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Nguyen CM, Sallam M, Islam MS, Clack K, Soda N, Nguyen NT, Shiddiky MJA. Placental Exosomes as Biomarkers for Maternal Diseases: Current Advances in Isolation, Characterization, and Detection. ACS Sens 2023. [PMID: 37449399 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c00689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Serving as the interface between fetal and maternal circulation, the placenta plays a critical role in fetal growth and development. Placental exosomes are small membrane-bound extracellular vesicles released by the placenta during pregnancy. They contain a variety of biomolecules, including lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, which can potentially be biomarkers of maternal diseases. An increasing number of studies have demonstrated the utility of placental exosomes for the diagnosis and monitoring of pathological conditions such as pre-eclampsia and gestational diabetes. This suggests that placental exosomes may serve as new biomarkers in liquid biopsy analysis. This review provides an overview of the current understanding of the biological function of placental exosomes and their potential as biomarkers of maternal diseases. Additionally, this review highlights current barriers and the way forward for standardization and validation of known techniques for exosome isolation, characterization, and detection. Finally, microfluidic devices for exosome research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Minh Nguyen
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre (QMNC), Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
- School of Environment and Science (ESC), Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Mohamed Sallam
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre (QMNC), Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
- School of Environment and Science (ESC), Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Md Sajedul Islam
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Kimberley Clack
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre (QMNC), Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
- School of Environment and Science (ESC), Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Narshone Soda
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre (QMNC), Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Nam-Trung Nguyen
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre (QMNC), Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Muhammad J A Shiddiky
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre (QMNC), Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
- School of Environment and Science (ESC), Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
- Rural Health Research Institute, Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW 2800, Australia
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2
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Bu Y, Wang J, Ni S, Guo Y, Yobas L. Continuous-flow label-free size fractionation of extracellular vesicles through electrothermal fluid rolls and dielectrophoresis synergistically integrated in a microfluidic device. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:2421-2433. [PMID: 36951129 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc01193j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived bioparticles that play significant roles in various biological processes including cell-to-cell communication and intercellular delivery. Additionally, they hold great potential as liquid biopsy biomarkers for pre-diagnostic applications. However, the isolation of EV subpopulations, especially exosomes from a biological fluid remains a challenge due to their submicron range. Here, we demonstrate continuous-flow label-free size fractionation of EVs for the first time through a synergistic combination of electrothermal fluid rolls and dielectrophoresis in a microfluidic device. The device features three dimensional microelectrodes with unique sidewall contours that give rise to effective electrothermal fluid rolls in cooperation with dielectrophoretic forces for the electrokinetic manipulation and size separation of submicron particles. We first validate the device functionality by separating submicron polystyrene particles from binary mixtures with a cut-off size of ∼200 nm and then isolate intact exosomes from cell culture medium or blood serum with a high recovery rate and purity (∼80%). The device operation in a high-conductivity medium renders the method ideal for the purification of target bioparticles directly from physiological fluids, and may offer a robust and versatile platform for EV related diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Bu
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Jinhui Wang
- Division of Life Sciences, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sheng Ni
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Yusong Guo
- Division of Life Sciences, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Levent Yobas
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, SAR, China
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3
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Hettiarachchi S, Cha H, Ouyang L, Mudugamuwa A, An H, Kijanka G, Kashaninejad N, Nguyen NT, Zhang J. Recent microfluidic advances in submicron to nanoparticle manipulation and separation. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:982-1010. [PMID: 36367456 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00793b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Manipulation and separation of submicron and nanoparticles are indispensable in many chemical, biological, medical, and environmental applications. Conventional technologies such as ultracentrifugation, ultrafiltration, size exclusion chromatography, precipitation and immunoaffinity capture are limited by high cost, low resolution, low purity or the risk of damage to biological particles. Microfluidics can accurately control fluid flow in channels with dimensions of tens of micrometres. Rapid microfluidics advancement has enabled precise sorting and isolating of nanoparticles with better resolution and efficiency than conventional technologies. This paper comprehensively studies the latest progress in microfluidic technology for submicron and nanoparticle manipulation. We first summarise the principles of the traditional techniques for manipulating nanoparticles. Following the classification of microfluidic techniques as active, passive, and hybrid approaches, we elaborate on the physics, device design, working mechanism and applications of each technique. We also compare the merits and demerits of different microfluidic techniques and benchmark them with conventional technologies. Concurrently, we summarise seven standard post-separation detection techniques for nanoparticles. Finally, we discuss current challenges and future perspectives on microfluidic technology for nanoparticle manipulation and separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samith Hettiarachchi
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia.
| | - Haotian Cha
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia.
| | - Lingxi Ouyang
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia.
| | | | - Hongjie An
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia.
| | - Gregor Kijanka
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia.
| | - Navid Kashaninejad
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia.
| | - Nam-Trung Nguyen
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia.
| | - Jun Zhang
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia.
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4
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Chen M, Lin S, Zhou C, Cui D, Haick H, Tang N. From Conventional to Microfluidic: Progress in Extracellular Vesicle Separation and Individual Characterization. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2202437. [PMID: 36541411 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202202437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoscale membrane vesicles, which contain a wide variety of cargo such as proteins, miRNAs, and lipids. A growing body of evidence suggests that EVs are promising biomarkers for disease diagnosis and therapeutic strategies. Although the excellent clinical value, their use in personalized healthcare practice is not yet feasible due to their highly heterogeneous nature. Taking the difficulty of isolation and the small size of EVs into account, the characterization of EVs at a single-particle level is both imperative and challenging. In a bid to address this critical point, more research has been directed into a microfluidic platform because of its inherent advantages in sensitivity, specificity, and throughput. This review discusses the biogenesis and heterogeneity of EVs and takes a broad view of state-of-the-art advances in microfluidics-based EV research, including not only EV separation, but also the single EV characterization of biophysical detection and biochemical analysis. To highlight the advantages of microfluidic techniques, conventional technologies are included for comparison. The current status of artificial intelligence (AI) for single EV characterization is then presented. Furthermore, the challenges and prospects of microfluidics and its combination with AI applications in single EV characterization are also discussed. In the foreseeable future, recent breakthroughs in microfluidic platforms are expected to pave the way for single EV analysis and improve applications for precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingrui Chen
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Shujing Lin
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Zhou
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Daxiang Cui
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Hossam Haick
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Ning Tang
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
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5
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Gao J, Li A, Hu J, Feng L, Liu L, Shen Z. Recent developments in isolating methods for exosomes. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 10:1100892. [PMID: 36714629 PMCID: PMC9879965 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1100892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are the smallest extracellular vesicles that can be released by practically all cell types, and range in size from 30 nm to 150 nm. As the major marker of liquid biopsies, exosomes have great potential for disease diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis. However, their inherent heterogeneity, the complexity of biological fluids, and the presence of nanoscale contaminants make the isolation of exosomes a great challenge. Traditional isolation methods of exosomes are cumbersome and challenging with complex and time-consuming operations. In recent years, the emergence of microfluidic chips, nanolithography, electro-deposition, and other technologies has promoted the combination and innovation of the isolation methods. The application of these methods has brought very considerable benefits to the isolation of exosomes such as ultra-fast, portable integration, and low loss. There are significant functional improvements in isolation yield, isolation purity, and clinical applications. In this review, a series of methods for the isolation of exosomes are summarized, with emphasis on the emerging methods, and in-depth comparison and analysis of each method are provided, including their principles, merits, and demerits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Liu Liu
- *Correspondence: Zuojun Shen, ; Liu Liu,
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6
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Liu Y, Vieira RMS, Mao L. Simultaneous and Multimodal Antigen-Binding Profiling and Isolation of Rare Cells via Quantitative Ferrohydrodynamic Cell Separation. ACS NANO 2023; 17:94-110. [PMID: 36541668 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c04542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous cell profiling and isolation based on cellular antigen-binding capacity plays an important role in understanding and treating diseases. However, fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) are not able to meet this need, due to their requirement for a large quantity of target cells and the limitation stemming from bimodal separation. Here we report a microfluidic method, termed quantitative ferrohydrodynamic cell separation (qFCS), that achieved multimodal rare cell sorting and simultaneous antigen profiling at a ∼30,000 cell min-1 throughput with a 96.49% recovery rate and a 98.72% purity of recovered cells. qFCS profiles and sorts cells via cellular magnetic content of the magnetically labeled cells, which correlates to cellular antigen-binding capacity. By integrating cellular magnetophoresis and diamagnetophoresis in biocompatible ferrofluids, we demonstrate that the resulting qFCS device can accurately profile and isolate rare cells even when present at ∼1:50,000 target to background cells frequency. We show that the qFCS device could accurately profile and isolate T lymphocytes based on a low-expression CD154 antigen and allow on-device analysis of cells after processing. This method could address the need for simultaneous and multimodal rare cell isolation and profiling in disease diagnostics, prognostics, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia30602, United States
| | - Rafaela Maggioni Simoes Vieira
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida32611, United States
| | - Leidong Mao
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia30602, United States
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7
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Meggiolaro A, Moccia V, Brun P, Pierno M, Mistura G, Zappulli V, Ferraro D. Microfluidic Strategies for Extracellular Vesicle Isolation: Towards Clinical Applications. BIOSENSORS 2022; 13:bios13010050. [PMID: 36671885 PMCID: PMC9855931 DOI: 10.3390/bios13010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are double-layered lipid membrane vesicles released by cells. Currently, EVs are attracting a lot of attention in the biological and medical fields due to their role as natural carriers of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Thus, they can transport useful genomic information from their parental cell through body fluids, promoting cell-to-cell communication even between different organs. Due to their functionality as cargo carriers and their protein expression, they can play an important role as possible diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in various types of diseases, e.g., cancers, neurodegenerative, and autoimmune diseases. Today, given the invaluable importance of EVs, there are some pivotal challenges to overcome in terms of their isolation. Conventional methods have some limitations: they are influenced by the starting sample, might present low throughput and low purity, and sometimes a lack of reproducibility, being operator dependent. During the past few years, several microfluidic approaches have been proposed to address these issues. In this review, we summarize the most important microfluidic-based devices for EV isolation, highlighting their advantages and disadvantages compared to existing technology, as well as the current state of the art from the perspective of the use of these devices in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Meggiolaro
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Padua, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Valentina Moccia
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Paola Brun
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Via Gabelli 63, 35121 Padua, Italy
| | - Matteo Pierno
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Padua, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Giampaolo Mistura
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Padua, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Valentina Zappulli
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Davide Ferraro
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Padua, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padua, Italy
- Correspondence:
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8
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Zhang S, Deng J, Li J, Tian F, Liu C, Fang L, Sun J. Advanced microfluidic technologies for isolating extracellular vesicles. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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9
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Current status and outlook of advances in exosome isolation. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:7123-7141. [PMID: 35962791 PMCID: PMC9375199 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04253-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles with a diameter ranging from 30 to 150 nm, which are an important medium for intercellular communication and are closely related to the progression of certain diseases. Therefore, exosomes are considered promising biomarkers for the diagnosis of specific diseases, and thereby, treatments based on exosomes are being widely examined. For exosome-related research, a rapid, simple, high-purity, and recovery isolation method is the primary prerequisite for exosomal large-scale application in medical practice. Although there are no standardized methods for exosome separation and analysis, various techniques have been established to explore their biochemical and physicochemical properties. In this review, we analyzed the progress in exosomal isolation strategies and proposed our views on the development prospects of various exosomal isolation techniques.
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Zeng L, Hu S, Chen X, Zhang P, Gu G, Wang Y, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Yang H. Extraction of small extracellular vesicles by label-free and biocompatible on-chip magnetic separation. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:2476-2488. [PMID: 35521650 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00217e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Small vesicles (sEVs) are closely related to many diseases as they carry various bio-markers. Efficient separation of sEVs from complex biological samples is essential and prerequisite for the following treatment and further disease diagnosis. Here we propose a label-free and biocompatible on-chip magnetic separation system for efficient extraction of sEVs from cell culture supernatant. Through an on-chip ultra-high gradient magnetic field module, a magnetic field gradient close to 100 000 T m-1 is generated inside the separation microchannel. By using fluorescent particles of 200 nm and 1000 nm to simulate sEVs and other bioparticles in a complex sample, the system design and the experimental parameters are optimized. Flow cytometry and a proposed fluorescence intensity analysis method both verify that the recovery rate and purity of 200 nm particles can reach 84.91% and 98.02%, respectively. Then, a biocompatible ferrofluid is utilized in the separation system to separate sEVs from the cell culture supernatant. The results tested by nanoparticle tracking analysis show that the recovery rate and purity of sEVs are 85.80% and 80.45%, superiorly exceeding the performance that the ultracentrifugation method can provide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zeng
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microsystems and Nano Devices, Bionic Sensing and Intelligence Center, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 518055 Shenzhen, China.
| | - Shi Hu
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microsystems and Nano Devices, Bionic Sensing and Intelligence Center, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 518055 Shenzhen, China.
| | - Xi Chen
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microsystems and Nano Devices, Bionic Sensing and Intelligence Center, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 518055 Shenzhen, China.
| | - Pengcheng Zhang
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microsystems and Nano Devices, Bionic Sensing and Intelligence Center, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 518055 Shenzhen, China.
| | - Guoqiang Gu
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microsystems and Nano Devices, Bionic Sensing and Intelligence Center, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 518055 Shenzhen, China.
| | - Yuye Wang
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microsystems and Nano Devices, Bionic Sensing and Intelligence Center, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 518055 Shenzhen, China.
| | - Hongpeng Zhang
- Marine Engineering College, Dalian Maritime University, 116026 Dalian, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Center for Medical AI, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 518055 Shenzhen, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microsystems and Nano Devices, Bionic Sensing and Intelligence Center, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 518055 Shenzhen, China.
- CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 518055 Shenzhen, China
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11
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Abreu CM, Costa-Silva B, Reis RL, Kundu SC, Caballero D. Microfluidic platforms for extracellular vesicle isolation, analysis and therapy in cancer. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:1093-1125. [PMID: 35253032 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00006g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small lipidic particles packed with proteins, DNA, messenger RNA and microRNAs of their cell of origin that act as critical players in cell-cell communication. These vesicles have been identified as pivotal mediators in cancer progression and the formation of metastatic niches. Hence, their isolation and analysis from circulating biofluids is envisioned as the next big thing in the field of liquid biopsies for early non-invasive diagnosis and patient follow-up. Despite the promise, current benchtop isolation strategies are not compatible with point-of-care testing in a clinical setting. Microfluidic platforms are disruptive technologies capable of recovering, analyzing, and quantifying EVs within clinical samples with limited volume, in a high-throughput manner with elevated sensitivity and multiplexing capabilities. Moreover, they can also be employed for the controlled production of synthetic EVs and effective drug loading to produce EV-based therapies. In this review, we explore the use of microfluidic platforms for the isolation, characterization, and quantification of EVs in cancer, and compare these platforms with the conventional methodologies. We also highlight the state-of-the-art in microfluidic approaches for EV-based cancer therapeutics. Finally, we analyze the currently active or recently completed clinical trials involving EVs for cancer diagnosis, treatment or therapy monitoring and examine the future of EV-based point-of-care testing platforms in the clinic and EV-based therapy production by the industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina M Abreu
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark-Parque da Ciência e Tecnologia, Barco, 4805-017, Guimarães, Portugal.
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Bruno Costa-Silva
- Champalimaud Physiology and Cancer Programme, Champalimaud Foundation, Av. Brasília, 1400-038, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rui L Reis
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark-Parque da Ciência e Tecnologia, Barco, 4805-017, Guimarães, Portugal.
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Subhas C Kundu
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark-Parque da Ciência e Tecnologia, Barco, 4805-017, Guimarães, Portugal.
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - David Caballero
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark-Parque da Ciência e Tecnologia, Barco, 4805-017, Guimarães, Portugal.
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
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12
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Zeng L, Chen X, Zhang R, Hu S, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Yang H. High-Resolution Separation of Nanoparticles Using a Negative Magnetophoretic Microfluidic System. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13030377. [PMID: 35334669 PMCID: PMC8951349 DOI: 10.3390/mi13030377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The separation and purification of a sample of interest is essential for subsequent detection and analysis procedures, but there is a lack of effective separation methods with which to purify nano-sized particles from the sample media. In this paper, a microfluidic system based on negative magnetophoresis is presented for the high-resolution separation of nanoparticles. The system includes on-chip magnetic pole arrays and permalloys that symmetrically distribute on both sides of the separation channel and four permanent magnets that provide strong magnetic fields. The microfluidic system can separate 200 nm particles with a high purity from the mixture (1000 nm and 200 nm particles) due to a magnetic field gradient as high as 10,000 T/m being generated inside the separation channel, which can provide a negative magnetophoretic force of up to 10 pN to the 1000 nm particle. The overall recovery rate of the particles reaches 99%, the recovery rate of 200 nm particles is 84.2%, and the purity reaches 98.2%. Compared with the existing negative magnetophoretic separation methods, our system not only exhibits high resolution on particle sizes (800 nm), but also improves the sample processing throughput, which reaches 2.5 μL/min. The microfluidic system is expected to provide a new solution for the high-purity separation of nanoparticles, as well as nanobiological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zeng
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microsystems and Nano Devices, Bionic Sensing and Intelligence Center, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; (L.Z.); (X.C.); (R.Z.); (S.H.)
| | - Xi Chen
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microsystems and Nano Devices, Bionic Sensing and Intelligence Center, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; (L.Z.); (X.C.); (R.Z.); (S.H.)
| | - Rongrong Zhang
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microsystems and Nano Devices, Bionic Sensing and Intelligence Center, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; (L.Z.); (X.C.); (R.Z.); (S.H.)
| | - Shi Hu
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microsystems and Nano Devices, Bionic Sensing and Intelligence Center, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; (L.Z.); (X.C.); (R.Z.); (S.H.)
| | - Hongpeng Zhang
- Marine Engineering College, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China;
| | - Yi Zhang
- Center for Medical AI, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China;
| | - Hui Yang
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microsystems and Nano Devices, Bionic Sensing and Intelligence Center, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; (L.Z.); (X.C.); (R.Z.); (S.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0755-86392675
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13
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Long T, Wu H, Qiao C, Bao B, Zhao S, Liu H. Nonnegligible nano-confinement effect on solvent-mediated interactions between nanoparticles. Chem Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2021.117238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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14
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Du J, Zeng L, Yu Z, Chen S, Chen X, Zhang Y, Yang H. A magnetically enabled simulation of microgravity represses the auxin response during early seed germination on a microfluidic platform. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2022; 8:11. [PMID: 35087683 PMCID: PMC8760315 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-021-00331-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
For plants on Earth, the phytohormone auxin is essential for gravitropism-regulated seedling establishment and plant growth. However, little is known about auxin responses under microgravity conditions due to the lack of a tool that can provide an alteration of gravity. In this paper, a microfluidic negative magnetophoretic platform is developed to levitate Arabidopsis seeds in an equilibrium plane where the applied magnetic force compensates for gravitational acceleration. With the benefit of the microfluidic platform to simulate a microgravity environment on-chip, it is found that the auxin response is significantly repressed in levitated seeds. Simulated microgravity statistically interrupts auxin responses in embryos, even after chemical-mediated auxin alterations, illustrating that auxin is a critical factor that mediates the plant response to gravity alteration. Furthermore, pretreatment with an auxin transportation inhibitor (N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid) enables a decrease in the auxin response, which is no longer affected by simulated microgravity, demonstrating that polar auxin transportation plays a vital role in gravity-regulated auxin responses. The presented microfluidic platform provides simulated microgravity conditions in an easy-to-implement manner, helping to study and elucidate how plants correspond to diverse gravity conditions; in the future, this may be developed into a versatile tool for biological study on a variety of samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Du
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microsystems and Nano Devices, Center for Bionic Sensing and Intelligence, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Lin Zeng
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microsystems and Nano Devices, Center for Bionic Sensing and Intelligence, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Zitong Yu
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microsystems and Nano Devices, Center for Bionic Sensing and Intelligence, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Sihui Chen
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microsystems and Nano Devices, Center for Bionic Sensing and Intelligence, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Xi Chen
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microsystems and Nano Devices, Center for Bionic Sensing and Intelligence, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Center for Medical AI, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Hui Yang
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microsystems and Nano Devices, Center for Bionic Sensing and Intelligence, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055 China
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15
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From Exosomes to Circulating Tumor Cells: Using Microfluidics to Detect High Predictive Cancer Biomarkers. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1379:369-387. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-04039-9_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Gungun Lin
- Institute for Biomedical Materials and Devices Faculty of Science University of Technology Sydney Ultimo New South Wales Australia
- ARC Research Hub for Integrated Device for End‐User Analysis at Low Levels Faculty of Science University of Technology Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
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17
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Liu Y, Zhao W, Cheng R, Hodgson J, Egan M, Pope CNC, Nikolinakos PG, Mao L. Simultaneous biochemical and functional phenotyping of single circulating tumor cells using ultrahigh throughput and recovery microfluidic devices. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:3583-3597. [PMID: 34346469 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00454a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Profiling circulating tumour cells (CTCs) in cancer patients' blood samples is critical to understand the complex and dynamic nature of metastasis. This task is challenged by the fact that CTCs are not only extremely rare in circulation but also highly heterogeneous in their molecular programs and cellular functions. Here we report a combinational approach for the simultaneous biochemical and functional phenotyping of patient-derived CTCs, using an integrated inertial ferrohydrodynamic cell separation (i2FCS) method and a single-cell microfluidic migration assay. This combinatorial approach offers unique capability to profile CTCs on the basis of their surface expression and migratory characteristics. We achieve this using the i2FCS method that successfully processes whole blood samples in a tumor cell marker and size agnostic manner. The i2FCS method enables an ultrahigh blood sample processing throughput of up to 2 × 105 cells s-1 with a blood sample flow rate of 60 mL h-1. Its short processing time (10 minutes for a 10 mL sample), together with a close-to-complete CTC recovery (99.70% recovery rate) and a low WBC contamination (4.07-log depletion rate by removing 99.992% of leukocytes), results in adequate and functional CTCs for subsequent studies in the single-cell migration device. For the first time, we employ this new approach to query CTCs with single-cell resolution in accordance with their expression of phenotypic surface markers and migration properties, revealing the dynamic phenotypes and the existence of a high-motility subpopulation of CTCs in blood samples from metastatic lung cancer patients. This method could be adopted to study the biological and clinical value of invasive CTC phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Wujun Zhao
- FCS Technology, LLC, Athens, GA, 30606, USA
| | - Rui Cheng
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.
| | - Jamie Hodgson
- University Cancer & Blood Center, LLC, Athens, GA, 30607, USA
| | - Mary Egan
- University Cancer & Blood Center, LLC, Athens, GA, 30607, USA
| | | | | | - Leidong Mao
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.
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18
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Ding L, Yang X, Gao Z, Effah CY, Zhang X, Wu Y, Qu L. A Holistic Review of the State-of-the-Art Microfluidics for Exosome Separation: An Overview of the Current Status, Existing Obstacles, and Future Outlook. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2007174. [PMID: 34047052 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202007174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes, a class of small extracellular vesicles (30-150 nm), are secreted by almost all types of cells into virtually all body fluids. These small vesicles are attracting increasing research attention owing to their potential for disease diagnosis and therapy. However, their inherent heterogeneity and the complexity of bio-fluids pose significant challenges for their isolation. Even the "gold standard," differential centrifugation, suffers from poor yields and is time-consuming. In this context, recent developments in microfluidic technologies have provided an ideal system for exosome extraction and these devices exhibit some fascinating properties such as high speeds, good portability, and low sample volumes. In this review, the focus is on the state-of-the-art microfluidic technologies for exosome isolation and highlight potential directions for future research and development by analyzing the challenges faced by the current strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Ding
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Xiaonan Yang
- School of Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Zibo Gao
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Clement Yaw Effah
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Xiaoju Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Yongjun Wu
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Lingbo Qu
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Construction of Functional Molecules and Their Bioanalytical Applications, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
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19
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Zeng L, Chen X, Du J, Yu Z, Zhang R, Zhang Y, Yang H. Label-free separation of nanoscale particles by an ultrahigh gradient magnetic field in a microfluidic device. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:4029-4037. [PMID: 33533377 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr08383f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The need for fast and accurate analysis of low-concentration species is ubiquitous nowadays. The separation and purification techniques restrict the highly sensitive detection of low-abundance nanoparticles. On the other hand, the commonly used separation techniques of labeling procedures limit their implementation in various applications. We report a microfluidic system with ultrahigh magnetic field for the label-free separation of nanoscale particles. Using high-permeability alloys and on-chip integrated magnetic micro-pole arrays, the external strong magnetic field can be conducted into the microfluidic device to form a magnetic field of high intensity and gradient, therefore separating particles of nanometer size with high efficiency. An ultrahigh gradient magnetic field greater than 105 T m-1 can be generated in the separation channel. Moreover, a negative magnetophoretic technique to separate nanoparticles is established in this device. Then, the label-free separation of nanoparticles is achieved in this microfluidic system perfused by a ferrofluid with an extremely low concentration (0.01%). A mixture of 0.2 μm and 1 μm particles is used to verify the performance of the device, where the recovery rate of 0.2 μm particles is 88.79%, and the purity reaches 94.72%. Experimental results show that the device can efficiently separate nanoscale particles with ultrahigh resolution, and in future, it may develop into a versatile and robust tool for the separation and purification of the biological samples of nanometer size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zeng
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microsystems and Nano Devices, Bionic Sensing and Intelligence Center, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 518055 Shenzhen, China.
| | - Xi Chen
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microsystems and Nano Devices, Bionic Sensing and Intelligence Center, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 518055 Shenzhen, China.
| | - Jing Du
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microsystems and Nano Devices, Bionic Sensing and Intelligence Center, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 518055 Shenzhen, China.
| | - Zitong Yu
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microsystems and Nano Devices, Bionic Sensing and Intelligence Center, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 518055 Shenzhen, China.
| | - Rongrong Zhang
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microsystems and Nano Devices, Bionic Sensing and Intelligence Center, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 518055 Shenzhen, China.
| | - Yi Zhang
- Center for Medical AI, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 518055 Shenzhen, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microsystems and Nano Devices, Bionic Sensing and Intelligence Center, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 518055 Shenzhen, China. and CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, 518055 Shenzhen, China
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20
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Berlanda SF, Breitfeld M, Dietsche CL, Dittrich PS. Recent Advances in Microfluidic Technology for Bioanalysis and Diagnostics. Anal Chem 2020; 93:311-331. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon F. Berlanda
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maximilian Breitfeld
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claudius L. Dietsche
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Petra S. Dittrich
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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