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Ushasree MV, Jia Q, Do SG, Lee EY. New opportunities and perspectives on biosynthesis and bioactivities of secondary metabolites from Aloe vera. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 72:108325. [PMID: 38395206 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2024.108325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Historically, the genus Aloe has been an indispensable part of both traditional and modern medicine. Decades of intensive research have unveiled the major bioactive secondary metabolites of this plant. Recent pandemic outbreaks have revitalized curiosity in aloe metabolites, as they have proven pharmacokinetic profiles and repurposable chemical space. However, the structural complexity of these metabolites has hindered scientific advances in the chemical synthesis of these compounds. Multi-omics research interventions have transformed aloe research by providing insights into the biosynthesis of many of these compounds, for example, aloesone, aloenin, noreugenin, aloin, saponins, and carotenoids. Here, we summarize the biological activities of major aloe secondary metabolites with a focus on their mechanism of action. We also highlight the recent advances in decoding the aloe metabolite biosynthetic pathways and enzymatic machinery linked with these pathways. Proof-of-concept studies on in vitro, whole-cell, and microbial synthesis of aloe compounds have also been briefed. Research initiatives on the structural modification of various aloe metabolites to expand their chemical space and activity are detailed. Further, the technological limitations, patent status, and prospects of aloe secondary metabolites in biomedicine have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrudulakumari Vasudevan Ushasree
- Department of Chemical Engineering (BK21 FOUR Integrated Engineering Program), Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Qi Jia
- Unigen, Inc., 2121 South street suite 400 Tacoma, Washington 98405, USA
| | - Seon Gil Do
- Naturetech, Inc., 29-8, Yongjeong-gil, Chopyeong-myeon, Jincheon-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do 27858, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Yeol Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering (BK21 FOUR Integrated Engineering Program), Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Zhao J, Sun Y, Ren L, Huang S, Zhang J. Antagonism of androgen receptor signaling by aloe-emodin. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 181:114092. [PMID: 37806336 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decades, androgen receptor (AR) signaling has been a key driver of both primary and recurrent prostate cancer. In this work, aloe-emodin was identified as a novel AR antagonist, effectively inhibiting AR signaling. Firstly, aloe-emodin can inhibit LNCaP cell growth by promoting apoptosis. Then, the results of Western blot and quantitative real-time PCR further confirmed that aloe-emodin modulated AR protein levels by promoting AR proteasomal degradation, and also inhibited the transcription of the AR downstream target genes, including PSA, KLK2, and TMPRSS2. Furthermore, the result of immunofluorescence showed that aloe-emodin prevented the nuclear translocation of AR. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation suggested that aloe-emodin combined with AR to form stable complexes, which might explain that aloe-emodin prevented the translocation of AR from the cytoplasm to the nucleus by affecting the ligand binding of AR. Therefore, aloe-emodin as a novel AR antagonist may play a crucial role in promoting cancer prevention or complementing pharmacological therapies in the treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingqi Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Yantong Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Li Ren
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Shuqing Huang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.
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3
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Zhang Y, Wu C, Zhang N, Fan R, Ye Y, Xu J. Recent Advances in the Development of Pyrazole Derivatives as Anticancer Agents. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12724. [PMID: 37628906 PMCID: PMC10454718 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyrazole derivatives, as a class of heterocyclic compounds, possess unique chemical structures that confer them with a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities. They have been extensively explored for designing potent and selective anticancer agents. In recent years, numerous pyrazole derivatives have been synthesized and evaluated for their anticancer potential against various cancer cell lines. Structure-activity relationship studies have shown that appropriate substitution on different positions of the pyrazole ring can significantly enhance anticancer efficacy and tumor selectivity. It is noteworthy that many pyrazole derivatives have demonstrated multiple mechanisms of anticancer action by interacting with various targets including tubulin, EGFR, CDK, BTK, and DNA. Therefore, this review summarizes the current understanding on the structural features of pyrazole derivatives and their structure-activity relationships with different targets, aiming to facilitate the development of potential pyrazole-based anticancer drugs. We focus on the latest research advances in anticancer activities of pyrazole compounds reported from 2018 to present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingqian Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (C.W.); (N.Z.); (R.F.); (Y.Y.)
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Chenyuan Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (C.W.); (N.Z.); (R.F.); (Y.Y.)
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Nana Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (C.W.); (N.Z.); (R.F.); (Y.Y.)
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Rui Fan
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (C.W.); (N.Z.); (R.F.); (Y.Y.)
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Yang Ye
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (C.W.); (N.Z.); (R.F.); (Y.Y.)
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Jun Xu
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
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Zhu M, Sun J, Wu Y, Ma X, Lei F, Li Q, Jiang C, Li F. Synthesis and anti-proliferative activity of dehydroabietinol derivatives bearing a triazole moiety. RSC Med Chem 2023; 14:680-691. [PMID: 37122546 PMCID: PMC10131649 DOI: 10.1039/d2md00427e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In search of more efficacious antitumor agents, a series of novel dehydroabietinol derivatives containing a triazole moiety was synthesized, and evaluated for cytotoxicity against four human cancer cell lines. Many exhibited superior cytotoxic profiles compared to the parent molecule, dehydroabietic acid. In particular, compounds 5g, 5i and 5j exhibited promising cytotoxicity with IC50 values ranging from 4.84 to 9.62 μM against all the test cell lines. Cell clone formation and migration tests of compound 5g showed that it not only effectively inhibited the formation of MGC-803 cell colonies but also inhibited the MGC-803 cell migration and invasion. Additionally, the preliminary pharmacological mechanism indicated compound 5g induced apoptosis, arrested the mitotic process at the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle, reduced the mitochondrial membrane potential, and increased the intracellular ROS and Ca2+ levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjun Zhu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery and Optimization, Guangxi Engineering Research Center for Pharmaceutical Molecular Screening and Druggability Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University Guilin 541199 PR China +86 773 229 5179
| | - Jinchuan Sun
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery and Optimization, Guangxi Engineering Research Center for Pharmaceutical Molecular Screening and Druggability Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University Guilin 541199 PR China +86 773 229 5179
| | - Yaju Wu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery and Optimization, Guangxi Engineering Research Center for Pharmaceutical Molecular Screening and Druggability Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University Guilin 541199 PR China +86 773 229 5179
| | - Xianli Ma
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery and Optimization, Guangxi Engineering Research Center for Pharmaceutical Molecular Screening and Druggability Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University Guilin 541199 PR China +86 773 229 5179
| | - Fuhou Lei
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi Minzu University Nanning 530006 China
| | - Qian Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery and Optimization, Guangxi Engineering Research Center for Pharmaceutical Molecular Screening and Druggability Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University Guilin 541199 PR China +86 773 229 5179
| | - Caina Jiang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery and Optimization, Guangxi Engineering Research Center for Pharmaceutical Molecular Screening and Druggability Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University Guilin 541199 PR China +86 773 229 5179
| | - Fangyao Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery and Optimization, Guangxi Engineering Research Center for Pharmaceutical Molecular Screening and Druggability Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University Guilin 541199 PR China +86 773 229 5179
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Comprehensive Assessment of Biomolecular Interactions of Morpholine-Based Mixed Ligand Cu(II) and Zn(II) Complexes of 2,2'-Bipyridine as Potential Anticancer and SARS-CoV-2 Agents: A Synergistic Experimental and Structure-Based Virtual Screening. Bioinorg Chem Appl 2022; 2022:6987806. [PMID: 36545430 PMCID: PMC9763021 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6987806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A new class of pharmacologically active mixed-ligand complexes (1a-2a) [MII(L)2 (bpy)], where L = 2-(4-morpholinobenzylideneamino)phenol), bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, MII = Cu (1a), and Zn (2a), were assigned an octahedral geometry by analytical and spectral measurements. Gel electrophoresis showed that complex (1a) demonstrated the complete DNA cleavage mediated by H2O2. The overall DNA-binding constants observed from UV-vis, fluorometric, hydrodynamic, and electrochemical titrations were in the following sequence: (1a) > (2a) > (HL), which suggests that the complexes might intercalate DNA, a possibility that is further supported by the biothermodynamic characteristics. The binding constant results of BSA by electronic absorption and fluorometric titration demonstrate that complex (1a) exhibits the highest binding effectiveness among others, which means that all compounds could interact with BSA through a static approach, additionally supported by FRET measurements. Density FunctionalTheory (DFT) and molecular docking calculations were relied on to unveil the electronic structure, reactivity, and interacting capability of all substances with DNA, BSA, and SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro). These observed binding energies fell within the following ranges: -7.7 to -8.6, -7.2 to -10.2, and -6.7 to -8.2 kcal/mol, respectively. The higher reactivity of the complexes compared to free ligand is supported by the Frontier MolecularOrbital (FMO) theory. The in vitro antibacterial, cytotoxic, and radical scavenging characteristics revealed that complex (1a) has the best biological efficacy compared to others. This is encouraged because all experimental findings are closely correlated with the theoretical measurements.
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Effects of Natural Rheum tanguticum on the Cell Wall Integrity of Resistant Phytopathogenic Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. Carotovorum. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27165291. [PMID: 36014529 PMCID: PMC9414576 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The abuse of agricultural antibiotics has led to the emergence of drug-resistant phytopathogens. Rifampicin and streptomycin and streptomycin resistance Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (PccS1) was obtained from pathological plants in a previous experiment. Rheum tanguticum, derived from the Chinese plateau area, exhibits excellent antibacterial activity against PccS1, yet the action mode has not been fully understood. In present text, the cell wall integrity of the PccS1 was tested by the variation of the cellular proteins, SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR) characteristics. Label-free quantitative proteomics was further used to identify the DEPs in the pathogen response to treatment with Rheum tanguticum Maxim. ex Balf. extract (abbreviated as RTMBE). Based on the bioinformatics analysis of these different expressed proteins (DEPs), RTMBE mainly inhibited some key protein expressions of beta-Lactam resistance, a two-component system and phosphotransferase system. Most of these membrane proteins were extraordinarily suppressed, which was also consistent with the morphological tests. In addition, from the downregulated flagellar motility related proteins, it was also speculated that RTMBE played an essential antibacterial role by affecting the swimming motility of the cells. The results indicated that Rheum tanguticum can be used to attenuate the virulence of the drug-resistant phytopathogenic bacteria.
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Moshawih S, Goh HP, Kifli N, Idris AC, Yassin H, Kotra V, Goh KW, Liew KB, Ming LC. Synergy between machine learning and natural products cheminformatics: Application to the lead discovery of anthraquinone derivatives. Chem Biol Drug Des 2022; 100:185-217. [PMID: 35490393 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cheminformatics utilizing machine learning (ML) techniques have opened up a new horizon in drug discovery. This is owing to vast chemical space expansion with rocketing numbers of expected hits and lead compounds that match druggable macromolecular targets, in particular from natural compounds. Due to the natural products' (NP) structural complexity, uniqueness, and diversity, they could occupy a bigger space in pharmaceuticals, allowing the industry to pursue more selective leads in the nanomolar range of binding affinity. ML is an essential part of each step of the drug design pipeline, such as target prediction, compound library preparation, and lead optimization. Notably, molecular mechanic and dynamic simulations, induced docking, and free energy perturbations are essential in predicting best binding poses, binding free energy values, and molecular mechanics force fields. Those applications have leveraged from artificial intelligence (AI), which decreases the computational costs required for such costly simulations. This review aimed to describe chemical space and compound libraries related to NPs. High-throughput screening utilized for fractionating NPs and high-throughput virtual screening and their strategies, and significance, are reviewed. Particular emphasis was given to AI approaches, ML tools, algorithms, and techniques, especially in drug discovery of macrocyclic compounds and approaches in computer-aided and ML-based drug discovery. Anthraquinone derivatives were discussed as a source of new lead compounds that can be developed using ML tools for diverse medicinal uses such as cancer, infectious diseases, and metabolic disorders. Furthermore, the power of principal component analysis in understanding relevant protein conformations, and molecular modeling of protein-ligand interaction were also presented. Apart from being a concise reference for cheminformatics, this review is a useful text to understand the application of ML-based algorithms to molecular dynamics simulation and in silico absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said Moshawih
- PAP Rashidah Sa'adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Hui Poh Goh
- PAP Rashidah Sa'adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Nurolaini Kifli
- PAP Rashidah Sa'adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Azam Che Idris
- Faculty of Integrated Technologies, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Hayati Yassin
- Faculty of Integrated Technologies, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Vijay Kotra
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Quest International University, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Khang Wen Goh
- Faculty of Data Science and Information Technology, INTI International University, Nilai, Malaysia
| | - Kai Bin Liew
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Cyberjaya, Cyberjaya, Malaysia
| | - Long Chiau Ming
- PAP Rashidah Sa'adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam
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Gaja SK, Bandi S, Pavuluri PK, Sambyal S, Jaina VK, Sampath Kumar HM, Andugulapati SB, V R, Babu KS. Synthesis and antiproliferative activities of novel piscidinol a derivatives as potential anticancer agents. Nat Prod Res 2022:1-7. [PMID: 35343322 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2022.2056889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Piscidinol A (1), a major compound isolated from Aphanamixis polystachya, showed modest anticancer activity against cancer cell lines. Subsequently, a series of analogues were synthesised by modification of the key structural functionalities of this high yield natural product and assessed for their anticancer potential against various cancer cell lines. Among the tested derivatives, the compounds 6e and 6i are significantly reduced the cell viability at 5.38 and 5.02 µM against DU145 prostate cancer cells, respectively. Additionally, both the compounds arrested the cell cycle at S phase and induced the late apoptosis in DU145 cells. Together, the results demonstrated that the compounds 6e and 6i could be a promising lead for the development of anticancer agents against DU145 and well worth further investigation aiming to generate potential anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarna Kumari Gaja
- Centre for Natural Products & Traditional Knowledge, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Siva Bandi
- Centre for Natural Products & Traditional Knowledge, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Pavan Kumar Pavuluri
- Centre for Natural Products & Traditional Knowledge, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Shainy Sambyal
- Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Vinod Kumar Jaina
- Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - H M Sampath Kumar
- Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Sai Balaji Andugulapati
- Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ramalingam V
- Centre for Natural Products & Traditional Knowledge, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - K Suresh Babu
- Centre for Natural Products & Traditional Knowledge, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Advances in Understanding the Role of Aloe Emodin and Targeted Drug Delivery Systems in Cancer. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:7928200. [PMID: 35087619 PMCID: PMC8789423 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7928200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the important causes of death worldwide. Despite remarkable improvements in cancer research in the past few decades, several cancer patients still cannot be cured owing to the development of drug resistance. Natural sources might have prominence as potential drug candidates. Among the several chemical classes of natural products, anthraquinones are characterized by their large structural variety, noticeable biological activity, and low toxicity. Aloe emodin, an anthraquinone derivative, is a natural compound found in the roots and rhizomes of many plants. This compound has proven its antineoplastic, anti-inflammatory, antiangiogenic, and antiproliferative potential as well as ability to prevent cancer metastasis and potential in reversing multidrug resistance of cancer cells. The anticancer property of aloe emodin, a broad-spectrum inhibitory agent of cancer cells, has been detailed in many biological pathways. In cancer cells, these molecular mechanisms consist of inhibition of cell growth and proliferation, cell cycle arrest deterioration, initiation of apoptosis, antimetastasis, and antiangiogenic effect. In accordance with the strategy of developing potential drug candidates from natural products, aloe emodin's low bioavailability has been tried to be overcome by structural modifications and nanocarrier systems. Consequently, this review summarizes the antiproliferative and anticarcinogenic properties of aloe emodin, as well as the enhanced activity of its derivatives and the advantages of drug delivery systems on bioavailability.
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Dileep Kumar G, Siva B, Ashwini K, Vinod Kumar J, Ramalingam V, Sai Balaji A, Suresh Babu K. Design, synthesis, cytotoxic, and anti-inflammatory activities of some novel analogues of aloe-emodin isolated from the rhizomes of Rheum emodi. Nat Prod Res 2022; 37:1511-1517. [PMID: 35021945 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2021.2024531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In connection with our continuous efforts in the synthesis of derivatives from major compounds isolated from traditional medicinal plants, in the present study we have attempted to synthesize the furan-conjugated aloe-emodin derivatives (5a-j) using a three-component reaction. The synthesized derivatives were assessed for anticancer activity against five different cancer cell lines using the in vitro MTT assay and the results showed that most of the derivatives are potent against cancer cells comparing with the control. Compounds 5a and 5e showed excellent activity against all the cancer cells with less than 12.5 µM and arrested the cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase in both CAL27 and SCC9 cells. Compound 5e induces the early apoptosis in CAL27 cells and compounds 5a and 5e induce early and late apoptosis, respectively, in SCC9 cells. Moreover, compounds 5b, 5c, 5i, and 5j showed excellent anti-inflammatory activity in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells by inhibiting IL-6 production. The molecular docking studies revealed that compound 5e has strong interaction with the CLK kinase and protein kinase II through hydrogen binding Asp325 and Lys290.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Dileep Kumar
- Centre for Natural Products & Traditional Knowledge, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Bandi Siva
- Centre for Natural Products & Traditional Knowledge, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
| | - K Ashwini
- Centre for Natural Products & Traditional Knowledge, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
| | - J Vinod Kumar
- Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
| | - V Ramalingam
- Centre for Natural Products & Traditional Knowledge, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - A Sai Balaji
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India.,Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
| | - K Suresh Babu
- Centre for Natural Products & Traditional Knowledge, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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Recent developments in mitogen activated protein kinase inhibitors as potential anticancer agents. Bioorg Chem 2021; 114:105161. [PMID: 34328852 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) belongs to group of kinase that links the extracellular stimuli to intracellular response. The MAPK signalling pathway (RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK) involved in different pathological conditions like cancer, caused due to genetic or any other factor such as physical or environmental. Many studies have been conducted on the pathological view of MAPK cascade and its associated element like RAS, RAF, MEK, ERK or its isoforms, and still the research is going on particularly with respect to its activation, regulation and inhibition. The MAPK signalling pathway has become the area of research to identify new target for the management of cancer. A number of heterocyclics are key to fight with the cancer associated with these enzymes thus give some hope in the management of cancer by inhibiting MAPK cascade. In the present article, we have focussed on MAPK signalling pathway and role of different heterocyclic scaffolds bearing nitrogen, sulphur and oxygen and about their potential to block MAPK signalling pathway. The heterocyclics are gaining importance due to high potency and selectivity with less off-target effects against different targets involved in the MAPK signalling pathway. We have tried to cover recent advancements in the MAPK signalling pathway inhibitors with an aim to get better understanding of the mechanism of action of the compounds. Several compounds in the preclinical and clinical studies have been thoroughly dealt with. In addition to the synthetic compounds, a significant number of natural products containing heterocyclic moieties as MAPK signalling pathway inhibitors have been put together. The structure activity relationship along with docking studies have been discussed to apprehend the mechanistic studies of various compounds that will ultimately help to design and develop more MAPK signalling pathway inhibitors.
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