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Kammarchedu V, Asgharian H, Zhou K, Soltan Khamsi P, Ebrahimi A. Recent advances in graphene-based electroanalytical devices for healthcare applications. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:12857-12882. [PMID: 38888429 PMCID: PMC11238565 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr06137j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Graphene, with its outstanding mechanical, electrical, and biocompatible properties, stands out as an emerging nanomaterial for healthcare applications, especially in building electroanalytical biodevices. With the rising prevalence of chronic diseases and infectious diseases, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, the demand for point-of-care testing and remote patient monitoring has never been greater. Owing to their portability, ease of manufacturing, scalability, and rapid and sensitive response, electroanalytical devices excel in these settings for improved healthcare accessibility, especially in resource-limited settings. The development of different synthesis methods yielding large-scale graphene and its derivatives with controllable properties, compatible with device manufacturing - from lithography to various printing methods - and tunable electrical, chemical, and electrochemical properties make it an attractive candidate for electroanalytical devices. This review article sheds light on how graphene-based devices can be transformative in addressing pressing healthcare needs, ranging from the fundamental understanding of biology in in vivo and ex vivo studies to early disease detection and management using in vitro assays and wearable devices. In particular, the article provides a special focus on (i) synthesis and functionalization techniques, emphasizing their suitability for scalable integration into devices, (ii) various transduction methods to design diverse electroanalytical device architectures, (iii) a myriad of applications using devices based on graphene, its derivatives, and hybrids with other nanomaterials, and (iv) emerging technologies at the intersection of device engineering and advanced data analytics. Finally, some of the major hurdles that graphene biodevices face for translation into clinical applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Kammarchedu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
- Center for Atomically Thin Multifunctional Coatings, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Heshmat Asgharian
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Keren Zhou
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Pouya Soltan Khamsi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Aida Ebrahimi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
- Center for Atomically Thin Multifunctional Coatings, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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2
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Hu Z, Hu Y, Huang L, Zhong W, Zhang J, Lei D, Chen Y, Ni Y, Liu Y. Recent Progress in Organic Electrochemical Transistor-Structured Biosensors. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:330. [PMID: 39056606 PMCID: PMC11274720 DOI: 10.3390/bios14070330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
The continued advancement of organic electronic technology will establish organic electrochemical transistors as pivotal instruments in the field of biological detection. Here, we present a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art technology and advancements in the use of organic electrochemical transistors as biosensors. This review provides an in-depth analysis of the diverse modification materials, methods, and mechanisms utilized in organic electrochemical transistor-structured biosensors (OETBs) for the selective detection of a wide range of target analyte encompassing electroactive species, electro-inactive species, and cancer cells. Recent advances in OETBs for use in sensing systems and wearable and implantable applications are also briefly introduced. Finally, challenges and opportunities in the field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuotao Hu
- School of Integrated Circuits, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (Z.H.); (Y.H.); (W.Z.); (J.Z.); (D.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yingchao Hu
- School of Integrated Circuits, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (Z.H.); (Y.H.); (W.Z.); (J.Z.); (D.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Lu Huang
- School of Physics & Optoelectronic Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China;
| | - Wei Zhong
- School of Integrated Circuits, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (Z.H.); (Y.H.); (W.Z.); (J.Z.); (D.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Jianfeng Zhang
- School of Integrated Circuits, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (Z.H.); (Y.H.); (W.Z.); (J.Z.); (D.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Dengyun Lei
- School of Integrated Circuits, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (Z.H.); (Y.H.); (W.Z.); (J.Z.); (D.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yayi Chen
- School of Integrated Circuits, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (Z.H.); (Y.H.); (W.Z.); (J.Z.); (D.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yao Ni
- School of Integrated Circuits, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (Z.H.); (Y.H.); (W.Z.); (J.Z.); (D.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yuan Liu
- School of Integrated Circuits, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (Z.H.); (Y.H.); (W.Z.); (J.Z.); (D.L.); (Y.C.)
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3
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Wang S, Zhu W, Jacobs IE, Wood WA, Wang Z, Manikandan S, Andreasen JW, Un HI, Ursel S, Peralta S, Guan S, Grivel JC, Longuemart S, Sirringhaus H. Enhancing the Thermoelectric Properties of Conjugated Polymers by Suppressing Dopant-Induced Disorder. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2314062. [PMID: 38558210 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202314062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Doping is a crucial strategy to enhance the performance of various organic electronic devices. However, in many cases, the random distribution of dopants in conjugated polymers leads to the disruption of the polymer microstructure, severely constraining the achievable performance of electronic devices. Here, it is shown that by ion-exchange doping polythiophene-based P[(3HT)1-x-stat-(T)x] (x = 0 (P1), 0.12 (P2), 0.24 (P3), and 0.36 (P4)), remarkably high electrical conductivity of >400 S cm-1 and power factor of >16 µW m-1 K-2 are achieved for the random copolymer P3, ranking it among highest ever reported for unaligned P3HT-based films, significantly higher than that of P1 (<40 S cm-1, <4 µW m-1 K-2). Although both polymers exhibit comparable field-effect transistor hole mobilities of ≈0.1 cm2 V-1 s-1 in the pristine state, after doping, Hall effect measurements indicate that P3 exhibits a large Hall mobility up to 1.2 cm2 V-1 s-1, significantly outperforming that of P1 (0.06 cm2 V-1 s-1). GIWAXS measurement determines that the in-plane π-π stacking distance of doped P3 is 3.44 Å, distinctly shorter than that of doped P1 (3.68 Å). These findings contribute to resolving the long-standing dopant-induced-disorder issues in P3HT and serve as an example for achieving fast charge transport in highly doped polymers for efficient electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhao Wang
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
- Unité de Dynamique et Structure des Matériaux Moléculaires, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 145 Avenue Maurice Schumann, Dunkerque, 59140, France
| | - Wenjin Zhu
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Ian E Jacobs
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - William A Wood
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Zichen Wang
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Suraj Manikandan
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Jens Wenzel Andreasen
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Hio-Ieng Un
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Sarah Ursel
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Sébastien Peralta
- Laboratoire de Physicochimie des Polymères et des Interfaces, CY Cergy Paris Université, 5 Mail Gay Lussac, Neuville-sur-Oise, 95000, France
| | - Shaoliang Guan
- Maxwell Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Jean-Claude Grivel
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Stéphane Longuemart
- Unité de Dynamique et Structure des Matériaux Moléculaires, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 145 Avenue Maurice Schumann, Dunkerque, 59140, France
| | - Henning Sirringhaus
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
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Nasser RA, Arya SS, Alshehhi KH, Teo JCM, Pitsalidis C. Conducting polymer scaffolds: a new frontier in bioelectronics and bioengineering. Trends Biotechnol 2024; 42:760-779. [PMID: 38184439 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2023.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Conducting polymer (CP) scaffolds have emerged as a transformative tool in bioelectronics and bioengineering, advancing the ability to interface with biological systems. Their unique combination of electrical conductivity, tailorability, and biocompatibility surpasses the capabilities of traditional nonconducting scaffolds while granting them access to the realm of bioelectronics. This review examines recent developments in CP scaffolds, focusing on material and device advancements, as well as their interplay with biological systems. We highlight applications for monitoring, tissue stimulation, and drug delivery and discuss perspectives and challenges currently faced for their ultimate translation and clinical implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha A Nasser
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Sagar S Arya
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Khulood H Alshehhi
- Department of Physics, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Jeremy C M Teo
- Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Department, New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Charalampos Pitsalidis
- Department of Physics, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, UAE; Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
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5
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Jiang X, Shi C, Wang Z, Huang L, Chi L. Healthcare Monitoring Sensors Based on Organic Transistors: Surface/Interface Strategy and Performance. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2308952. [PMID: 37951211 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202308952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
Organic transistors possess inherent advantages such as flexibility, biocompatibility, customizable chemical structures, solution-processability, and amplifying capabilities, making them highly promising for portable healthcare sensor applications. Through convenient and diverse modifications at the material and device surfaces or interfaces, organic transistors allow for a wide range of sensor applications spanning from chemical and biological to physical sensing. In this comprehensive review, the surface and interface engineering aspect associated with four types of typical healthcare sensors is focused. The device operation principles and sensing mechanisms are systematically analyzed and highlighted, and particularly surface/interface functionalization strategies that contribute to the enhancement of sensing performance are focused. An outlook and perspective on the critical issues and challenges in the field of healthcare sensing using organic transistors are provided as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Jiang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Shi
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Zi Wang
- Suzhou Laboratory, 388 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Lizhen Huang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Lifeng Chi
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
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6
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Shinar R, Shinar J. Organic Electronics-Microfluidics/Lab on a Chip Integration in Analytical Applications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:8488. [PMID: 37896581 PMCID: PMC10611406 DOI: 10.3390/s23208488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Organic electronics (OE) technology has matured in displays and is advancing in solid-state lighting applications. Other promising and growing uses of this technology are in (bio)chemical sensing, imaging, in vitro cell monitoring, and other biomedical diagnostics that can benefit from low-cost, efficient small devices, including wearable designs that can be fabricated on glass or flexible plastic. OE devices such as organic LEDs, organic and hybrid perovskite-based photodetectors, and organic thin-film transistors, notably organic electrochemical transistors, are utilized in such sensing and (bio)medical applications. The integration of compact and sensitive OE devices with microfluidic channels and lab-on-a-chip (LOC) structures is very promising. This survey focuses on studies that utilize this integration for a variety of OE tools. It is not intended to encompass all studies in the area, but to present examples of the advances and the potential of such OE technology, with a focus on microfluidics/LOC integration for efficient wide-ranging sensing and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Shinar
- Electrical & Computer Engineering Department, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Joseph Shinar
- Physics & Astronomy Department and Ames National Laboratory—USDOE, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Kim J, Ren X, Zhang Y, Fazzi D, Manikandan S, Andreasen JW, Sun X, Ursel S, Un H, Peralta S, Xiao M, Town J, Marathianos A, Roesner S, Bui T, Ludwigs S, Sirringhaus H, Wang S. Efficient N-Type Organic Electrochemical Transistors and Field-Effect Transistors Based on PNDI-Copolymers Bearing Fluorinated Selenophene-Vinylene-Selenophenes. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2303837. [PMID: 37551064 PMCID: PMC10582458 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202303837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
n-Type organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) and organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) are less developed than their p-type counterparts. Herein, polynaphthalenediimide (PNDI)-based copolymers bearing novel fluorinated selenophene-vinylene-selenophene (FSVS) units as efficient materials for both n-type OECTs and n-type OFETs are reported. The PNDI polymers with oligo(ethylene glycol) (EG7) side chains P(NDIEG7-FSVS), affords a high µC* of > 0.2 F cm-1 V-1 s-1 , outperforming the benchmark n-type Pg4NDI-T2 and Pg4NDI-gT2 by two orders of magnitude. The deep-lying LUMO of -4.63 eV endows P(NDIEG7-FSVS) with an ultra-low threshold voltage of 0.16 V. Moreover, the conjugated polymer with octyldodecyl (OD) side chains P(NDIOD-FSVS) exhibits a surprisingly low energetic disorder with an Urbach energy of 36 meV and an ultra-low activation energy of 39 meV, resulting in high electron mobility of up to 0.32 cm2 V-1 s-1 in n-type OFETs. These results demonstrate the great potential for simultaneously achieving a lower LUMO and a tighter intermolecular packing for the next-generation efficient n-type organic electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongho Kim
- Laboratoire de Physicochimie des Polymères et des InterfacesCY Cergy Paris Université5 Mail Gay LussacNeuville‐sur‐Oise95000France
- Present address:
Department of Textile System Eng.Kyungpook National UniversityDaegu41566Republic of Korea
| | - Xinglong Ren
- Optoelectronics GroupCavendish LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeJJ Thomson AvenueCambridgeCB3 0HEUK
| | - Youcheng Zhang
- Optoelectronics GroupCavendish LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeJJ Thomson AvenueCambridgeCB3 0HEUK
| | - Daniele Fazzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician”Università di BolognaVia F. Selmi 2Bologna40126Italy
| | - Suraj Manikandan
- Department of Energy Conversion and StorageTechnical University of DenmarkKgs. Lyngby2800Denmark
| | - Jens Wenzel Andreasen
- Department of Energy Conversion and StorageTechnical University of DenmarkKgs. Lyngby2800Denmark
| | - Xiuming Sun
- IPOC‐Functional PolymersInstitute of Polymer Chemistry and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology(IQST)University of StuttgartPfaffenwaldring 5570569StuttgartGermany
| | - Sarah Ursel
- Optoelectronics GroupCavendish LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeJJ Thomson AvenueCambridgeCB3 0HEUK
| | - Hio‐Ieng Un
- Optoelectronics GroupCavendish LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeJJ Thomson AvenueCambridgeCB3 0HEUK
| | - Sébastien Peralta
- Laboratoire de Physicochimie des Polymères et des InterfacesCY Cergy Paris Université5 Mail Gay LussacNeuville‐sur‐Oise95000France
| | - Mingfei Xiao
- Optoelectronics GroupCavendish LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeJJ Thomson AvenueCambridgeCB3 0HEUK
| | - James Town
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of WarwickGibbet Hill RoadCoventryCV4 7ALUK
| | | | - Stefan Roesner
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of WarwickGibbet Hill RoadCoventryCV4 7ALUK
| | - Thanh‐Tuan Bui
- Laboratoire de Physicochimie des Polymères et des InterfacesCY Cergy Paris Université5 Mail Gay LussacNeuville‐sur‐Oise95000France
| | - Sabine Ludwigs
- IPOC‐Functional PolymersInstitute of Polymer Chemistry and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology(IQST)University of StuttgartPfaffenwaldring 5570569StuttgartGermany
| | - Henning Sirringhaus
- Optoelectronics GroupCavendish LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeJJ Thomson AvenueCambridgeCB3 0HEUK
| | - Suhao Wang
- Laboratoire de Physicochimie des Polymères et des InterfacesCY Cergy Paris Université5 Mail Gay LussacNeuville‐sur‐Oise95000France
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8
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Mascia A, Spanu A, Bonfiglio A, Cosseddu P. Multimodal force and temperature tactile sensor based on a short-channel organic transistor with high sensitivity. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16232. [PMID: 37758843 PMCID: PMC10533849 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43360-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this manuscript, we report on a novel architecture for the fabrication of highly sensitive multimodal tactile transducers, for the simultaneous detection of temperature and force. Such devices are based on a flexible Organic Charge Modulated Field Effect Transistor (OCMFET) coupled with a pyro/piezoelectric element, namely a commercial film of poly-vinylene difluoride (PVDF). The reduction of the channel length, obtained by employing a low-resolution vertical channel architecture, allowed to maximize the ratio between the sensing area and the transistor's channel area, a technological approach that allows to considerably enhance both temperature and force sensitivity, while at the same time minimize the sensor's dimensions. Thanks to the employment of a straightforward, up-scalable, and highly reproducible fabrication process, this solution represents an interesting alternative for all those applications requiring high-density, high-sensitivity sensors such as robotics and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonello Mascia
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari, via Marengo, Cagliari, 09123, Italy
| | - Andrea Spanu
- Department of Science, Technology and Society, Scuola Universitaria Superiore IUSS, Palazzo del Broletto, Piazza della Vittoria 15, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Annalisa Bonfiglio
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari, via Marengo, Cagliari, 09123, Italy
- Department of Science, Technology and Society, Scuola Universitaria Superiore IUSS, Palazzo del Broletto, Piazza della Vittoria 15, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Piero Cosseddu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari, via Marengo, Cagliari, 09123, Italy.
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Liu G, Lv Z, Batool S, Li MZ, Zhao P, Guo L, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Han ST. Biocompatible Material-Based Flexible Biosensors: From Materials Design to Wearable/Implantable Devices and Integrated Sensing Systems. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2207879. [PMID: 37009995 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Human beings have a greater need to pursue life and manage personal or family health in the context of the rapid growth of artificial intelligence, big data, the Internet of Things, and 5G/6G technologies. The application of micro biosensing devices is crucial in connecting technology and personalized medicine. Here, the progress and current status from biocompatible inorganic materials to organic materials and composites are reviewed and the material-to-device processing is described. Next, the operating principles of pressure, chemical, optical, and temperature sensors are dissected and the application of these flexible biosensors in wearable/implantable devices is discussed. Different biosensing systems acting in vivo and in vitro, including signal communication and energy supply are then illustrated. The potential of in-sensor computing for applications in sensing systems is also discussed. Finally, some essential needs for commercial translation are highlighted and future opportunities for flexible biosensors are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Liu
- Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics and College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Ziyu Lv
- Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics and College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Saima Batool
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | | | - Pengfei Zhao
- Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics and College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Liangchao Guo
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225127, P. R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Microelectronics, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, P. R. China
| | - Ye Zhou
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Su-Ting Han
- Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics and College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
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10
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Liu Y, Xu S, Yang Y, Zhang K, He E, Liang W, Luo J, Wu Y, Cai X. Nanomaterial-based microelectrode arrays for in vitro bidirectional brain-computer interfaces: a review. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2023; 9:13. [PMID: 36726940 PMCID: PMC9884667 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-022-00479-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A bidirectional in vitro brain-computer interface (BCI) directly connects isolated brain cells with the surrounding environment, reads neural signals and inputs modulatory instructions. As a noninvasive BCI, it has clear advantages in understanding and exploiting advanced brain function due to the simplified structure and high controllability of ex vivo neural networks. However, the core of ex vivo BCIs, microelectrode arrays (MEAs), urgently need improvements in the strength of signal detection, precision of neural modulation and biocompatibility. Notably, nanomaterial-based MEAs cater to all the requirements by converging the multilevel neural signals and simultaneously applying stimuli at an excellent spatiotemporal resolution, as well as supporting long-term cultivation of neurons. This is enabled by the advantageous electrochemical characteristics of nanomaterials, such as their active atomic reactivity and outstanding charge conduction efficiency, improving the performance of MEAs. Here, we review the fabrication of nanomaterial-based MEAs applied to bidirectional in vitro BCIs from an interdisciplinary perspective. We also consider the decoding and coding of neural activity through the interface and highlight the various usages of MEAs coupled with the dissociated neural cultures to benefit future developments of BCIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 PR China
| | - Shihong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 PR China
| | - Yan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 PR China
| | - Kui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 PR China
| | - Enhui He
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 PR China
| | - Wei Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 PR China
| | - Jinping Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 PR China
| | - Yirong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 PR China
| | - Xinxia Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 PR China
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11
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Liu J, Tang Y, Cheng Y, Huang W, Xiang L. Electrochemical biosensors based on saliva electrolytes for rapid detection and diagnosis. J Mater Chem B 2022; 11:33-54. [PMID: 36484271 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb02031a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, electrochemical biosensors (ECBSs) have shown significant potential for real-time disease diagnosis and in situ physical condition monitoring. As a multi-constituent oral fluid comprising various disease signaling biomarkers, saliva has drawn much attention in the field of point-of-care (POC) testing. In particular, during the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, ECBSs which hold the simplicity of a single-step assay compared with the multi-step assay of traditional testing methods are expected to relieve the human and economic burden caused by the massive and long-term sample testing process. Noteworthily, ECBSs for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in saliva have already been developed and may replace current testing methods. Furthermore, the detection scope has expanded from routine indices such as sugar and uric acid to abnormal biomarkers for early-stage disease detection and drug level monitoring, which further facilitated the evolution of ECBSs in the last 5 years. This review is divided into several main sections. First, we discussed the latest advancements and representative research on ECBSs for saliva testing. Then, we focused on a novel kind of ECBS, organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs), which hold great advantages of high sensitivity and signal-to-noise ratio and on-site detection. Finally, application of ECBSs with integrated portable platforms in oral cavities, which lead to powerful auxiliary testing means for telemedicine, has also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No 14th, 3rd section, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Yufei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No 14th, 3rd section, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, China. .,Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No 14th, 3rd section, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yuhua Cheng
- School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China.
| | - Wei Huang
- School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China.
| | - Lin Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No 14th, 3rd section, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, China. .,Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No 14th, 3rd section, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
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12
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Borrmann F, Tsuda T, Guskova O, Kiriy N, Hoffmann C, Neusser D, Ludwigs S, Lappan U, Simon F, Geisler M, Debnath B, Krupskaya Y, Al‐Hussein M, Kiriy A. Charge-Compensated N-Doped π-Conjugated Polymers: Toward both Thermodynamic Stability of N-Doped States in Water and High Electron Conductivity. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2203530. [PMID: 36065004 PMCID: PMC9631074 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202203530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The understanding and applications of electron-conducting π-conjugated polymers with naphtalene diimide (NDI) blocks show remarkable progress in recent years. Such polymers demonstrate a facilitated n-doping due to the strong electron deficiency of the main polymer chain and the presence of the positively charged side groups stabilizing a negative charge of the n-doped backbone. Here, the n-type conducting NDI polymer with enhanced stability of its n-doped states for prospective "in-water" applications is developed. A combined experimental-theoretical approach is used to identify critical features and parameters that control the doping and electron transport process. The facilitated polymer reduction ability and the thermodynamic stability in water are confirmed by electrochemical measurements and doping studies. This material also demonstrates a high conductivity of 10-2 S cm-1 under ambient conditions and 10-1 S cm-1 in vacuum. The modeling explains the stabilizing effects for various dopants. The simulations show a significant doping-induced "collapse" of the positively charged side chains on the core bearing a partial negative charge. This explains a decrease in the lamellar spacing observed in experiments. This study fundamentally enables a novel pathway for achieving both thermodynamic stability of the n-doped states in water and the high electron conductivity of polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Borrmann
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.VHohe Straße 601069DresdenGermany
| | - Takuya Tsuda
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.VHohe Straße 601069DresdenGermany
| | - Olga Guskova
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.VHohe Straße 601069DresdenGermany
- Dresden Center for Computational Materials Science (DCMS)TU Dresden01062DresdenGermany
| | - Nataliya Kiriy
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.VHohe Straße 601069DresdenGermany
| | - Cedric Hoffmann
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.VHohe Straße 601069DresdenGermany
| | - David Neusser
- IPOC‐Functional PolymersInstitute of Polymer Chemistry & Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST)University of StuttgartPfaffenwaldring 5570569StuttgartGermany
| | - Sabine Ludwigs
- IPOC‐Functional PolymersInstitute of Polymer Chemistry & Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST)University of StuttgartPfaffenwaldring 5570569StuttgartGermany
| | - Uwe Lappan
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.VHohe Straße 601069DresdenGermany
| | - Frank Simon
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.VHohe Straße 601069DresdenGermany
| | - Martin Geisler
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.VHohe Straße 601069DresdenGermany
| | - Bipasha Debnath
- Leibniz‐Institut für Festkörper‐ und Werkstoffforschung DresdenHelmholtzstraße 2001069DresdenGermany
| | - Yulia Krupskaya
- Leibniz‐Institut für Festkörper‐ und Werkstoffforschung DresdenHelmholtzstraße 2001069DresdenGermany
| | - Mahmoud Al‐Hussein
- Physics Department and Hamdi Mango Center for Scientific ResearchThe University of JordanAmman11942Jordan
| | - Anton Kiriy
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.VHohe Straße 601069DresdenGermany
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13
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Spanu A, Martines L, Tedesco M, Martinoia S, Bonfiglio A. Simultaneous recording of electrical and metabolic activity of cardiac cells in vitro using an organic charge modulated field effect transistor array. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:945575. [PMID: 35992349 PMCID: PMC9385991 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.945575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro electrogenic cells monitoring is an important objective in several scientific and technological fields, such as electrophysiology, pharmacology and brain machine interfaces, and can represent an interesting opportunity in other translational medicine applications. One of the key aspects of cellular cultures is the complexity of their behavior, due to the different kinds of bio-related signals, both chemical and electrical, that characterize these systems. In order to fully understand and exploit this extraordinary complexity, specific devices and tools are needed. However, at the moment this important scientific field is characterized by the lack of easy-to-use, low-cost devices for the sensing of multiple cellular parameters. To the aim of providing a simple and integrated approach for the study of in vitro electrogenic cultures, we present here a new solution for the monitoring of both the electrical and the metabolic cellular activity. In particular, we show here how a particular device called Micro Organic Charge Modulated Array (MOA) can be conveniently engineered and then used to simultaneously record the complete cell activity using the same device architecture. The system has been tested using primary cardiac rat myocytes and allowed to detect the metabolic and electrical variations thar occur upon the administration of different drugs. This first example could lay the basis for the development of a new generation of multi-sensing tools that can help to efficiently probe the multifaceted in vitro environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Spanu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Laura Martines
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics and Systems Engineering, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Mariateresa Tedesco
- Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics and Systems Engineering, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Sergio Martinoia
- Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics and Systems Engineering, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Annalisa Bonfiglio
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- Interdepartmental Center for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Motor Neuron Diseases, Cagliari, Italy
- Scuola Universitaria Superiore IUSS, Pavia, Italy
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14
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Aerathupalathu Janardhanan J, Chen YL, Liu CT, Tseng HS, Wu PI, She JW, Hsiao YS, Yu HH. Sensitive Detection of Sweat Cortisol Using an Organic Electrochemical Transistor Featuring Nanostructured Poly(3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene) Derivatives in the Channel Layer. Anal Chem 2022; 94:7584-7593. [PMID: 35588463 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we examined the influence of functionalized poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) nanostructures decorated on the channel layer of an organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) for the detection of sweat cortisol, an adrenocorticosteroid stress hormone. The OECT device featured a bilayer channel confined by a PEDOT:polystyrenesulfonate (PSS) underlayer and a nanostructure-decorated upper layer engineered from the monomers EDOT-COOH and EDOT-EG3 through template-free electrochemical polymerization. This molecular design allowed antibody conjugation using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide/N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide coupling through the carboxylic acid side chain, with EDOT-EG3 known to minimize nonspecific binding of biomolecules. We also engineered an OECT device having a channel area without any nanostructures to gain insight into the effect of the nanostructures on cortisol sensing. Our new nanostructure-embedded OECT device facilitated real-time detection of cortisol at concentrations ranging from 1 fg/mL to 1 μg/mL with a detection limit of 0.0088 fg/mL with good linearity (R2 = 0.9566), in addition to excellent selectivity toward cortisol among other structurally similar interfering compounds and high stability and reproducibility. With its rapid response for the detection of 100 ng/mL cortisol-spiked artificial sweat, this nanostructure-decorated OECT device has potential clinical practicality and utility in wearable sensors for future healthcare applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayakrishnan Aerathupalathu Janardhanan
- Smart Organic Materials Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Research Institute Road, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.,Taiwan International Graduate Program (TIGP), Sustainable Chemical Science & Technology (SCST), Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Research Institute Road, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.,Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University (NYCU), Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Lin Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology (NTUST), Keelung Road, Da'an District, Taipei 106335, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ting Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Roosevelt Road, Da'an District, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Sheng Tseng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology (NTUST), Keelung Road, Da'an District, Taipei 106335, Taiwan
| | - Po-I Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology (NTUST), Keelung Road, Da'an District, Taipei 106335, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Wei She
- Smart Organic Materials Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Research Institute Road, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.,Taiwan International Graduate Program (TIGP), Nano Science & Technology Program, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Research Institute Road, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.,Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University (NTHU), Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Sheng Hsiao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology (NTUST), Keelung Road, Da'an District, Taipei 106335, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Hua Yu
- Smart Organic Materials Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Research Institute Road, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.,Taiwan International Graduate Program (TIGP), Sustainable Chemical Science & Technology (SCST), Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Research Institute Road, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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15
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Li Y, Cui B, Zhang S, Li B, Li J, Liu S, Zhao Q. Ion-Selective Organic Electrochemical Transistors: Recent Progress and Challenges. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2107413. [PMID: 35182018 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202107413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The charged species inside biofluids (blood, interstitial fluid, sweat, saliva, urine, etc.) can reflect the human body's physiological conditions and thus be adopted to diagnose various diseases early. Among all personalized health management applications, ion-selective organic electrochemical transistors (IS-OECTs) have shown tremendous potential in point-of-care testing of biofluids due to low cost, ease of fabrication, high signal amplification, and low detection limit. Moreover, IS-OECTs exhibit excellent flexibility and biocompatibility that enable their application in wearable bioelectronics for continuous health monitoring. In this review, the working principle of IS-OECTs and the recent studies of IS-OECTs for performance improvement are reviewed. Specifically, contemporary studies on material design and device optimization to enhance the sensitivity of IS-OECTs are discussed. In addition, the progress toward the commercialization of IS-OECTs is highlighted, and the recently proposed solutions or alternatives are summarized. The main challenges and perspectives for fully exploiting IS-OECTs toward future preventive and personal medical devices are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- College of Electronic and Optical Engineering, and College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NJUPT), 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Binbin Cui
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shiming Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Bingxiang Li
- College of Electronic and Optical Engineering, and College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NJUPT), 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Jianmin Li
- College of Electronic and Optical Engineering, and College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NJUPT), 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Shujuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NJUPT), 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Qiang Zhao
- College of Electronic and Optical Engineering, and College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NJUPT), 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NJUPT), 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
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16
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Dai C, Liu Y, Wei D. Two-Dimensional Field-Effect Transistor Sensors: The Road toward Commercialization. Chem Rev 2022; 122:10319-10392. [PMID: 35412802 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The evolutionary success in information technology has been sustained by the rapid growth of sensor technology. Recently, advances in sensor technology have promoted the ambitious requirement to build intelligent systems that can be controlled by external stimuli along with independent operation, adaptivity, and low energy expenditure. Among various sensing techniques, field-effect transistors (FETs) with channels made of two-dimensional (2D) materials attract increasing attention for advantages such as label-free detection, fast response, easy operation, and capability of integration. With atomic thickness, 2D materials restrict the carrier flow within the material surface and expose it directly to the external environment, leading to efficient signal acquisition and conversion. This review summarizes the latest advances of 2D-materials-based FET (2D FET) sensors in a comprehensive manner that contains the material, operating principles, fabrication technologies, proof-of-concept applications, and prototypes. First, a brief description of the background and fundamentals is provided. The subsequent contents summarize physical, chemical, and biological 2D FET sensors and their applications. Then, we highlight the challenges of their commercialization and discuss corresponding solution techniques. The following section presents a systematic survey of recent progress in developing commercial prototypes. Lastly, we summarize the long-standing efforts and prospective future development of 2D FET-based sensing systems toward commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhao Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.,Laboratory of Molecular Materials and Devices, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yunqi Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Materials and Devices, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Dacheng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.,Laboratory of Molecular Materials and Devices, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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17
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Spanu A, Mascia A, Baldazzi G, Fenech-Salerno B, Torrisi F, Viola G, Bonfiglio A, Cosseddu P, Pani D. Parylene C-Based, Breathable Tattoo Electrodes for High-Quality Bio-Potential Measurements. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:820217. [PMID: 35402402 PMCID: PMC8983861 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.820217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A breathable tattoo electrode for bio-potential recording based on a Parylene C nanofilm is presented in this study. The proposed approach allows for the fabrication of micro-perforated epidermal submicrometer-thick electrodes that conjugate the unobtrusiveness of Parylene C nanofilms and the very important feature of breathability. The electrodes were fully validated for electrocardiography (ECG) measurements showing performance comparable to that of conventional disposable gelled Ag/AgCl electrodes, with no visible negative effect on the skin even many hours after their application. This result introduces interesting perspectives in the field of epidermal electronics, particularly in applications where critical on-body measurements are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Spanu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- *Correspondence: Andrea Spanu, ; Piero Cosseddu,
| | - Antonello Mascia
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giulia Baldazzi
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics and Systems Engineering Genova, University of Genova, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Benji Fenech-Salerno
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Felice Torrisi
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Graziana Viola
- Division of Cardiology, San Francesco Hospital, Nuoro, Italy
| | - Annalisa Bonfiglio
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Piero Cosseddu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- *Correspondence: Andrea Spanu, ; Piero Cosseddu,
| | - Danilo Pani
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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18
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Ohshiro K, Sasaki Y, Zhou Q, Lyu X, Yamanashi Y, Nakahara K, Nagaoka H, Minami T. Oxytocin detection at ppt level in human saliva by an extended-gate-type organic field-effect transistor. Analyst 2022; 147:1055-1059. [PMID: 35191913 DOI: 10.1039/d1an02188e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report an extended-gate-type organic field-effect transistor (OFET) sensor for oxytocin. The fabricated OFET-based immunosensor has successfully detected oxytocin at a ppt level in human saliva with high recovery rates (96-102%). We believe our sensor would pave the way for the realization of portable sensors for healthcare monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Ohshiro
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan.
| | - Yui Sasaki
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan.
| | - Qi Zhou
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan.
| | - Xiaojun Lyu
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan.
| | - Yusuke Yamanashi
- JNC Petrochemical Corp., 5-1, Goikaigan, Ichihara, Chiba, 290-8551, Japan
| | - Katsumasa Nakahara
- JNC Petrochemical Corp., 5-1, Goikaigan, Ichihara, Chiba, 290-8551, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Nagaoka
- JNC Petrochemical Corp., 5-1, Goikaigan, Ichihara, Chiba, 290-8551, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Minami
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan.
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19
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Özsoylu D, Wagner T, Schöning MJ. Electrochemical Cell-based Biosensors for Biomedical Applications. Curr Top Med Chem 2022; 22:713-733. [DOI: 10.2174/1568026622666220304213617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:
Electrochemical cell-based biosensors have been showing increasing interest within the last 15 years, with a large number of reports generally dealing with the sensors’ sensitivity, selectivity, stability, signal-to-noise ratio, spatiotemporal resolution, etc. However, only a few of them are now available as commercial products on the market. In this review, technological advances, current challenges and opportunities of electrochemical cell-based biosensors are presented. The article encompasses emerging studies, mainly focusing on the last five years (from 2016 to mid 2021), towards cell-based biological field-effect devices, cell-based impedimetric sensors and cell-based microelectrode arrays. In addition, special attention lies on recent progress in recording at the single-cellular level, including intracellular monitoring with high spatiotemporal resolution as well as integration into microfluidics for lab-on-a-chip applications. Moreover, a comprehensive discussion on challenges and future perspectives will address the future potential of electrochemical cell-based biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dua Özsoylu
- Institute of Nano- and Biotechnologies (INB), Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Jülich, Germany
| | - Torsten Wagner
- Institute of Nano- and Biotechnologies (INB), Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-3), Research Centre Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Michael J. Schöning
- Institute of Nano- and Biotechnologies (INB), Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-3), Research Centre Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
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20
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Preziosi V, Barra M, Tomaiuolo G, D'Angelo P, Marasso SL, Verna A, Cocuzza M, Cassinese A, Guido S. Organic electrochemical transistors as novel biosensing platforms to study the electrical response of whole blood and plasma. J Mater Chem B 2021; 10:87-95. [PMID: 34870646 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb01584b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, for the first time to the best of our knowledge, organic electrochemical transistors are employed to investigate the electrical response of human blood, plasma and alternative buffer solutions that inhibit red blood cell (RBC) aggregation. Our focus is on selecting a suitable electrolytic platform and the related operating conditions, where the RBC effect on the OECT response can be observed separately from the strong ionic environment of plasma in whole blood. The transient response of whole blood to pulse experiments is characterized by two time constants, which can be related to blood viscosity and to the capacitive coupling between the ionic and electronic components of the overall system. The role of capacitive effects, likely due to enhanced double-layer formation by negatively charged RBCs, is also confirmed by the increase of transconductance which was found in RBC suspensions as compared to the suspending buffer. Overall, the complex behavior found in these experiments provides new insights for the development of innovative blood-based sensing devices for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Preziosi
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering - University Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, I-80125 Naples, Italy.
| | - Mario Barra
- CNR-SPIN, c/o Department of Physics "Ettore Pancini", P.le Tecchio, 80, I-80125 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Giovanna Tomaiuolo
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering - University Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, I-80125 Naples, Italy.
| | | | - Simone Luigi Marasso
- IMEM-CNR, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy.,Chi-Lab, Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - Alessio Verna
- Chi-Lab, Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - Matteo Cocuzza
- IMEM-CNR, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy.,Chi-Lab, Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - Antonio Cassinese
- CNR-SPIN, c/o Department of Physics "Ettore Pancini", P.le Tecchio, 80, I-80125 Napoli, Italy. .,Department of Physics "Ettore Pancini", University Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, I-80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Stefano Guido
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering - University Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, I-80125 Naples, Italy. .,National Interuniversity Consortium for Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Firenze, Italy.,CEINGE, Advanced Biotechnologies, 80145 Napoli, Italy
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21
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Hong JW, Yoon C, Jo K, Won JH, Park S. Recent advances in recording and modulation technologies for next-generation neural interfaces. iScience 2021; 24:103550. [PMID: 34917907 PMCID: PMC8666678 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Along with the advancement in neural engineering techniques, unprecedented progress in the development of neural interfaces has been made over the past few decades. However, despite these achievements, there is still room for further improvements especially toward the possibility of monitoring and modulating neural activities with high resolution and specificity in our daily lives. In an effort of taking a step toward the next-generation neural interfaces, we want to highlight the recent progress in neural technologies. We will cover a wide scope of such developments ranging from novel platforms for highly specific recording and modulation to system integration for practical applications of novel interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Won Hong
- Program of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Chanwoong Yoon
- Program of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Kyunghyun Jo
- Program of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Joon Hee Won
- Program of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Seongjun Park
- Program of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea.,Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea.,KAIST Institute of Health Science and Technology (KIHST), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
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22
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Pitsalidis C, Pappa AM, Boys AJ, Fu Y, Moysidou CM, van Niekerk D, Saez J, Savva A, Iandolo D, Owens RM. Organic Bioelectronics for In Vitro Systems. Chem Rev 2021; 122:4700-4790. [PMID: 34910876 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bioelectronics have made strides in improving clinical diagnostics and precision medicine. The potential of bioelectronics for bidirectional interfacing with biology through continuous, label-free monitoring on one side and precise control of biological activity on the other has extended their application scope to in vitro systems. The advent of microfluidics and the considerable advances in reliability and complexity of in vitro models promise to eventually significantly reduce or replace animal studies, currently the gold standard in drug discovery and toxicology testing. Bioelectronics are anticipated to play a major role in this transition offering a much needed technology to push forward the drug discovery paradigm. Organic electronic materials, notably conjugated polymers, having demonstrated technological maturity in fields such as solar cells and light emitting diodes given their outstanding characteristics and versatility in processing, are the obvious route forward for bioelectronics due to their biomimetic nature, among other merits. This review highlights the advances in conjugated polymers for interfacing with biological tissue in vitro, aiming ultimately to develop next generation in vitro systems. We showcase in vitro interfacing across multiple length scales, involving biological models of varying complexity, from cell components to complex 3D cell cultures. The state of the art, the possibilities, and the challenges of conjugated polymers toward clinical translation of in vitro systems are also discussed throughout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charalampos Pitsalidis
- Department of Physics, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Anna-Maria Pappa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE
| | - Alexander J Boys
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Ying Fu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K.,Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Technology and Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1RD, U.K
| | - Chrysanthi-Maria Moysidou
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Douglas van Niekerk
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Janire Saez
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K.,Microfluidics Cluster UPV/EHU, BIOMICs Microfluidics Group, Lascaray Research Center, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida Miguel de Unamuno, 3, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, E-48011 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Achilleas Savva
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Donata Iandolo
- INSERM, U1059 Sainbiose, Université Jean Monnet, Mines Saint-Étienne, Université de Lyon, 42023 Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Róisín M Owens
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
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23
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McCuskey SR, Chatsirisupachai J, Zeglio E, Parlak O, Panoy P, Herland A, Bazan GC, Nguyen TQ. Current Progress of Interfacing Organic Semiconducting Materials with Bacteria. Chem Rev 2021; 122:4791-4825. [PMID: 34714064 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Microbial bioelectronics require interfacing microorganisms with electrodes. The resulting abiotic/biotic platforms provide the basis of a range of technologies, including energy conversion and diagnostic assays. Organic semiconductors (OSCs) provide a unique strategy to modulate the interfaces between microbial systems and external electrodes, thereby improving the performance of these incipient technologies. In this review, we explore recent progress in the field on how OSCs, and related materials capable of charge transport, are being used within the context of microbial systems, and more specifically bacteria. We begin by examining the electrochemical communication modes in bacteria and the biological basis for charge transport. Different types of synthetic organic materials that have been designed and synthesized for interfacing and interrogating bacteria are discussed next, followed by the most commonly used characterization techniques for evaluating transport in microbial, synthetic, and hybrid systems. A range of applications is subsequently examined, including biological sensors and energy conversion systems. The review concludes by summarizing what has been accomplished so far and suggests future design approaches for OSC bioelectronics materials and technologies that hybridize characteristic properties of microbial and OSC systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha R McCuskey
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Jirat Chatsirisupachai
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids & Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Wangchan, Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | - Erica Zeglio
- Division of Micro and Nanosystems, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Onur Parlak
- Dermatology and Venereology Division, Department of Medicine(Solna), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 17177, Sweden.,AIMES Center of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Patchareepond Panoy
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids & Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Wangchan, Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | - Anna Herland
- Division of Micro and Nanosystems, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 17177, Sweden.,AIMES Center of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Guillermo C Bazan
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Thuc-Quyen Nguyen
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids & Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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24
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Vargas R, Egurbide-Sifre A, Medina L. Organ-on-a-Chip systems for new drugs development. ADMET AND DMPK 2021; 9:111-141. [PMID: 35299767 PMCID: PMC8920106 DOI: 10.5599/admet.942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on alternatives to the use of animal models and cell cultures has led to the creation of organ-on-a-chip systems, in which organs and their physiological reactions to the presence of external stimuli are simulated. These systems could even replace the use of human beings as subjects for the study of drugs in clinical phases and have an impact on personalized therapies. Organ-on-a-chip technology present higher potential than traditional cell cultures for an appropriate prediction of functional impairments, appearance of adverse effects, the pharmacokinetic and toxicological profile and the efficacy of a drug. This potential is given by the possibility of placing different cell lines in a three-dimensional-arranged polymer piece and simulating and controlling specific conditions. Thus, the normal functioning of an organ, tissue, barrier, or physiological phenomenon can be simulated, as well as the interrelation between different systems. Furthermore, this alternative allows the study of physiological and pathophysiological processes. Its design combines different disciplines such as materials engineering, cell cultures, microfluidics and physiology, among others. This work presents the main considerations of OoC systems, the materials, methods and cell lines used for their design, and the conditions required for their proper functioning. Examples of applications and main challenges for the development of more robust systems are shown. This non-systematic review is intended to be a reference framework that facilitates research focused on the development of new OoC systems, as well as their use as alternatives in pharmacological, pharmacokinetic and toxicological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronny Vargas
- Industrial Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Costa Rica 11501-2060, San José, Costa Rica
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrea Egurbide-Sifre
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Medina
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
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