ciència dels Materials i Química Física, Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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13
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Krause S, Feringa BL. Towards artificial molecular factories from framework-embedded molecular machines. Nat Rev Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1038/s41570-020-0209-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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14
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Danowski W, Castiglioni F, Sardjan AS, Krause S, Pfeifer L, Roke D, Comotti A, Browne WR, Feringa BL. Visible-Light-Driven Rotation of Molecular Motors in a Dual-Function Metal-Organic Framework Enabled by Energy Transfer. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:9048-9056. [PMID: 32324391 PMCID: PMC7232677 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c03063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The visible-light-driven rotation of an overcrowded alkene-based molecular motor strut in a dual-function metal-organic framework (MOF) is reported. Two types of functional linkers, a palladium-porphyrin photosensitizer and a bispyridine-derived molecular motor, were used to construct the framework capable of harvesting low-energy green light to power the rotary motion. The molecular motor was introduced in the framework using the postsynthetic solvent-assisted linker exchange (SALE) method, and the structure of the material was confirmed by powder (PXRD) and single-crystal X-ray (SC-XRD) diffraction. The large decrease in the phosphorescence lifetime and intensity of the porphyrin in the MOFs upon introduction of the molecular motor pillars confirms efficient triplet-to-triplet energy transfer between the porphyrin linkers and the molecular motor. Near-infrared Raman spectroscopy revealed that the visible light-driven rotation of the molecular motor proceeds in the solid state at rates similar to those observed in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Danowski
- Centre
for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747
AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Fabio Castiglioni
- Department
of Materials Science, University of Milano
Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milan, Italy
| | - Andy S. Sardjan
- Molecular
Inorganic Chemistry Group, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Simon Krause
- Centre
for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747
AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lukas Pfeifer
- Centre
for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747
AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Diederik Roke
- Centre
for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747
AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Angiolina Comotti
- Department
of Materials Science, University of Milano
Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milan, Italy
| | - Wesley R. Browne
- Centre
for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747
AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Molecular
Inorganic Chemistry Group, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ben L. Feringa
- Centre
for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747
AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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