1
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Lei X, Ye W, Safdarin F, Baghaei S. Microfluidics devices for sports: A review on technology for biomedical application used in fields such as biomedicine, drug encapsulation, preparation of nanoparticles, cell targeting, analysis, diagnosis, and cell culture. Tissue Cell 2024; 87:102339. [PMID: 38432127 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2024.102339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Microfluidics is an interdisciplinary field that combines knowledge from various disciplines, including biology, chemistry, sports medicine, fluid dynamics, kinetic biomechanics, and microelectronics, to manipulate and control fluids and particles in micron-scale channels and chambers. These channels and chambers can be fabricated using different materials and methods to achieve various geometries and shapes. Microfluidics has numerous biomedical applications, such as drug encapsulation, nanoparticle preparation, cell targeting, analysis, diagnosis, and treatment of sports injuries in both professional and non-professional athletes. It can also be used in other fields, such as biological analysis, chemical synthesis, optics, and acceleration in the treatment of critical sports injuries. The objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of microfluidic technology, including its fabrication methods, current platform materials, and its applications in sports medicine. Biocompatible, biodegradable, and semi-crystalline polymers with unique mechanical and thermal properties are one of the promising materials in microfluidic technology. Despite the numerous advantages of microfluidic technology, further research and development are necessary. Although the technology offers benefits such as ease of operation and cost efficiency, it is still in its early stages. In conclusion, this review emphasizes the potential of microfluidic technology and highlights the need for continued research to fully exploit its potential in the biomedical field and sport applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehui Lei
- Graduate School of Wuhan Institute of Physical Education, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Weiwu Ye
- National Traditional Sports College of Harbin Sports University, Harbin 150008, China.
| | - F Safdarin
- Mechanical Engineering Department, lslamic Azad University, Esfahan, Iran
| | - Sh Baghaei
- Mechanical Engineering Department, lslamic Azad University, Esfahan, Iran
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2
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Liu X, Zhou X, Li X, Wei Y, Wang T, Liu S, Yang H, Sun X. Saliva Analysis Based on Microfluidics: Focusing the Wide Spectrum of Target Analyte. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2023:1-23. [PMID: 38039145 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2023.2287656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Saliva is one of the most critical human body fluids that can reflect the state of the human body. The detection of saliva is of great significance for disease diagnosis and health monitoring. Microfluidics, characterized by microscale size and high integration, is an ideal platform for the development of rapid and low-cost disease diagnostic techniques and devices. Microfluidic-based saliva testing methods have aroused considerable interest due to the increasing need for noninvasive testing and frequent or long-term testing. This review briefly described the significance of saliva analysis and generally classified the targets in saliva detection into pathogenic microorganisms, inorganic substances, and organic substances. By using this classification as a benchmark, the state-of-the-art research results on microfluidic detection of various substances in saliva were summarized. This work also put forward the challenges and future development directions of microfluidic detection methods for saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Fourth Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xinyue Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Fourth Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaojia Li
- Teaching Center for Basic Medical Experiment, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yixuan Wei
- Teaching Center for Basic Medical Experiment, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Tianlin Wang
- School of Intelligent Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shuo Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Fourth Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Huazhe Yang
- School of Intelligent Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaoting Sun
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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3
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Liu M, He D, Liu Z, Hu C. Disposable solar microcell array-based addressable photoelectrochemical sensor for high-throughput and multiplexed analysis of salivary metabolites. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 232:115312. [PMID: 37060863 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
The high-throughput detection of multiple metabolites in saliva by electrochemical sensors is usually a challenge, which however is essential to the comprehensive evaluation of health status or screening of diseases. Here, a light-addressable and paper-based hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensor for the high-throughput detection of multiple salivary metabolites is reported. This sensor has a unique solar microcell array structure with a silver nanowires/fullerene-Congo red (AgNWs/C60-CR) disc working electrode (WE) and a single-walled carbon nanotubes/platinum nanowires (SWCNTs/PtNWs) ring reference/counter electrode (RE/CE) in each microcell. Enzymes of different metabolites are immobilized on different separated microcells of a cover slide over the sensor, from which enzymatically produced H2O2 can react with p-hydroxyphenyl boric acid (4-HPBA) on the WE of the sensor to generate hydroquinone (HQ) for photocurrent responses. Based on this strategy, a disposable PEC sensor of saliva was developed, which allows the multiplexed detection of uric acid (UA), glucose (GLU) and lactate (LA) in diluted human saliva with high sensitivity and selectivity. Moreover, the detection throughput and application field of the sensor can be easily extended by connecting a series of sensors in parallel or varying the enzymes. The present work thus establishes a cost-effective approach to the scalable construction of versatile biosensing platforms with tunable throughput and varied analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Danting He
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Zhihong Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China.
| | - Chengguo Hu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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4
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Parandakh A, Ymbern O, Jogia W, Renault J, Ng A, Juncker D. 3D-printed capillaric ELISA-on-a-chip with aliquoting. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:1547-1560. [PMID: 36723136 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00878e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Sandwich immunoassays such as the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) have been miniaturized and performed in a lab-on-a-chip format, but the execution of the multiple assay steps typically requires a computer or complex peripherals. Recently, an ELISA for detecting antibodies was encoded structurally in a chip thanks to the microfluidic chain reaction (Yafia et al. Nature, 2022, 605, 464-469), but the need for precise pipetting and intolerance to commonly used surfactant concentrations limit the potential for broader adoption. Here, we introduce the ELISA-on-a-chip with aliquoting functionality that simplifies chip loading and pipetting, accommodates higher surfactant concentrations, includes barrier channels that delay the contact between solutions and prevent undesired mixing, and that executed a quantitative, high-sensitivity assay for the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein in 4×-diluted saliva. Upon loading the chip using disposable pipettes, capillary flow draws each reagent and the sample into a separate volumetric measuring reservoir for detection antibody (70 μL), enzyme conjugate (50 μL), substrate (80 μL), and sample (210 μL), and splits washing buffer into 4 different reservoirs of 40, 40, 60, and 20 μL. The excess volume is autonomously drained via a structurally encoded capillaric aliquoting circuit, creating aliquots with an accuracy of >93%. Next, the user click-connects the assay module, comprising a nitrocellulose membrane with immobilized capture antibodies and a capillary pump, to the chip which triggers the step-by-step, timed flow of all aliquoted solutions to complete the assay in 1.5 h. A colored precipitate forming a line on a nitrocellulose strip serves as an assay readout, and upon digitization, yielded a binding curve with a limit of detection of 54 and 91 pg mL-1 for buffer and diluted saliva respectively, vastly outperforming rapid tests. The ELISA chip is 3D-printed, modular, adaptable to other targets and assays, and could be used to automate ELISA in the lab; or as a diagnostic test at the point of care with the convenience and form factor of rapid tests while preserving the protocol and performance of central laboratory ELISA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azim Parandakh
- Biomedical Engineering Department, McGill University, 740 Dr. Penfield Ave, Montreal, QC, H3A 0G1, Canada.
- McGill Genome Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Oriol Ymbern
- Biomedical Engineering Department, McGill University, 740 Dr. Penfield Ave, Montreal, QC, H3A 0G1, Canada.
- McGill Genome Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - William Jogia
- Biomedical Engineering Department, McGill University, 740 Dr. Penfield Ave, Montreal, QC, H3A 0G1, Canada.
- McGill Genome Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Johan Renault
- Biomedical Engineering Department, McGill University, 740 Dr. Penfield Ave, Montreal, QC, H3A 0G1, Canada.
- McGill Genome Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Andy Ng
- Biomedical Engineering Department, McGill University, 740 Dr. Penfield Ave, Montreal, QC, H3A 0G1, Canada.
- McGill Genome Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - David Juncker
- Biomedical Engineering Department, McGill University, 740 Dr. Penfield Ave, Montreal, QC, H3A 0G1, Canada.
- McGill Genome Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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5
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Li Y, Hu S, Chen C, Alifu N, Zhang X, Du J, Li C, Xu L, Wang L, Dong B. Opal photonic crystal-enhanced upconversion turn-off fluorescent immunoassay for salivary CEA with oral cancer. Talanta 2023; 258:124435. [PMID: 36940576 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
The point-of-care test of tumor markers in saliva with high specificity and sensitivity for early diagnosis of oral cancer is of great interest and significance, but remaining a daunting challenge due to the low concentration of such biomarkers in oral fluid. Herein, a turn-off biosensor based on opal photonic crystal (OPC) enhanced upconversion fluorescence is proposed to detect the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in saliva by applying fluorescence resonance energy transfer sensing strategy. Hydrophilic PEI ligands are modified on upconversion nanoparticles to enhance the sensitivity of biosensor by promoting sufficient contact between saliva and detection region. As a substrate for the biosensor, OPC can also provide a local-field effect for greatly enhanced upconversion fluorescence by coupling the stop band and excitation light, and a 66-fold amplification of the upconversion fluorescence signal was obtained. For the CEA detection in spiked saliva, such sensors showed a favorable linear relationship at 0.1-2.5 ng mL-1 and more than 2.5 ng mL-1, respectively. The limit of detection was down to 0.1 ng mL-1. Moreover, by monitoring real saliva, the effective discrepancy between patients and healthy people was confirmed, indicating remarkable practical application value in clinical early diagnosis and home-based self-monitoring of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yige Li
- Department of Oral Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Songtao Hu
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Cong Chen
- Department of Oral Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Nuernisha Alifu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia School of Medical Engineering and Technology, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, China
| | - Xueliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia School of Medical Engineering and Technology, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, China
| | - Juanrui Du
- Department of Oral Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Chunyan Li
- Department of Oral Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Lin Xu
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Oral Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Biao Dong
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
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6
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Kaur S, Gupta N, Malhotra BD. Recent developments in wearable & non-wearable point-of-care biosensors for cortisol detection. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2023; 23:217-230. [PMID: 36880128 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2023.2184260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cortisol is one of the most prominent biomarkers used for the detection of psychological stress and related disorders. It plays an important role in many physiological processes including immunomodulation and fat metabolism. Thus, monitoring of cortisol levels can be used to indicate different pathological conditions including stress disorders. There has been a gradual rise in the development of point of care (PoC) biosensors for continuous cortisol monitoring. AREAS COVERED This review discusses recent breakthroughs toward the development of PoC sensors (wearable and non wearable) for cortisol monitoring. Challenges associated with them have also been summarized. EXPERT OPINION Electrochemical PoC devices have recently emerged as a powerful tools for continuous monitoring of cortisol that can be utilized for stress management and treatment of related disorders. However, there are many challenges that should be addressed before such devices can be deployed at mass level, such as inter-individual variability, changing the device calibration with the circadian rhythm, interference from other endocrine moieties, etc. [Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Simran Kaur
- Nanobioelectronics Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, INDIA
| | - Niharika Gupta
- Nanobioelectronics Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, INDIA
| | - Bansi D Malhotra
- Nanobioelectronics Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, INDIA.,Biomedical Instrumentation Section, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi, India
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7
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Dong T, Matos Pires NM, Yang Z, Jiang Z. Advances in Electrochemical Biosensors Based on Nanomaterials for Protein Biomarker Detection in Saliva. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2205429. [PMID: 36585368 PMCID: PMC9951322 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202205429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The focus on precise medicine enhances the need for timely diagnosis and frequent monitoring of chronic diseases. Moreover, the recent pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 poses a great demand for rapid detection and surveillance of viral infections. The detection of protein biomarkers and antigens in the saliva allows rapid identification of diseases or disease changes in scenarios where and when the test response at the point of care is mandated. While traditional methods of protein testing fail to provide the desired fast results, electrochemical biosensors based on nanomaterials hold perfect characteristics for the detection of biomarkers in point-of-care settings. The recent advances in electrochemical sensors for salivary protein detection are critically reviewed in this work, with emphasis on the role of nanomaterials to boost the biosensor analytical performance and increase the reliability of the test in human saliva samples. Furthermore, this work identifies the critical factors for further modernization of the nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors, envisaging the development and implementation of next-generation sample-in-answer-out systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Dong
- Department of Microsystems‐ IMSFaculty of TechnologyNatural Sciences and Maritime SciencesUniversity of South‐Eastern Norway‐USNP.O. Box 235Kongsberg3603Norway
| | - Nuno Miguel Matos Pires
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Micro‐Nano Systems and Intelligent TransductionCollaborative Innovation Center on Micro‐Nano Transduction and Intelligent Eco‐Internet of ThingsChongqing Key Laboratory of Colleges and Universities on Micro‐Nano Systems Technology and Smart TransducingNational Research Base of Intelligent Manufacturing ServiceChongqing Technology and Business UniversityNan'an DistrictChongqing400067China
| | - Zhaochu Yang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Micro‐Nano Systems and Intelligent TransductionCollaborative Innovation Center on Micro‐Nano Transduction and Intelligent Eco‐Internet of ThingsChongqing Key Laboratory of Colleges and Universities on Micro‐Nano Systems Technology and Smart TransducingNational Research Base of Intelligent Manufacturing ServiceChongqing Technology and Business UniversityNan'an DistrictChongqing400067China
| | - Zhuangde Jiang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Micro‐Nano Systems and Intelligent TransductionCollaborative Innovation Center on Micro‐Nano Transduction and Intelligent Eco‐Internet of ThingsChongqing Key Laboratory of Colleges and Universities on Micro‐Nano Systems Technology and Smart TransducingNational Research Base of Intelligent Manufacturing ServiceChongqing Technology and Business UniversityNan'an DistrictChongqing400067China
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems EngineeringInternational Joint Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Measurement TechnologyXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049China
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8
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Zhang X, Zhang Z, Diao W, Zhou C, Song Y, Wang R, Luo X, Liu G. Early-diagnosis of major depressive disorder: From biomarkers to point-of-care testing. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Alam M, Gill AK, Varshney R, Miglani C, Tiwari N, Patra D. Polymer multilayer films regulate macroscopic fluid flow and power microfluidic devices via supramolecular interactions. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:5605-5614. [PMID: 35861047 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00510g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Self-powered supramolecular micropumps could potentially provide a solution for powerless microfluidic devices where the fluid flow can be manipulated via modulating non-covalent interactions. An attempt has been made to fabricate thin-film-based micropumps by depositing a β-cyclodextrin ('host') functionalized polymer on a glass slide via layer-by-layer assembly. These supramolecular micropumps turned on the fluid flow upon addition of 'guest' molecules to the multilayer films. The flow velocity was tuned using the concentration of the guest molecules as well as the number of host layers inside the multilayer films. Numerical modelling reveals that the solutal buoyancy, which originates from host-guest complexation, is primarily responsible for the fluid flow. In view of its potential application in self-powered devices, the thin-film-based micropump was integrated into a microfluidic device to show molecular and colloidal transport over long distances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mujeeb Alam
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India.
| | - Arshdeep Kaur Gill
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India.
| | - Rohit Varshney
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India.
| | - Chirag Miglani
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India.
| | - Naveen Tiwari
- Indian Institute of Technology-Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Debabrata Patra
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India.
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Shukla SK. Century Impact of Macromolecules for Advances of Sensing Sciences. CHEMISTRY AFRICA 2022. [PMCID: PMC8995417 DOI: 10.1007/s42250-022-00357-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Impact of macro molecular theory on the progress of sensing sciences and technology has been presented in the light of materials developments, advances in physical and chemical properties. The chronological advances in the properties of macromolecules have significantly improved the sensing performances towards gases, heavy metals, biomolecules, hydrocarbon, and energetic compounds in terms of unexplored sensing parameters, durability, and working lifetime. In this review article, efforts have been made to correlate the advances in structure and interactivity of macro-molecules with their sensing behavior and working performances. The significant findings on the macromolecules towards advancing the sensing sciences are highlighted with the suitable illustration and schemes to establish it as a potential “microanalytical technique” along with existing challenges.
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11
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Meffan C, Menges J, Dolamore F, Mak D, Fee C, Dobson RCJ, Nock V. Capillaric field effect transistors. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2022; 8:33. [PMID: 35371537 PMCID: PMC8934874 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-022-00360-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Controlling fluid flow in capillaric circuits is a key requirement to increase their uptake for assay applications. Capillary action off-valves provide such functionality by pushing an occluding bubble into the channel using a difference in capillary pressure. Previously, we utilized the binary switching mode of this structure to develop a powerful set of fundamental fluidic valving operations. In this work, we study the transistor-like qualities of the off-valve and provide evidence that these structures are in fact functionally complementary to electronic junction field effect transistors. In view of this, we propose the new term capillaric field effect transistor to describe these types of valves. To support this conclusion, we present a theoretical description, experimental characterization, and practical application of analog flow resistance control. In addition, we demonstrate that the valves can also be reopened. We show modulation of the flow resistance from fully open to pinch-off, determine the flow rate-trigger channel volume relationship and demonstrate that the latter can be modeled using Shockley's equation for electronic transistors. Finally, we provide a first example of how the valves can be opened and closed repeatedly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Meffan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8041 New Zealand
- Department of Microengineering, Kyoto University, 615-8540 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Julian Menges
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8041 New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8041 New Zealand
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8041 New Zealand
| | - Fabian Dolamore
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8041 New Zealand
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8041 New Zealand
| | - Daniel Mak
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8041 New Zealand
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8041 New Zealand
| | - Conan Fee
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8041 New Zealand
- School of Product Design, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8041 New Zealand
| | - Renwick C. J. Dobson
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8041 New Zealand
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington, 6140 New Zealand
| | - Volker Nock
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8041 New Zealand
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8041 New Zealand
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington, 6140 New Zealand
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12
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Weng X, Fu Z, Zhang C, Jiang W, Jiang H. A Portable 3D Microfluidic Origami Biosensor for Cortisol Detection in Human Sweat. Anal Chem 2022; 94:3526-3534. [PMID: 35170939 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of cortisol levels in human sweat is increasingly important as it can be a "stress biomarker" in stress-related disorders, giving real-time information about human health status. In this study, a portable 3D microfluidic origami biosensor based on a smartphone was developed for cortisol-level detection in human sweat. Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanosheet-mediated fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and fluorescently labeled aptamers were employed in the biosensing process. A multilayer-structured 3D origami microfluidic chip was fabricated and functionalized to facilitate low-volume perspired human sweat collection, transportation, and detection. The translatability of the biosensor was exhibited by the fluorescence analysis in a smartphone mounted in a custom-designed holder. The critical design parameters of the microfluidic origami biosensor, including the characterization of various paper substrates, the concentration of MoS2 nanosheets, and the incubation/reaction time, were adjusted to obtain an acceptable range for the assay dynamic range and limit of detection (LOD). Under optimum conditions, various doses of cortisol within the physiologically relevant range of 10-1000 ng/mL reported in human sweat were tested to evaluate the performance of the proposed biosensor. It displayed an LOD of 6.76 ng/mL at 3σ in artificial sweat, an analysis time of 25 min, and high selectivity. The performance of the proposed cortisol sensor was compared with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for a spiked artificial sweat sample, and a correlation coefficient of 0.988 was found. The proposed biosensor also presented satisfactory results in the determination of the cortisol levels in a real human sweat sample. The resulting portable biosensor provides a rapid, low-cost, convenient, and non-invasive sensing solution for the point-of-care analysis of cortisol levels in sweat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Weng
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 611731, China.,Institute of Electronic and Information Engineering of UESTC in Guangdong, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
| | - Zhuoyi Fu
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 611731, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 611731, China
| | - Wen Jiang
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 611731, China
| | - Hai Jiang
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 611731, China.,Institute of Electronic and Information Engineering of UESTC in Guangdong, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
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13
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Chauhan N, Saxena K, Tikadar M, Jain U. Recent advances in the design of biosensors based on novel nanomaterials: An insight. NANOTECHNOLOGY AND PRECISION ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1063/10.0006524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Chauhan
- Amity Institute of Nanotechnology (AINT), Amity University Uttar Pradesh (AUUP), Sector-125, Noida 201313, India
| | - Kirti Saxena
- Amity Institute of Nanotechnology (AINT), Amity University Uttar Pradesh (AUUP), Sector-125, Noida 201313, India
| | - Mayukh Tikadar
- Amity Institute of Nanotechnology (AINT), Amity University Uttar Pradesh (AUUP), Sector-125, Noida 201313, India
| | - Utkarsh Jain
- Amity Institute of Nanotechnology (AINT), Amity University Uttar Pradesh (AUUP), Sector-125, Noida 201313, India
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Li S, Pang C, Ma X, Zhang Y, Xu Z, Li J, Zhang M, Wang M. Microfluidic paper-based chip for parathion-methyl detection based on a double catalytic amplification strategy. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:438. [PMID: 34839414 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-05084-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The rapid detection of insecticides such as parathion-methyl (PM) requires methods with high sensitivities and selectivities. Herein, a dual catalytic amplification strategy was developed using Fe3O4 nanozyme-supported carbon quantum dots and silver terephthalate metal-organic frameworks (Fe3O4/C-dots@Ag-MOFs) as current amplification elements. Based on this strategy, a novel electrochemical microfluidic paper-based chip was designed to detect PM. Fe3O4/C-dots@Ag-MOFs were synthesised by a hydrothermal method, and a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) was then synthesised on the surface of Fe3O4/C-dots@Ag-MOFs using PM as a template molecule. Finally, the reaction zone of a chip was modified with MIP/Fe3O4/C-dots@Ag-MOFs. PM from a sample introduced into the reaction zone was captured by the MIP, which generated a reduction current response at - 0.53 V in a three-electrode system embedded in the chip. Simultaneous catalysis by Fe3O4/C-dots and Ag-MOFs significantly enhanced the signal. The chip had a detection limit of 1.16 × 10-11 mol L-1 and was successfully applied to the determination of PM in agricultural products and environmental samples with recovery rates ranging from 82.7 to 109%, with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of less than 5.0%. This approach of combining a dual catalytic amplification strategy with an MIP significantly increased the sensitivity as well as selectivity of chips and can potentially be used to detect a wide variety of target analytes using microfluidic paper-based chips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhuai Li
- Analysis and Test Center of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety for Tropical Fruits and Vegetables, Haikou, 571101, China.
| | - Chaohai Pang
- Analysis and Test Center of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety for Tropical Fruits and Vegetables, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Xionghui Ma
- Analysis and Test Center of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety for Tropical Fruits and Vegetables, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Yanling Zhang
- Analysis and Test Center of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety for Tropical Fruits and Vegetables, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Zhi Xu
- Analysis and Test Center of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety for Tropical Fruits and Vegetables, Haikou, 571101, China.
| | - Jianping Li
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Mingyue Wang
- Analysis and Test Center of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety for Tropical Fruits and Vegetables, Haikou, 571101, China.
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Vázquez M, Anfossi L, Ben-Yoav H, Diéguez L, Karopka T, Della Ventura B, Abalde-Cela S, Minopoli A, Di Nardo F, Shukla VK, Teixeira A, Tvarijonaviciute A, Franco-Martínez L. Use of some cost-effective technologies for a routine clinical pathology laboratory. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:4330-4351. [PMID: 34664599 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00658d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Classically, the need for highly sophisticated instruments with important economic costs has been a major limiting factor for clinical pathology laboratories, especially in developing countries. With the aim of making clinical pathology more accessible, a wide variety of free or economical technologies have been developed worldwide in the last few years. 3D printing and Arduino approaches can provide up to 94% economical savings in hardware and instrumentation in comparison to commercial alternatives. The vast selection of point-of-care-tests (POCT) currently available also limits the need for specific instruments or personnel, as they can be used almost anywhere and by anyone. Lastly, there are dozens of free and libre digital tools available in health informatics. This review provides an overview of the state-of-the-art on cost-effective alternatives with applications in routine clinical pathology laboratories. In this context, a variety of technologies including 3D printing and Arduino, lateral flow assays, plasmonic biosensors, and microfluidics, as well as laboratory information systems, are discussed. This review aims to serve as an introduction to different technologies that can make clinical pathology more accessible and, therefore, contribute to achieve universal health coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Vázquez
- National Centre For Sensor Research, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Laura Anfossi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Giuria, 5, I-10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Hadar Ben-Yoav
- Nanobioelectronics Laboratory (NBEL), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ilse Katz Institute of Nanoscale Science and Technology, Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Lorena Diéguez
- Medical Devices Research Group, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory - INL, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
| | | | - Bartolomeo Della Ventura
- Department of Physics "E. Pancini", University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 26, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Sara Abalde-Cela
- Medical Devices Research Group, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory - INL, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
| | - Antonio Minopoli
- Department of Physics "E. Pancini", University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 26, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Fabio Di Nardo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Giuria, 5, I-10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Vikas Kumar Shukla
- Nanobioelectronics Laboratory (NBEL), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ilse Katz Institute of Nanoscale Science and Technology, Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Alexandra Teixeira
- Medical Devices Research Group, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory - INL, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
| | - Asta Tvarijonaviciute
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Lorena Franco-Martínez
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
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Ferrara F, Zoupanou S, Primiceri E, Ali Z, Chiriacò MS. Beyond liquid biopsy: Toward non-invasive assays for distanced cancer diagnostics in pandemics. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 196:113698. [PMID: 34688113 PMCID: PMC8527216 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Liquid biopsy technologies have seen a significant improvement in the last decade, offering the possibility of reliable analysis and diagnosis from several biological fluids. The use of these technologies can overcome the limits of standard clinical methods, related to invasiveness and poor patient compliance. Along with this there are now mature examples of lab-on-chips (LOC) which are available and could be an emerging and breakthrough technology for the present and near-future clinical demands that provide sample treatment, reagent addition and analysis in a sample-in/answer-out approach. The possibility of combining non-invasive liquid biopsy and LOC technologies could greatly assist in the current need for minimizing exposure and transmission risks. The recent and ongoing pandemic outbreak of SARS-CoV-2, indeed, has heavily influenced all aspects of life worldwide. Ordinary tasks have been forced to switch from “in presence” to “distanced”, limiting the possibilities for a large number of activities in all fields of life outside of the home. Unfortunately, one of the settings in which physical distancing has assumed noteworthy consequences is the screening, diagnosis and follow-up of diseases. In this review, we analyse biological fluids that are easily collected without the intervention of specialized personnel and the possibility that they may be used -or not-for innovative diagnostic assays. We consider their advantages and limitations, mainly due to stability and storage and their integration into Point-of-Care diagnostics, demonstrating that technologies in some cases are mature enough to meet current clinical needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Ferrara
- STMicroelectronics s.r.l., via per Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy; CNR NANOTEC - Institute of Nanotechnology, via per Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy.
| | - Sofia Zoupanou
- CNR NANOTEC - Institute of Nanotechnology, via per Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy; University of Salento, Dept. of Mathematics & Physics E. de Giorgi, Via Arnesano, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Primiceri
- CNR NANOTEC - Institute of Nanotechnology, via per Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Zulfiqur Ali
- University of Teesside, School of Health & Life Sciences, Healthcare Innovation Centre, Middlesbrough, TS1 3BX, Tees Valley, England, UK
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18
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Zhang R, Jia Y. A Disposable Printed Liquid Gate Graphene Field Effect Transistor for a Salivary Cortisol Test. ACS Sens 2021; 6:3024-3031. [PMID: 34344148 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c00949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Circadian rhythm of salivary cortisol is of clinical significance, tracking salivary cortisol in domicile is welcomed by both doctor and patient, due to its merits of noninvasion, ease of sampling, and free-of-stress response. Here, we present a portable salivary cortisol test setup based on a liquid gate graphene field effect transistor (Lg-GFET) for the first time. In this work, the Lg-GFET was prepared by the printing technology and exploited as a sensitive material. In the procedures of device preparation, the modified liquid exfoliation method and direct-ink-write technology were utilized for synthesizing the graphene ink and printing Lg-GFETs; then, the as-prepared Lg-GFETs were decorated and functionalized by tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl) porphyrin and the cortisol aptamer, successively. Their sensitivity, selectivity, and robustness are seriously examined. The test results indicate that the sensors have good linear sensitivities over a seven-log analyte concentration range (0.01 to 104 nM) and the anti-interference ability to distinguish from the substancess with similar chemical structures. Moreover, the conceptual application for tracking circadian rhythm was carried out successfully. Conclusively, the proposed flexible Lg-GFET-based salivary cortisol detection platform can satisfy the requirements of the salivary cortisol's assay for instant detection. Additionally, it also provides an alternative solution for developing similar household medical appliances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhang
- College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Yunfang Jia
- College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
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Dunphy K, O’Mahoney K, Dowling P, O’Gorman P, Bazou D. Clinical Proteomics of Biofluids in Haematological Malignancies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158021. [PMID: 34360786 PMCID: PMC8348619 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the emergence of high-throughput proteomic techniques and advances in clinical technologies, there has been a steady rise in the number of cancer-associated diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers being identified and translated into clinical use. The characterisation of biofluids has become a core objective for many proteomic researchers in order to detect disease-associated protein biomarkers in a minimally invasive manner. The proteomes of biofluids, including serum, saliva, cerebrospinal fluid, and urine, are highly dynamic with protein abundance fluctuating depending on the physiological and/or pathophysiological context. Improvements in mass-spectrometric technologies have facilitated the in-depth characterisation of biofluid proteomes which are now considered hosts of a wide array of clinically relevant biomarkers. Promising efforts are being made in the field of biomarker diagnostics for haematologic malignancies. Several serum and urine-based biomarkers such as free light chains, β-microglobulin, and lactate dehydrogenase are quantified as part of the clinical assessment of haematological malignancies. However, novel, minimally invasive proteomic markers are required to aid diagnosis and prognosis and to monitor therapeutic response and minimal residual disease. This review focuses on biofluids as a promising source of proteomic biomarkers in haematologic malignancies and a key component of future diagnostic, prognostic, and disease-monitoring applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Dunphy
- Department of Biology, National University of Ireland, W23 F2K8 Maynooth, Ireland; (K.D.); (P.D.)
| | - Kelly O’Mahoney
- Department of Haematology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, D07 WKW8 Dublin, Ireland; (K.O.); (P.O.)
| | - Paul Dowling
- Department of Biology, National University of Ireland, W23 F2K8 Maynooth, Ireland; (K.D.); (P.D.)
| | - Peter O’Gorman
- Department of Haematology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, D07 WKW8 Dublin, Ireland; (K.O.); (P.O.)
| | - Despina Bazou
- Department of Haematology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, D07 WKW8 Dublin, Ireland; (K.O.); (P.O.)
- Correspondence:
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21
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Portable Chemiluminescence-Based Lateral Flow Assay Platform for the Detection of Cortisol in Human Serum. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2021; 11:bios11060191. [PMID: 34200643 PMCID: PMC8226682 DOI: 10.3390/bios11060191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we developed the portable chemiluminescence (CL)-based lateral flow assay (LFA) platform for the detection of cortisol in human serum. Cortisol is well-known as a stress hormone due to its high relevancy for human mental and physical health, such as hypertension or depression. To date, a number of optical devices have provided the sensitive determination of levels of analytes. However, this modality type still requires costly optical modules. The developed CL platform is simply composed of two detection modules along with a loading part for the LFA strip. The LFA membrane contains gold nanoparticle probes conjugated with antibodies against cortisol and horseradish peroxidase (HRP), which can also efficiently increase the luminescent signal by providing many areas for anti-cortisol antibody and HRP. The measured voltage signals coming from the photodiode in a CL reader were compared with a standard microplate reader for the evaluation of accuracy. The linear range observed for cortisol was measured to be 0.78–12.5 μg/dL (R2 = 0.99) with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.342 μg/dL. In addition, the CL-LFA reader showed a high correlation (R2 = 0.96) with the standard cortisol console (COBAS 8000, Roche), suggesting that our developed CL-based LFA platform can be usable in situ.
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Martins BR, Sampaio TM, de Farias AKSR, de Paula Martins R, Teixeira RR, Oliveira RTS, Oliveira CJF, da Silva MV, Rodrigues V, Dantas NO, Espindola FS, Silva ACA, Alves-Balvedi RP. Immunosensor Based on Zinc Oxide Nanocrystals Decorated with Copper for the Electrochemical Detection of Human Salivary Alpha-Amylase. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:657. [PMID: 34204953 PMCID: PMC8229992 DOI: 10.3390/mi12060657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: Nanocrystals (NCs)-based electrochemical sensors have been proposed for biomarkers detection, although immunosensors using ZnO NCs decorated with copper are still scarce. (2) Methods: Electrochemical immunodetection of human salivary alpha-amylase (HSA) used ZnO, CuO, and ZnO:xCu (x = 0.1, 0.4, 1.0, 4.0, and 12.0) NCs. (3) Results: Substitutional incorporation of Cu2+ in the crystalline structure of ZnO and formation of nanocomposite were demonstrated by characterization. Graphite electrodes were used and the electrochemical signal increased by 40% when using ZnO:1Cu and 4Cu (0.25 mg·mL-1), in an immunosensor (0.372 mg·mL-1 of anti-alpha-amylase and 1% of casein). Different interactions of HSA with the alpha-amylase antibody were registered when adding the NCs together, either before or after the addition of saliva (4 μL). The immunosensor changed specificity due to the interaction of copper. The ZnO:1Cu and ZnO:4Cu samples showed 50% interference in detection when used before the addition of saliva. The immunosensor showed 100% specificity and a sensitivity of 0.00196 U·mL-1. (4) Conclusions: Results showed that the order of NCs addition in the sensors should be tested and evaluated to avoid misinterpretation in detection and to enable advances in the validation of the immunosensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Rodrigues Martins
- Physiological Science, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG 38025-180, Brazil; (B.R.M.); (R.d.P.M.); (R.T.S.O.J.); (C.J.F.O.); (M.V.d.S.); (V.R.J.)
| | - Tainá Marques Sampaio
- Biological Science, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Iturama, MG 38280-180, Brazil; (T.M.S.); (A.K.S.R.d.F.)
| | | | - Rheltheer de Paula Martins
- Physiological Science, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG 38025-180, Brazil; (B.R.M.); (R.d.P.M.); (R.T.S.O.J.); (C.J.F.O.); (M.V.d.S.); (V.R.J.)
| | - Renata Roland Teixeira
- Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, MG 38405-319, Brazil; (R.R.T.); (F.S.E.)
| | - Robson Tadeu Soares Oliveira
- Physiological Science, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG 38025-180, Brazil; (B.R.M.); (R.d.P.M.); (R.T.S.O.J.); (C.J.F.O.); (M.V.d.S.); (V.R.J.)
| | - Carlo Jose Freire Oliveira
- Physiological Science, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG 38025-180, Brazil; (B.R.M.); (R.d.P.M.); (R.T.S.O.J.); (C.J.F.O.); (M.V.d.S.); (V.R.J.)
| | - Marcos Vinícius da Silva
- Physiological Science, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG 38025-180, Brazil; (B.R.M.); (R.d.P.M.); (R.T.S.O.J.); (C.J.F.O.); (M.V.d.S.); (V.R.J.)
| | - Virmondes Rodrigues
- Physiological Science, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG 38025-180, Brazil; (B.R.M.); (R.d.P.M.); (R.T.S.O.J.); (C.J.F.O.); (M.V.d.S.); (V.R.J.)
| | - Noelio Oliveira Dantas
- Laboratory of New Nanostructured and Functional Materials, Institute of Physics, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL 57072-900, Brazil; (N.O.D.); (A.C.A.S.)
| | - Foued Salmen Espindola
- Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, MG 38405-319, Brazil; (R.R.T.); (F.S.E.)
| | - Anielle Christine Almeida Silva
- Laboratory of New Nanostructured and Functional Materials, Institute of Physics, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL 57072-900, Brazil; (N.O.D.); (A.C.A.S.)
- Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (RENORBIO), Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL 57072-900, Brazil
| | - Renata Pereira Alves-Balvedi
- Physiological Science, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG 38025-180, Brazil; (B.R.M.); (R.d.P.M.); (R.T.S.O.J.); (C.J.F.O.); (M.V.d.S.); (V.R.J.)
- Biological Science, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Iturama, MG 38280-180, Brazil; (T.M.S.); (A.K.S.R.d.F.)
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