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Jia N, Deng T, Larouche C, Galstian T, Bégin-Drolet A, Greener J. Microflow sensing and control using an in-channel birefringent biomembrane. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:2633-2643. [PMID: 38639159 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00985h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
This study describes the function, optimization, and demonstration of a new class of passive, low-cost microfluidic flow meters based on birefringent chitosan biomembranes analyzed by polarized microscopy. We subjected the membrane to dynamic flow conditions while monitoring the real-time response of its optical properties. We obtained figures of merit, including the linear response operating range (0 to 65 μL min-1), minimum response time (250 ms), sensitivity (2.03% × 10-3 μL-1 min), and minimum sensor longevity (1 week). In addition, possible sources of interference were identified. Finally, we demonstrate the membrane as a low-cost flow rate measurement device for the close loop control of a commercial pressure-driven pump. Preliminary experiments using a basic PID controller with the membrane-based flow rate measurement device showed that stable control could be achieved and the system could reach steady-state behavior in less than 15 seconds. Analysis of fundamental limits to sensor response time indicate the potential for faster steady-state behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Jia
- Département de chimie, Faculté des sciences et de génie, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Tianyang Deng
- Département de chimie, Faculté des sciences et de génie, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Charles Larouche
- Département de génie mécanique, Faculté des sciences et de génie, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Tigran Galstian
- Centre d'optique, photonique et laser, Département de physique, génie physique et optique, Faculté des sciences et de génie, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - André Bégin-Drolet
- Département de génie mécanique, Faculté des sciences et de génie, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Jesse Greener
- Département de chimie, Faculté des sciences et de génie, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
- CHU de Québec, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1L 3L5, Canada
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2
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Jia N, Torres de Oliveira L, Bégin-Drolet A, Greener J. A spectIR-fluidic reactor for monitoring fast chemical reaction kinetics with on-chip attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:5129-5138. [PMID: 37609867 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay00842h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidics has emerged as a powerful technology with diverse applications in microbiology, medicine, chemistry, and physics. While its potential for controlling and studying chemical reactions is well recognized, the extraction and analysis of useful chemical information generated within microfluidic devices remain challenging. This is mainly due to the limited tools available for in situ measurements of chemical reactions. In this study, we present a proof-of-concept spectIR-fluidic reactor design that combines microfluidics with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy for in situ kinetic studies of fast reactions. By integrating a multi-ridge silicon attenuated total reflection (ATR) wafer into the microfluidic device, we enable multi-point measurements for precise reaction time monitoring. As such, this work establishes a validated foundation for studying fast chemical reactions using on-chip ATR-FTIR spectroscopy in a microfluidic reactor environment, which enables simultaneous monitoring of reagents, intermediates, and products using a phosphate proton transfer reaction. The spectIR-fluidic reactor platform offers customizable designs, allowing for the investigation of reactions with various time scales, and has the potential to significantly advance studies exploring reaction mechanisms and optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Jia
- Département de Chimie, Faculté des Sciences et de Génie, Université Laval, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Leon Torres de Oliveira
- Département de Chimie, Faculté des Sciences et de Génie, Université Laval, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - André Bégin-Drolet
- Département de Génie Mécanique, Faculté des Sciences et de Génie, Université Laval, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Jesse Greener
- Département de Chimie, Faculté des Sciences et de Génie, Université Laval, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada.
- CHU de Québec, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, G1L 3L5, Canada
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3
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Jia N, Daignault-Bouchard A, Deng T, Mayerhöfer TG, Bégin-Drolet A, Greener J. SpectIR-fluidics: completely customizable microfluidic cartridges for high sensitivity on-chip infrared spectroscopy with point-of-application studies on bacterial biofilms. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:3561-3570. [PMID: 37403603 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00388d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
We present a generalizable fabrication method for a new class of analytical devices that merges virtually any microfluidic design with high-sensitivity on-chip attenuated total reflection (ATR) sampling using any standard Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer. Termed "spectIR-fluidics", a major design feature is the integration of a multi-groove silicon ATR crystal into a microfluidic device, compared with previous approaches in which the ATR surface served as a structural support for the entire device. This was accomplished by the design, fabrication, and aligned bonding of a highly engineered ATR sensing layer, which con```tains a seamlessly embedded ATR crystal on the channel side and an optical access port that matched the spectrometer light path characteristics at the device exterior. The refocused role of the ATR crystal as a dedicated analytical element, combined with optimized light coupling to the spectrometer, results in limits of detection as low as 540 nM for a D-glucose solution, arbitrarily complex channel features that are fully enclosed, and up to 18 world-to-chip connections. Three purpose-built spectIR-fluidic cartridges are used in a series of validation experiments followed by several point-of-application studies on biofilms from the gut microbiota of plastic-consuming insects using a small portable spectrometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Jia
- Département de chimie, Faculté des sciences et de génie, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Arthur Daignault-Bouchard
- Département de génie mécanique, Faculté des sciences et de génie, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Tianyang Deng
- Département de chimie, Faculté des sciences et de génie, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Thomas G Mayerhöfer
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, Jena, 07745, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University, Helmholtzweg 4, Jena, 07743, Germany
| | - André Bégin-Drolet
- Département de génie mécanique, Faculté des sciences et de génie, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Jesse Greener
- Département de chimie, Faculté des sciences et de génie, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
- CHU de Québec, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1L 3L5, Canada
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4
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Ly KL, Hu P, Raub CB, Luo X. Programmable Physical Properties of Freestanding Chitosan Membranes Electrofabricated in Microfluidics. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:294. [PMID: 36984680 PMCID: PMC10052736 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13030294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic-integrated freestanding membranes with suitable biocompatibility and tunable physicochemical properties are in high demand for a wide range of life science and biological studies. However, there is a lack of facile and rapid methods to integrate such versatile membranes into microfluidics. A recently invented interfacial electrofabrication of chitosan membranes offers an in-situ membrane integration strategy that is flexible, controllable, simple, and biologically friendly. In this follow-up study, we explored the ability to program the physical properties of these chitosan membranes by varying the electrofabrication conditions (e.g., applied voltage and pH of alginate). We found a strong association between membrane growth rate, properties, and fabrication parameters: high electrical stimuli and pH of alginate resulted in high optical retardance and low permeability, and vice versa. This suggests that the molecular alignment and density of electrofabricated chitosan membranes could be actively tailored according to application needs. Lastly, we demonstrated that this interfacial electrofabrication could easily be expanded to produce chitosan membrane arrays with higher uniformity than the previously well-established flow assembly method. This study demonstrates the tunability of the electrofabricated membranes' properties and functionality, thus expanding the utility of such membranes for broader applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khanh L. Ly
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064, USA
| | - Piao Hu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064, USA
| | - Christopher B. Raub
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064, USA
| | - Xiaolong Luo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064, USA
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5
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Mendez-Ortiz W, Stebe KJ, Lee D. Ionic Strength-Dependent Assembly of Polyelectrolyte-Nanoparticle Membranes via Interfacial Complexation at a Water-Water Interface. ACS NANO 2022; 16:21087-21097. [PMID: 36449948 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c08916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Complexation between oppositely charged nanoparticles (NPs) and polyelectrolytes (PEs) is a scalable approach to assemble functional, stimuli-responsive membranes. Complexation at interfaces of aqueous two-phase systems (ATPSs) has emerged as a powerful method to assemble these functional structures. Membranes formed at these interfaces can grow continuously to thicknesses approaching several millimeters and display a high degree of tunability via modification of solution properties such as ionic strength. To identify the membrane assembly mechanism, we study interfacial assembly in a prototypical dextran/PEG ATPS, in which silica (SiO2) NPs suspended in the PEG phase undergo interfacial complexation with poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDADMAC) supplied in the dextran phase. Using a microfluidic device that facilitates sequential insertion of fluorescent and nonfluorescent PDADMAC, we observe a transition in the membrane growth mechanism with ionic strength. In the absence of added salt ([NaCl] = 0 mM) PDADMAC chains permeate through the existing membrane to complex with NPs on the PEG side of the membrane, leading to the formation of well-stratified structures. At elevated ionic strength ([NaCl] = 500 mM), this permeation mechanism is lost. Rather, the complexing species incorporate uniformly across the membrane. We attribute this transition to a rapid exchange of PE-counterion, NP-counterion, and PE/NP binding sites facilitated by an increase in extrinsically compensated charged groups on the NPs and PEs at high salinity. These PDADMAC/SiO2 NP membranes have tremendous potential for the formation of functional membranes, offering control over the internal structure and serving as an ideal system for the generation of targeted release systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfredo Mendez-Ortiz
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Kathleen J Stebe
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Daeyeon Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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Gong L, Abbaszadeh Amirdehi M, Sonawane JM, Jia N, Torres de Oliveira L, Greener J. Mainstreaming microfluidic microbial fuel cells: a biocompatible membrane grown in situ improves performance and versatility. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:1905-1916. [PMID: 35441185 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00098a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A recent trend in microfluidic microbial fuel cells (MFCs) is to exclude a separation membrane, instead, relying on the physics of laminar flow to maintain isolation between anode and cathode compartments. To avoid solution crossover, the electrodes may be separated by distances of several millimeters, but this negatively affects the internal resistance and undermines a prime advantage of microscale MFCs. Therefore, we propose a facile method for in situ synthesis of a micromembrane that supports sub-millimeter electrode spacing. Membrane synthesis in situ reduces device fabrication complexity, and the proposed design avoids electrode contamination during its synthesis. Comparing results to a state-of-the-art membraneless MFC with 6 mm inter-electrode distances, the sub-millimeter membrane MFC under comparable flow conditions had an internal resistance that was 60% lower, power and current densities that were respectively 45% and 290% higher, and acetate conversion efficiencies that were 8 times higher. The enhanced flow stability provided stable operation under imbalanced flow conditions and delivered continuous increases to power density of up to 30% for flow rate increases of 100 times over baseline levels. As a result, maximum outputs obtained were 660 mW m-1 and 3.5 A m-1. These are the highest reported for microfluidic MFCs using pure culture bacteria, which advances the goal of competing with mainstream MFC formats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Gong
- Département de chimie, Faculté des sciences et de génie, Université Laval, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | | | - Jayesh M Sonawane
- Département de chimie, Faculté des sciences et de génie, Université Laval, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Nan Jia
- Département de chimie, Faculté des sciences et de génie, Université Laval, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Leon Torres de Oliveira
- Département de chimie, Faculté des sciences et de génie, Université Laval, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Jesse Greener
- Département de chimie, Faculté des sciences et de génie, Université Laval, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada.
- CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec G1L 3L5, Canada
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7
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Ly KL, Hu P, Pham LHP, Luo X. Flow-assembled chitosan membranes in microfluidics: recent advances and applications. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:3258-3283. [PMID: 33725061 PMCID: PMC8369861 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb00045d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The integration of membranes in microfluidic devices has been extensively exploited for various chemical engineering and bioengineering applications over the past few decades. To augment the applicability of membrane-integrated microfluidic platforms for biomedical and tissue engineering studies, a biologically friendly fabrication process with naturally occurring materials is highly desired. The in situ preparation of membranes involving interfacial reactions between parallel laminar flows in microfluidic networks, known as the flow-assembly technique, is one of the most biocompatible approaches. Membranes of many types with flexible geometries have been successfully assembled inside complex microchannels using this facile and versatile flow-assembly approach. Chitosan is a naturally abundant polysaccharide known for its pronounced biocompatibility, biodegradability, good mechanical stability, ease of modification and processing, and film-forming ability under near-physiological conditions. Chitosan membranes assembled by flows in microfluidics are freestanding, robust, semipermeable, and well-aligned in microstructure, and show high affinity to bioactive reagents and biological components (e.g. biomolecules, nanoparticles, or cells) that provide facile biological functionalization of microdevices. Here, we discuss the recent developments and optimizations in the flow-assembly of chitosan membranes and chitosan-based membranes in microfluidics. Furthermore, we recapitulate the applications of the chitosan membrane-integrated microfluidic platforms dedicated to biology, biochemistry, and drug release fields, and envision the future developments of this important platform with versatile functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khanh L Ly
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064, USA
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8
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Gao Y, Ma Q, Cao J, Wang Y, Yang X, Xu Q, Liang Q, Sun Y. Recent advances in microfluidic-aided chitosan-based multifunctional materials for biomedical applications. Int J Pharm 2021; 600:120465. [PMID: 33711469 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan-based biomaterials has shown great advantages in a broad range of applications, including drug delivery, clinical diagnosis, cell culture and tissue engineering. However, due to the lack of control over the fabrication processes by conventional techniques, the wide application of chitosan-based biomaterials has been hampered. Recently, microfluidics has been demonstrated as one of the most promising platforms to fabricate high-performance chitosan-based multifunctional materials with monodisperse size distribution and accurately controlled morphology and microstructures, which show great promising for biomedical applications. Here, we review recent progress of the fabrication of chitosan-based biomaterials with different structures and integrated functions by microfluidic technology. A comprehensive and in-depth depiction of critical microfluidic formation mechanism and process of various chitosan-based materials are first interpreted, with particular descriptions about the microfluidic-mediated control over the morphology and microstructures. Afterwards, recently emerging representative applications of chitosan-based multifunctional materials in various fields, are systematically summarized. Finally, the conclusions and perspectives on further advancing the microfluidic-aided chitosan-based multifunctional materials toward potential and versatile development for fundamental researches and biomedicine are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qingming Ma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Jie Cao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yiwen Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Hangzhou Huadong Medicine Group Biotechnology Institute Company, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiulong Xu
- Jiangsu Seven Continent Institute of Green Technology, Suzhou, China
| | - Qing Liang
- The Affiliated People's Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yong Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
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9
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Balachandran YL, Li X, Jiang X. Integrated Microfluidic Synthesis of Aptamer Functionalized Biozeolitic Imidazolate Framework (BioZIF-8) Targeting Lymph Node and Tumor. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:1335-1344. [PMID: 33523677 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c04053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Targeted delivery of therapeutic molecules using nanomaterials is desired to elicit specific responses toward diseases. Such an integrated synthesis of functional material using a microfluidic approach is a great challenge. Functional metal organic frameworks (MOFs) with unique structural diversity possess a complicated synthesis procedure thereby requiring a modest, straightforward approach to synthesize size-controllable MOFs. Here, we develop an integrated microfluidic chip to synthesize the aptamer-modified biozeolitic imidazolate framework (BioZIF-8) to target the lymph node and tumor. The first stage of the microfluidic chip forms the ZIF-8 encapsulating biomolecules (bovine serum albumin, small interfering ribonucleic acid, and doxorubicin). The second stage modifies the surface of BioZIF-8 with the aptamer. Our approach reduces the overall synthesis time (∼3 mg/10 min against 15 h for the conventional two-step method) and encapsulates a higher number of biomolecules. The microfluidic approach realizes the rapid and fine-tuned synthesis of functional MOFs integrated into one-step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yekkuni L Balachandran
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088 Xueyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P.R. China
| | - Xuanyu Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088 Xueyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P.R. China
| | - Xingyu Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088 Xueyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P.R. China
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Zhou J, Zhai Y, Xu J, Zhou T, Cen L. Microfluidic preparation of PLGA composite microspheres with mesoporous silica nanoparticles for finely manipulated drug release. Int J Pharm 2020; 593:120173. [PMID: 33321168 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.120173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The current study explored the feasibility of a microfluidic preparation of PLGA composite microspheres with mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) to finely manipulate the drug release behaviors of the microspheres. MSNs were synthesized via a hydrothermal method, and PLGA microspheres loaded with MSNs (PLGA-MSNs) were prepared using a capillary-based three-phase microfluidic device. Drug loading and release behaviors using rhodamine B (RB) as a water-soluble model drug were investigated and compared with those of PLGA microspheres. MSNs with an average particle size of 119 nm, a specific surface area of 902.5 cm2/g, and a pore size of approximately 5 nm were obtained. The mean diameter of PLGA-MSNs was 56 μm (CV = 4.91%). A sustained release duration of encapsulated RB from PLGA-MSNs for 4 months was achieved without any observable burst release. PLGA microspheres with monodispersion could also allow for a similar release duration of encapsulated RB but encountered a burst release in the mid-term of the studied duration. PLGA-MSNs had a denser outer PLGA layer and a more centralized hollow hole than PLGA microspheres without MSNs. Hence, the incorporation of MSNs into PLGA microspheres via microfluidics could be an efficient strategy to finely tune the drug release behavior of PLGA microspheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, Department of Product Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, No. 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Yishu Zhai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, Department of Product Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, No. 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Jumei Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, Department of Product Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, No. 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Tian Zhou
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, PR China.
| | - Lian Cen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, Department of Product Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, No. 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, PR China.
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