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Meng H, Wei Y, Feng L. A microchip gas chromatography column assembly with a 3D metal printing micro column oven and a flexible stainless-steel column. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1729:465036. [PMID: 38843573 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.465036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/17/2024]
Abstract
In this work, a microchip gas chromatography (GC) column assembly utilizing a three-dimensional (3D) printed micro oven and a flexible stainless steel capillary column was developed. The assembly's performance and separation capabilities were characterized. The key components include a 3D printed aluminum plate (7.50 × 7.50 × 0.16 cm) with a 3-meter-long circular spiral channel, serving as the oven, and the column coiled on the channel with an inner diameter of 320 μm and a stationary phase of OV-1. A heating ceramic plate was affixed on the opposite side of the plate. The assembly weighed 40.3 g. The design allows for easy disassembly, or stacking of heating devices and columns, enabling flexibility in adjusting column length. When using n-C13 as the test analyte at 140 °C, a retention factor (k) was 8.5, and 7797 plates (2599 plates/m) were obtained. The assembly, employing resistance heating, demonstrated effective separation performance for samples containing alkanes, aromatics, alcohols and ketones, with good reproducibility. The reduction in theoretical plates compared to oven heating was only 2.95 %. In the boiling point range of C6 to C18, rapid temperature programming (120 °C/min) was achieved with a power consumption of 119.512 W. The assembly was successfully employed to separate benzene series compounds, gasoline and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), demonstrating excellent separation performance. This innovative design addresses the challenges of the complexity and low repeatability of the fabrication process and the high cost associated with microchip columns. Furthermore, its versatility makes it suitable for outdoor analysis applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Meng
- Department of Instrumentation and Analytical Chemistry, CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Yuyu Wei
- Department of Instrumentation and Analytical Chemistry, CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Liang Feng
- Department of Instrumentation and Analytical Chemistry, CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Dalian 116023, PR China; Technology Innovation Center of Food Safety Technique of Inspection for State Market Regulation (Rapid Screening and Traceability for Edible Agricultural Product Safety), PR China.
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Zhang J, Wang D, Li Y, Liu L, Liang Y, He B, Hu L, Jiang G. Application of three-dimensional printing technology in environmental analysis: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1281:341742. [PMID: 38783729 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The development of environmental analysis devices with high performance is essential to assess the potential risks of environmental pollutants. However, it is still challenging to develop environmental analysis equipment with miniaturization, portability, and high sensitivity based on traditional processing techniques. In recent years, the popularity of 3D printing technology (3DP) with high precision, low cost, and unlimited design freedom has provided opportunities to solve the existing challenges of environmental analysis. 3D printing has brought solutions to promote the high performance and versatility of environmental analysis equipment by optimizing printing materials, enhancing equipment structure, and integrating multidisciplinary technology. In this paper, we comprehensively review the latest progress in 3D printing in various aspects of environmental analysis procedures, including but not limited to sample collection, pretreatment, separation, and detection. We highlight their advantages and challenges in determining various environmental contaminants through passive sampling, solid-phase extraction, chromatographic separation, and mass spectrometry detection. The manufacturing of 3D-printed environmental analysis devices is also discussed. Finally, we look forward to their development prospects and challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junpeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Dingyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Yingying Li
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Lihong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Yong Liang
- Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, China
| | - Bin He
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Ligang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310000, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310000, China
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Adamek M, Mlcek J, Skowronkova N, Zvonkova M, Jasso M, Adamkova A, Skacel J, Buresova I, Sebestikova R, Cernekova M, Buckova M. 3D Printed Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) Capillaries for Chemiresistive Gas Sensors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:6817. [PMID: 37571598 PMCID: PMC10422458 DOI: 10.3390/s23156817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
This paper discusses the possible use of 3D fused deposition modeling (FDM) to fabricate capillaries for low-cost chemiresistive gas sensors that are often used in various applications. The disadvantage of these sensors is low selectivity, but 3D printed FDM capillaries have the potential to increase their selectivity. Capillaries with 1, 2 and 3 tiers with a length of 1.5 m, 3.1 m and 4.7 m were designed and manufactured. Food and goods available in the general trade network were used as samples (alcohol, seafood, chicken thigh meat, acetone-free nail polish remover and gas from a gas lighter) were also tested. The "Vodka" sample was used as a standard for determining the effect of capillary parameters on the output signal of the MiCS6814 sensor. The results show the shift of individual parts of the signal in time depending on the parameters of the capillary and the carrier air flow. A three-tier capillary was chosen for the comparison of gas samples with each other. The graphs show the differences between individual samples, not only in the height of the output signal but also in its time characteristic. The tested 3D printed FDM capillaries thus made it possible to characterize the output response by also using an inexpensive chemiresistive gas sensor in the time domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Adamek
- Department of Automation and Control Engineering, Faculty of Applied Informatics, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Nad Stranemi 4511, 760 05 Zlin, Czech Republic;
- Department of Microelectronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, 616 00 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Jiri Mlcek
- Department of Food Analysis and Chemistry, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Vavreckova 5669, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic; (N.S.); (M.Z.); (M.J.); (M.B.)
| | - Nela Skowronkova
- Department of Food Analysis and Chemistry, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Vavreckova 5669, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic; (N.S.); (M.Z.); (M.J.); (M.B.)
| | - Magdalena Zvonkova
- Department of Food Analysis and Chemistry, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Vavreckova 5669, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic; (N.S.); (M.Z.); (M.J.); (M.B.)
| | - Miroslav Jasso
- Department of Food Analysis and Chemistry, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Vavreckova 5669, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic; (N.S.); (M.Z.); (M.J.); (M.B.)
| | - Anna Adamkova
- Department of Food Analysis and Chemistry, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Vavreckova 5669, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic; (N.S.); (M.Z.); (M.J.); (M.B.)
| | - Josef Skacel
- Department of Microelectronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, 616 00 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Iva Buresova
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Vavreckova 5669, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic; (I.B.); (R.S.)
| | - Romana Sebestikova
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Vavreckova 5669, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic; (I.B.); (R.S.)
| | - Martina Cernekova
- Department of Fat, Surfactant and Cosmetics Technology, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Vavreckova 5669, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic;
| | - Martina Buckova
- Department of Food Analysis and Chemistry, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Vavreckova 5669, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic; (N.S.); (M.Z.); (M.J.); (M.B.)
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Crucello J, de Oliveira AM, Sampaio NMFM, Hantao LW. Miniaturized systems for gas chromatography: Developments in sample preparation and instrumentation. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1685:463603. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Matheuse F, Vanmol K, Van Erps J, De Malsche W, Ottevaere H, Desmet G. On the potential use of two-photon polymerization to 3D print chromatographic packed bed supports. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1663:462763. [PMID: 34968955 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The continuous quest for chromatographic supports offering kinetic performance properties superior to that of the packed bed of spheres has pushed the field to consider alternative formats such as for example monolithic and pillar array columns. This quest seems bound to culminate in the use of 3D printing technology, as this intrinsically offers the possibility to produce supports with a perfect uniformity and with a size and shape that is fully optimized for the chromatographic separation process. However, to be competitive with the current state-of-the-art, structures with sub-micron feature sizes are required. The present contribution therefore investigates the use of the 3D printing technology with the highest possible resolution available today, i.e., two-photon polymerization (2PP). It is shown that 2PP printing is capable of achieving the required ≤ 1 µm printing resolution. Depending on the laser scan speed, the lower limit through-pore size for a tetrahedral skeleton monolith with a theoretical 80% external porosity was found to be at 800 nm, when printing at a scan speed of 50 mm/s with a laser power of 10%. For a scan speed of 10 mm/s, the minimal through-pore size dropped to 500 nm. However, this very high resolution comes at the cost of excessively long printing times. The total printing time for a column volume equivalent to that of a typical nano-LC column (75 µm i.d. cylindrical tube with length L = 15 cm) has been determined to correspond to 330 and 470 h for the 50 mm/s and the 10 mm/s scan speed respectively. Other issues remaining to be solved are the need to clad the printed skeleton with a suitable mesoporous layer for chromatographic retention and the need to add a top-wall to the printed channels after the removal of the non-polymerized resin. It is therefore concluded that 2PP printing is not ready yet to replace the existing column fabrication methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fréderick Matheuse
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Koen Vanmol
- Department of Applied Physics and Photonics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Flanders Make, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jürgen Van Erps
- Department of Applied Physics and Photonics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Flanders Make, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Wim De Malsche
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Heidi Ottevaere
- Department of Applied Physics and Photonics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Flanders Make, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gert Desmet
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
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Davis JJ, Foster SW, Grinias JP. Low-cost and open-source strategies for chemical separations. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1638:461820. [PMID: 33453654 PMCID: PMC7870555 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, a trend toward utilizing open access resources for laboratory research has begun. Open-source design strategies for scientific hardware rely upon the use of widely available parts, especially those that can be directly printed using additive manufacturing techniques and electronic components that can be connected to low-cost microcontrollers. Open-source software eliminates the need for expensive commercial licenses and provides the opportunity to design programs for specific needs. In this review, the impact of the "open-source movement" within the field of chemical separations is described, primarily through a comprehensive look at research in this area over the past five years. Topics that are covered include general laboratory equipment, sample preparation techniques, separations-based analysis, detection strategies, electronic system control, and software for data processing. Remaining hurdles and possible opportunities for further adoption of open-source approaches in the context of these separations-related topics are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Davis
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, United States
| | - Samuel W Foster
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, United States
| | - James P Grinias
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, United States.
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