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LI X, LUO Y, WANG J, DU Z. Formulation, characterization and and evaluation of aloe-emodin-loaded solid dispersions for dissolution enhancement. J TRADIT CHIN MED 2024; 44:54-62. [PMID: 38213239 PMCID: PMC10774735 DOI: 10.19852/j.cnki.jtcm.20231110.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To prepare aloe-emodin solid dispersion (AE-SD) and determine the metabolic process of AE and AE-SD in vivo. METHODS AE-SD was prepared viasolvent evaporation or solvent melting using PEG-6000 and PVP-K30 as carriers. Thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to identify the physical state of AE-SD. Optimal prescriptions were screened viathe dissolution degree determination method. Using Phoenix software, AE suspension and AE-SD were subjected to a pharmacokinetic comparison study analyzing the alteration of behavior in vivo after AE was prepared as a solid dispersion. Acute toxicity was assessed in mice, and the physiological toxicity was used as the determination criterion for toxicity. RESULTS AE-SD showed that AE existed in the carrier in an amorphous state. Compared with polyethylene glycol, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) inhibited AE crystallization, causing the drug to transform from a dense crystalline state to an amorphous form and increasing the degree of drug dispersion. Therefore, it was more suitable as a carrier material for AE-SD. The addition of poloxamer (POL) was more beneficial to the stability of solid dispersions and could reduce the amount of PVP. The dissolution test confirmed that the optimal ratio of AE to the composite vector AE-PVP-POL was 1:2:2, and its dissolution effect was also optimal. Based on the pharmacokinetic comparison, the drug absorption was faster and quickly reached the peak of blood drug concentration in AE-SD compared to AE, the Cmax of AE-SD was greater than that of AE, and t1/2 and mean residence time of AE-SD were less than AE. The results showed that the drug metabolism in AE-SD was better, and the residence time was shorter. The toxicology study showed that both AE and AE-SD had no toxicity. CONCLUSION This paper established that the solubility of the drug could be increased after preparing a solid dispersion, as demonstrated by in vitro dissolution experiments. In vivo pharmacokinetics studies confirmed that AE-SD could improve the bioavailability of AE in vivo, providing a new concept for the research and development of AE preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuyan LI
- 1 Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yuting LUO
- 1 Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Jinhui WANG
- 2 College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Zhimin DU
- 3 Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, the Second Affliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University (University Key aboratory of Drug Research, Heilongjiang Province), Harbin 150086, China; Department of Clinical Pharmacology College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China; State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China; College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
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Hussain T, Alafnan A, Almazni IA, Helmi N, Moin A, Baeissa HM, Awadelkareem AM, Elkhalifa AO, Bakhsh T, Alzahrani A, Alghamdi RM, Khalid M, Tiwari RK, Rizvi SMD. Aloe-emodin exhibits growth-suppressive effects on androgen-independent human prostate cancer DU145 cells via inhibiting the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway: an in vitro and in silico study. Front Pharmacol 2024; 14:1325184. [PMID: 38348349 PMCID: PMC10859413 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1325184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
At the molecular level, several developmental signaling pathways, such as Wnt/β-catenin, have been associated with the initiation and subsequent progression of prostate carcinomas. The present report elucidated the anti-cancerous attributes of an anthraquinone, aloe-emodin (AE), against androgen-independent human prostate cancer DU145 cells. The cytotoxicity profiling of AE showed that it exerted significant cytotoxic effects and increased lactose dehydrogenase levels in DU145 cells (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001). AE also induced considerable reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated oxidative stress, which escalated at higher AE concentrations of 20 and 25 μM. AE also efficiently instigated nuclear fragmentation and condensation concomitantly, followed by the activation of caspase-3 and -9 within DU145 cells. AE further reduced the viability of mitochondria with increased cytosolic cytochrome-c levels (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001) in DU145 cells. Importantly, AE exposure was also correlated with reduced Wnt2 and β-catenin mRNA levels along with their target genes, including cyclin D1 and c-myc. Furthermore, the molecular mechanism of AE was evaluated by performing molecular docking studies with Wnt2 and β-catenin. Evidently, AE exhibited good binding energy scores toward Wnt2 and β-catenin comparable with their respective standards, CCT036477 (Wnt2 inhibitor) and FH535 (β-catenin inhibitor). Thus, it may be considered that AE was competent in exerting anti-growth effects against DU145 androgen-independent prostate cancer cells plausibly by modulating the expression of Wnt/β-catenin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talib Hussain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Ha’il, Ha’il, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Alafnan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Ha’il, Ha’il, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim Abdullah Almazni
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nawal Helmi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afrasim Moin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Ha’il, Ha’il, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanadi M. Baeissa
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amir Mahgoub Awadelkareem
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hail, Ha’il, Saudi Arabia
| | - AbdElmoneim O. Elkhalifa
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hail, Ha’il, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tahani Bakhsh
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman Alzahrani
- Department of Applied Medical Sciences, Applied College, Al-Baha University, Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rashed Mohammed Alghamdi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied College, Al-Baha University, Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Khalid
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rohit Kumar Tiwari
- Department of Clinical Research, Sharda School of Allied Health Sciences, Sharda University, Gautam Buddh Nagar, India
| | - Syed Mohd Danish Rizvi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Ha’il, Ha’il, Saudi Arabia
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He MT, Nguyen QN, Cho EJ, Kim SH, Park S, Park JY, Lee S, Kang KS. Aloe-Emodin Isolated from Rheum Undulatum L. Regulates Cell Cycle Distribution and Cellular Senescence in Human Prostate Cancer LNCaP Cells. J Diet Suppl 2023; 21:389-407. [PMID: 38062982 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2023.2284985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Senescence can promote hyperplastic pathologies, such as cancer. Prostate cancer is the second most common type of cancer in men. The p21-mediate cellular senescence, facilitated through the tumor suppressor p53-dependent pathway, is considered the primary mechanism for cancer treatment. Aloe-emodin, has been reported to exert anticancer effects in various types of cancers. This study aimed to investigate the bioactivity of aloe-emodin in LNCaP cells via the activation of p21-mediated cellular senescence. Aloe-emodin treatment increased the percentage of cells in the G1 phase while decreasing the percentage in the S phase. This effect was reflected in the expression levels of proteins associated with cell cycle progression, such as p21CIP, retinoblastoma protein, and cyclin-dependent kinase2/4 in LNCaP cells. However, aloe-emodin-treated LNCaP cells did not induce cell cycle arrest at G2/M checkpoint. Moreover, increased senescence-associated-galactosidase activity was observed in a dose-dependent manner following treatment with aloe-emodin. Aloe-emodin also induced DNA damage by modulating the expression of histone H2AX and lamin B1. Furthermore, aloe-emodin inhibited the proliferation of LNCaP cells, contrasting with the exponential growth observed in the nontreated cells. Importantly, this inhibition did not impact the immune system, as evidenced by the increased proliferation of splenocytes isolated from mice. These findings provide preliminary evidence of the anticancer effect of aloe-emodin in LNCaP cells, necessitating further investigations into the underlying mechanisms in vivo and human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Tong He
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Quynh Nhu Nguyen
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Eun Ju Cho
- Department of Food Science & Nutrition, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - SeonJu Park
- Chuncheon Center, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Jun Yeon Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyonggi University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Sullim Lee
- Department of Life Science, College of Bio-Nano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Ki Sung Kang
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea
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Okon E, Gaweł-Bęben K, Jarzab A, Koch W, Kukula-Koch W, Wawruszak A. Therapeutic Potential of 1,8-Dihydroanthraquinone Derivatives for Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15789. [PMID: 37958772 PMCID: PMC10648492 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most common malignancy among women worldwide. In recent years, significant progress has been made in BC therapy. However, serious side effects resulting from the use of standard chemotherapeutic drugs, as well as the phenomenon of multidrug resistance (MDR), limit the effectiveness of approved therapies. Advanced research in the BC area is necessary to create more effective and safer forms of therapy to improve the outlook for individuals diagnosed with this aggressive neoplasm. For decades, plants and natural products with anticancer properties have been successfully utilized in treating various medical conditions. Anthraquinone derivatives are tricyclic secondary metabolites of natural origin that have been identified in plants, lichens, and fungi. They represent a few botanical families, e.g., Rhamnaceae, Rubiaceae, Fabaceae, Polygonaceae, and others. The review comprehensively covers and analyzes the most recent advances in the anticancer activity of 1,8-dihydroanthraquinone derivatives (emodin, aloe-emodin, hypericin, chrysophanol, rhein, and physcion) applied both individually, or in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents, in in vitro and in vivo BC models. The application of nanoparticles for in vitro and in vivo evidence in the context of 1,8-dihydroanthraquinone derivatives was also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estera Okon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (E.O.); (A.J.)
| | - Katarzyna Gaweł-Bęben
- Department of Cosmetology, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszów, 2 Sucharskiego, 35-225 Rzeszów, Poland;
| | - Agata Jarzab
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (E.O.); (A.J.)
| | - Wojciech Koch
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Medical University of Lublin, 4a Chodzki Str., 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Wirginia Kukula-Koch
- Department of Pharmacognosy with Medical Plants Garden, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chodzki Str., 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Wawruszak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (E.O.); (A.J.)
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Zhu M, He Q, Wang Y, Duan L, Rong K, Wu Y, Ding Y, Mi Y, Ge X, Yang X, Yu Y. Exploring the mechanism of aloe-emodin in the treatment of liver cancer through network pharmacology and cell experiments. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1238841. [PMID: 37900162 PMCID: PMC10600456 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1238841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Aloe-emodin (AE) is an anthraquinone compound extracted from the rhizome of the natural plant rhubarb. Initially, it was shown that AE exerts an anti-inflammatory effect. Further studies revealed its antitumor activity against various types of cancer. However, the mechanisms underlying these properties remain unclear. Based on network pharmacology and molecular docking, this study investigated the molecular mechanism of AE in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and evaluated its therapeutic effect through in vitro experiments. Methods: CTD, Pharmmapper, SuperPred and TargetNet were the databases to obtain potential drug-related targets. DisGenet, GeneCards, OMIM and TTD were used to identify potential disease-related targets. Intersection genes for drugs and diseases were obtained through the Venn diagram. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses of intersecting genes were conducted by the website of Bioinformatics. Intersection genes were introduced into STRING to construct a protein-protein interaction network, while the Cytoscape3.9.1 software was used to visualize and analyze the core targets. AutoDock4.2.6 was utilized to achieve molecular docking between drug and core targets. In vitro experiments investigated the therapeutic effects and related mechanisms of AE. Results: 63 overlapped genes were obtained and GO analysis generated 3,646 entries by these 63 intersecting genes. KEGG analysis mainly involved apoptosis, proteoglycans in cancer, TNF signaling pathway, TP53 signaling pathway, PI3K-AKT signaling pathway, etc. AKT1, EGFR, ESR1, TP53, and SRC have been identified as core targets because the binding energies of them between aloe-emodin were less than -5 kcal/Mol.The mRNA and protein expression, prognosis, mutation status, and immune infiltration related to core targets were further revealed. The involvement of AKT1 and EGFR, as well as the key target of the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway, indicated the importance of this signaling pathway in the treatment of HCC using AE. The results of the Cell Counting Kit-8 assay and flow analysis demonstrated the therapeutic effect of AE. The downregulation of EGFR, PI3KR1, AKT1, and BCL2 in mRNA expression and PI3KR1, AKT,p-AKT in protein expression confirmed our hypothesis. Conclusion: Based on network pharmacology and molecular docking, our study initially showed that AE exerted a therapeutic effect on HCC by modulating multiple signaling pathways. Various analyses confirmed the antiproliferative activity and pro-apoptotic effect of AE on HCC through the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway. This study revealed the therapeutic mechanism of AE in the treatment of HCC through a novel approach, providing a theoretical basis for the clinical application of AE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyang Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Helicobacter Pylori & Microbiota and Gastrointestinal Cancer, Marshall B. J. Medical Research Center of Zhengzhou University, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Qingmin He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ankang Central Hospital, Ankang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Helicobacter Pylori & Microbiota and Gastrointestinal Cancer, Marshall B. J. Medical Research Center of Zhengzhou University, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Liying Duan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Helicobacter Pylori & Microbiota and Gastrointestinal Cancer, Marshall B. J. Medical Research Center of Zhengzhou University, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Kang Rong
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Helicobacter Pylori & Microbiota and Gastrointestinal Cancer, Marshall B. J. Medical Research Center of Zhengzhou University, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yingying Wu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Helicobacter Pylori & Microbiota and Gastrointestinal Cancer, Marshall B. J. Medical Research Center of Zhengzhou University, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Ye Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Helicobacter Pylori & Microbiota and Gastrointestinal Cancer, Marshall B. J. Medical Research Center of Zhengzhou University, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yang Mi
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Helicobacter Pylori & Microbiota and Gastrointestinal Cancer, Marshall B. J. Medical Research Center of Zhengzhou University, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiaoyang Ge
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiaocui Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ankang Central Hospital, Ankang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yong Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Helicobacter Pylori & Microbiota and Gastrointestinal Cancer, Marshall B. J. Medical Research Center of Zhengzhou University, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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Su J, Chen S, Xiao J, Feng Z, Hu S, Su Q, Chen Q, Chen D. Aloe-Emodin Ameliorates Cecal Ligation and Puncture-Induced Sepsis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11972. [PMID: 37569344 PMCID: PMC10418438 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241511972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis remains a major challenge owing to its severe adverse effects and high mortality, against which specific pharmacological interventions with high efficacy are limited. Mitigation of hyperactive inflammatory responses is a key factor in enhancing the likelihood of survival in patients with sepsis. The Aloe genus has several health benefits, including anti-inflammatory properties. The toxicological implications of aloe-emodin (AE), extracted from various Aloe species, remain uncertain in clinical contexts. However, AE has been shown to inhibit inflammatory responses in lipopolysaccharide-induced mice, indicating its potential as a therapeutic approach for sepsis treatment. Nonetheless, there is a paucity of data regarding the therapeutic benefits of AE in the widely recognized cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced sepsis model, which is commonly used as the gold standard model for sepsis research. This study demonstrates the potential benefits of AE in the treatment of CLP-induced sepsis and investigates its underlying mechanism, along with the efficacy of postoperative AE treatment in mice with CLP-induced sepsis. The results of this study suggest that AE can mitigate sepsis in mice by diminishing systemic inflammation and regulating the gut microbiota. The study provides novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory effects of AE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingqian Su
- Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China; (J.S.); (Z.F.); (S.H.); (Q.S.)
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Microbial Pathogenesis and Interventions, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Siyuan Chen
- The Public Service Platform for Industrialization Development Technology of Marine Biological Medicine and Products of the State Oceanic Administration, Fujian Key Laboratory of Special Marine Bioresource Sustainable Utilization, Southern Institute of Oceanography, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China; (S.C.); (J.X.)
| | - Jianbin Xiao
- The Public Service Platform for Industrialization Development Technology of Marine Biological Medicine and Products of the State Oceanic Administration, Fujian Key Laboratory of Special Marine Bioresource Sustainable Utilization, Southern Institute of Oceanography, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China; (S.C.); (J.X.)
| | - Zhihua Feng
- Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China; (J.S.); (Z.F.); (S.H.); (Q.S.)
| | - Shan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China; (J.S.); (Z.F.); (S.H.); (Q.S.)
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Microbial Pathogenesis and Interventions, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Qiaofen Su
- Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China; (J.S.); (Z.F.); (S.H.); (Q.S.)
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Microbial Pathogenesis and Interventions, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China; (J.S.); (Z.F.); (S.H.); (Q.S.)
| | - Duo Chen
- The Public Service Platform for Industrialization Development Technology of Marine Biological Medicine and Products of the State Oceanic Administration, Fujian Key Laboratory of Special Marine Bioresource Sustainable Utilization, Southern Institute of Oceanography, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China; (S.C.); (J.X.)
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Fang X, Chen Z, Zhou W, Li T, Wang M, Gao Y, Ma S, Feng Y, Du S, Lan P, Chen H, Wei J, Zhang S, Li Z, Liu X, Zhang H, Guo X, Luo J. Boosting Glioblastoma Therapy with Targeted Pyroptosis Induction. Small 2023:e2207604. [PMID: 37066699 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly aggressive cancer that currently lacks effective treatments. Pyroptosis has emerged as a promising therapeutic approach for cancer, but there is still a need for new pyroptosis boosters to target cancer cells. In this study, it is reported that Aloe-emodin (AE), a natural compound derived from plants, can inhibit GBM cells by inducing pyroptosis, making it a potential booster for pyroptosis-mediated GBM therapy. However, administering AE is challenging due to the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and its non-selectivity. To overcome this obstacle, AE@ZIF-8 NPs are developed, a biomineralized nanocarrier that releases AE in response to the tumor's acidic microenvironment (TAM). Further modification of the nanocarrier with transferrin (Tf) and polyethylene glycol-poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PEG-PLGA) improves its penetration through the BBB and tumor targeting, respectively. The results show that AE-NPs (Tf-PEG-PLGA modified AE@ZIF-8 NPs) significantly increase the intracranial distribution and tumor tissue accumulation, enhancing GBM pyroptosis. Additionally, AE-NPs activate antitumor immunity and reduce AE-related toxicity. Overall, this study provides a new approach for GBM therapy and offers a nanocarrier that is capable of penetrating the BBB, targeting tumors, and attenuating toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinggang Fang
- Clinical College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, 430065, P. R. China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei Clinical Research Center for Umbilical Cord Blood Hematopoietic Stem Cells, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000, P. R. China
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000, P. R. China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Clinical College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, 430065, P. R. China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei Clinical Research Center for Umbilical Cord Blood Hematopoietic Stem Cells, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000, P. R. China
| | - Wenhui Zhou
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Åbo Akademi University, 20520, Turku, Finland
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Tongfei Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000, P. R. China
| | - Man Wang
- Pharmacy intravenous admixture service, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000, P. R. China
| | - Yujiu Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei Clinical Research Center for Umbilical Cord Blood Hematopoietic Stem Cells, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000, P. R. China
| | - Shinan Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei Clinical Research Center for Umbilical Cord Blood Hematopoietic Stem Cells, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000, P. R. China
| | - Ying Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei Clinical Research Center for Umbilical Cord Blood Hematopoietic Stem Cells, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000, P. R. China
| | - Shiming Du
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei Clinical Research Center for Umbilical Cord Blood Hematopoietic Stem Cells, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000, P. R. China
| | - Peimin Lan
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000, P. R. China
| | - Hanyu Chen
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000, P. R. China
| | - Jiarui Wei
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000, P. R. China
| | - Sisi Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei Clinical Research Center for Umbilical Cord Blood Hematopoietic Stem Cells, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000, P. R. China
| | - Zixiang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei Clinical Research Center for Umbilical Cord Blood Hematopoietic Stem Cells, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000, P. R. China
| | - Xinglin Liu
- Institute of Biomedicine, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000, P. R. China
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Åbo Akademi University, 20520, Turku, Finland
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Xingrong Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei Clinical Research Center for Umbilical Cord Blood Hematopoietic Stem Cells, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000, P. R. China
| | - Jie Luo
- Clinical College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, 430065, P. R. China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei Clinical Research Center for Umbilical Cord Blood Hematopoietic Stem Cells, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000, P. R. China
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8
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Pore SK, Samanta SK, Gogoi B, Hahm ER. Editorial: Phytochemicals in cancer prevention and therapeutics: Current advancement and future perspective. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1156197. [PMID: 36909197 PMCID: PMC9999376 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1156197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Subrata Kumar Pore
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Suman Kumar Samanta
- Life Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology (IASST), Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Bhaskarjyoti Gogoi
- Department of Biotechnology, Royal Global University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Eun-Ryeong Hahm
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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9
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Sadiq U, Gill H, Chandrapala J. Ultrasound-Assisted Encapsulation of Anthraquinones Extracted from Aloe-Vera Plant into Casein Micelles. Gels 2022; 8:597. [PMID: 36135309 DOI: 10.3390/gels8090597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aloe-vera extracted anthraquinones (aloin, aloe-emodin, rhein) possess a wide range of biological activities, have poor solubility and are sensitive to processing conditions. This work investigated the ultrasound-assisted encapsulation of these extracted anthraquinones (AQ) into casein micelles (CM). The particle size and zeta potential of casein micelles loaded with aloin (CMA), aloe-emodin (CMAE), rhein (CMR) and anthraquinone powder (CMAQ) ranged between 171–179 nm and −23 to −17 mV. The AQ powder had the maximum encapsulation efficiency (EE%) (aloin 99%, aloe-emodin 98% and rhein 100%) and encapsulation yield, while the whole leaf Aloe vera gel (WLAG) had the least encapsulation efficiency. Spray-dried powder (SDP) and freeze-dried powder (FDP) of Aloe vera showed a significant increase in size and zeta potential related to superficial coating instead of encapsulation. The significant variability in size, zeta potential and EE% were related to anthraquinone type, its binding affinity, and its ratio to CM. FTIR spectra confirmed that the structure of the casein micelle remained unchanged with the binding of anthraquinones except in casein micelles loaded with whole-leaf aloe vera gel (CMWLAG), where the structure was deformed. Based on our findings, Aloe vera extracted anthraquinones powder (AQ) possessed the best encapsulation efficiency within casein micelles without affecting its structure. Overall, this study provides new insights into developing new product formulations through better utilization of exceptional properties of casein micelles.
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10
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Peng M, Zheng Z, Chen S, Fang L, Feng R, Zhang L, Tang Q, Liu X. Sensitization of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells to Gefitinib and Reversal of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition by Aloe-Emodin Via PI3K/Akt/TWIS1 Signal Blockage. Front Oncol 2022; 12:908031. [PMID: 35677158 PMCID: PMC9168594 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.908031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To explore the impacts of AE (aloe-emodin) in gefitinib-resistant NSCLC (non-small cell lung cancer) cells and the corresponding mechanism. Methods PC9 and PC9-GR cells were cultured and treated by gefitinib, AE, or the combination of the two drugs. Then, viability, apoptosis, migration and invasion of cells were investigated using CCK-8, TUNEL, wound healing assay, and transwell assay, respectively. Female BALB/c nude mice were employed for the establishment of xenograft tumor models to examine the role of AE in tumor growth. Results PC9-GR cells showed reduced apoptosis and enhanced cell viability, migration and invasion upon treatment by gefitinib, compared with PC9 cells. E-cahherin in PC9-GR cells was down-regulated, while Vimentin, Snail2 (or Slug) and Twist1 in PC9-GR cells were up-regulated, compared with PC9 cells. Meanwhile, treatment by a combination of gefitinib and AE significantly strengthened apoptosis of PC9-GR cells, while attenuated their migration and invasion, compared with the control group or treatment by gefitinib or AE alone. WB results showed that AE could reverse EMT and activation of PI3K/AKT signalling pathway in PC9-GR cells. In vivo experiments showed that tumor growth and EMT of PC9-GR cells were dramatically repressed after treatment by a combination of AE and gefitinib. Additionally, the use of SC97 (a PI3K/Akt pathway activator) could counteract the effects of AE in gefitinib-resistant PC9 cells. Conclusions AE could enhance the gefitinib sensitivity of PC9-GR cells and reverse EMT by blocking PI3K/Akt/TWIS1 signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Peng
- Department of Oncology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhuifeng Zheng
- Department of Oncology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Shaoyang Chen
- Department of Oncology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Le Fang
- Department of Oncology, Loudi Central Hospital, Loudi, China
| | - Rongxiu Feng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Xiangtan Central Hospital, Changde, China
| | - Lijun Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Huaihua First People's Hospital, Changde, China
| | - Qingnan Tang
- Department of Oncology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xuewen Liu
- Department of Oncology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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11
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Li T, Shi L, Liu W, Hu X, Hui Y, Di M, Xue S, Zheng Y, Yao M, Li C, Meng K. Aloe-Emodin Induces Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Pyroptosis by Activation of the Caspase-9/3/Gasdermin E Axis in HeLa Cells. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:854526. [PMID: 35662735 PMCID: PMC9157280 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.854526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Aloe-emodin (1,8-dihydroxy-3-hydroxymethyl-anthraquinone), derived from some Chinese edible medicinal herbs, exerts a potential anticancer activity on various cancer cells, making it a drug candidate for cancer therapy. Yet, the role of aloe-emodin in pyroptosis, a new type of cell death, is uncharacterized. In this study, we explored the molecular mechanisms of aloe-emodin-triggered pyroptosis. Aloe-emodin inhibited proliferation and migration and triggered caspase-dependent cell death of HeLa cells in a dose-dependent manner. Aloe-emodin caused mitochondrial dysfunction and induced pyroptosis by activating the caspase-9/3/GSDME axis. Transcriptional analysis showed extensive changes in gene expressions in cellular pathways, including MAPK, p53, and PI3K-Akt pathways when treated with aloe-emodin. This study not only identified a novel role of aloe-emodin in pyroptotic cell death, but also performed a systematical genome-wide analysis of cellular pathways responding to aloe-emodin, providing a theoretical basis for applying anthraquinone derivatives in the treatment of GSDME-expressing cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonghui Li
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Taihe Hospital, Institute of Infection and Immunity, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China.,Laboratory of Medicinal Plant, Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, School of Basic Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Biomedical Research Institute, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Liuliu Shi
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant, Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, School of Basic Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Biomedical Research Institute, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Wenqiang Liu
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant, Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, School of Basic Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Biomedical Research Institute, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Xuhao Hu
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Taihe Hospital, Institute of Infection and Immunity, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Yuanjian Hui
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Taihe Hospital, Institute of Infection and Immunity, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Maojun Di
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Taihe Hospital, Institute of Infection and Immunity, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Shen Xue
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Dongfeng Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Yan Zheng
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant, Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, School of Basic Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Biomedical Research Institute, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Hubei Aerospace Hospital, Xiaogan, China
| | - Mengjuan Yao
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant, Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, School of Basic Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Biomedical Research Institute, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Chen Li
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant, Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, School of Basic Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Biomedical Research Institute, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China.,School of Public Health, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Kun Meng
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Taihe Hospital, Institute of Infection and Immunity, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China.,School of Public Health, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
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12
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Nowak-Perlak M, Bromke MA, Ziółkowski P, Woźniak M. The Comparison of the Efficiency of Emodin and Aloe-Emodin in Photodynamic Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116276. [PMID: 35682955 PMCID: PMC9181794 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin cancer (melanoma and non-melanoma) is the most frequent type of malignancy in the Caucasian population. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) as an interesting and unique strategy may potentially boost standard therapeutic approaches. In the present study, the potential of emodin and aloe-emodin as photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy has been investigated. The conducted research presents for the first-time comparison of the phototoxic and anti-cancerous effects of emodin and aloe-emodin on skin cancer cell lines, including SCC-25 representing cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, MUG-Mel2 representing a melanoma cell line, and normal human keratinocytes HaCaT representing control normal skin cells. To assess the effectiveness of emodin and aloe-emodin as a photosensitizer in PDT on different skin cell lines, we performed MTT assay measuring cytotoxicity of natural compounds, cellular uptake, apoptosis with flow cytometry, and a wound-healing assay. Although emodin and aloe-emodin are isomers and differ only in the position of one hydroxyl group, our phototoxicity and apoptosis detection results show that both substances affect skin cancer cells (SSC-25 squamous cell carcinoma and MUG-Mel2 melanoma) and normal keratinocytes (HaCaT cell line) in other ways. In conclusion, our study provides evidence suggesting that emodin and aloe-emodin mediated PDT exhibits the potential for clinical development as a new effective and safe photosensitizer to treat skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyna Nowak-Perlak
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Division of General and Experimental Pathology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.N.-P.); (P.Z.)
| | - Mariusz A. Bromke
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Piotr Ziółkowski
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Division of General and Experimental Pathology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.N.-P.); (P.Z.)
| | - Marta Woźniak
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Division of General and Experimental Pathology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.N.-P.); (P.Z.)
- Correspondence:
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13
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Jiang H, Tang W, Song Y, Jin W, Du Q. Induction of Apoptosis by Metabolites of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma (Da Huang): A Review of the Potential Mechanism in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:806175. [PMID: 35308206 PMCID: PMC8924367 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.806175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer is a global disease with a high mortality rate and limited treatment options. Alternations in apoptosis of tumor cells and immune cells have become an important method for detailing the underlying mechanisms of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Bcl-2 family, Caspase family, Fas and other apoptosis-related proteins have also become antagonistic targets of HCC. Da Huang (Rhei Radix et Rhizoma, RR), a traditional Chinese herb, has recently demonstrated antitumor behaviors. Multiple active metabolites of RR, including emodin, rhein, physcion, aloe-emodin, gallic acid, and resveratrol, can successfully induce apoptosis and inhibit HCC. However, the underlying mechanisms of these metabolites inhibiting the occurrence and development of HCC by inducing apoptosis is complicated owing to the multi-target and multi-pathway characteristics of traditional Chinese herbs. Accordingly, this article reviews the pathways of apoptosis, the relationship between HCC and apoptosis, the role and mechanism of apoptosis induced by mitochondrial endoplasmic reticulum pathway and death receptor pathway in HCC and the mechanism of six RR metabolites inhibiting HCC by inducing apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanyu Jiang
- Department of Geriatrics, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Wuyinuo Tang
- Department of Geriatrics, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Song
- Emergency Department, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Jin
- Emergency Department, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Quanyu Du
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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14
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Dileep Kumar G, Siva B, Ashwini K, Vinod Kumar J, Ramalingam V, Sai Balaji A, Suresh Babu K. Design, synthesis, cytotoxic, and anti-inflammatory activities of some novel analogues of aloe-emodin isolated from the rhizomes of Rheum emodi. Nat Prod Res 2022; 37:1511-1517. [PMID: 35021945 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2021.2024531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In connection with our continuous efforts in the synthesis of derivatives from major compounds isolated from traditional medicinal plants, in the present study we have attempted to synthesize the furan-conjugated aloe-emodin derivatives (5a-j) using a three-component reaction. The synthesized derivatives were assessed for anticancer activity against five different cancer cell lines using the in vitro MTT assay and the results showed that most of the derivatives are potent against cancer cells comparing with the control. Compounds 5a and 5e showed excellent activity against all the cancer cells with less than 12.5 µM and arrested the cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase in both CAL27 and SCC9 cells. Compound 5e induces the early apoptosis in CAL27 cells and compounds 5a and 5e induce early and late apoptosis, respectively, in SCC9 cells. Moreover, compounds 5b, 5c, 5i, and 5j showed excellent anti-inflammatory activity in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells by inhibiting IL-6 production. The molecular docking studies revealed that compound 5e has strong interaction with the CLK kinase and protein kinase II through hydrogen binding Asp325 and Lys290.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Dileep Kumar
- Centre for Natural Products & Traditional Knowledge, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Bandi Siva
- Centre for Natural Products & Traditional Knowledge, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
| | - K Ashwini
- Centre for Natural Products & Traditional Knowledge, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
| | - J Vinod Kumar
- Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
| | - V Ramalingam
- Centre for Natural Products & Traditional Knowledge, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - A Sai Balaji
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India.,Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
| | - K Suresh Babu
- Centre for Natural Products & Traditional Knowledge, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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15
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Alam P, Noman OM, Herqash RN, Almarfadi OM, Akhtar A, Alqahtani AS. Response Surface Methodology (RSM)-Based Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Sennoside A, Sennoside B, Aloe-Emodin, Emodin, and Chrysophanol from Senna alexandrina (Aerial Parts): HPLC-UV and Antioxidant Analysis. Molecules 2022; 27:298. [PMID: 35011528 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions were optimized to maximize the yields of sennoside A, sennoside B, aloe-emodin, emodin, and chrysophanol from S. alexandrina (aerial parts). The three UAE factors, extraction temperature (S1), extraction time (S2), and liquid to solid ratio (S3), were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). A Box–Behnken design was used for experimental design and phytoconstituent analysis was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography-UV. The optimal extraction conditions were found to be a 64.2 °C extraction temperature, 52.1 min extraction time, and 25.2 mL/g liquid to solid ratio. The experimental values of sennoside A, sennoside B, aloe-emodin, emodin, and chrysophanol (2.237, 12.792, 2.457, 0.261, and 1.529%, respectively) agreed with those predicted (2.152, 12.031, 2.331, 0.214, and 1.411%, respectively) by RSM models, thus demonstrating the appropriateness of the model used and the accomplishment of RSM in optimizing the extraction conditions. Excellent antioxidant properties were exhibited by S. alexandrina methanol extract obtained using the optimized extraction conditions with a DPPH assay (IC50 = 59.7 ± 1.93, µg/mL) and ABTS method (47.2 ± 1.40, µg/mL) compared to standard ascorbic acid.
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16
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Du M, Shen P, Tan R, Wu D, Tu S. Aloe-emodin inhibits the proliferation, migration, and invasion of melanoma cells via inactivation of the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway. Ann Transl Med 2021; 9:1722. [PMID: 35071416 PMCID: PMC8743696 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-5437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aloe-emodin is reported as a potential cancer therapeutic agent due to its inhibition of the proliferation, migration, and invasion of cancer cells. This study aimed to confirm the effects of aloe-emodin on the progression of melanoma and identify the underlying molecular mechanisms. METHODS The effects of aloe-emodin treatment (concentrations ranging from 0 to 25 µg, 48 h) on proliferation, apoptosis, distribution of cell cycle, migration, and invasion were detected by performing Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, colony formation assay, flow cytometry, wound healing assay, and Transwell invasion experiments. Rescue experiments were carried out by overexpression of β-catenin to verify the role of β-catenin in the inhibition of melanoma by aloe-emodin. The analysis was carried out at the animal level by constructing tumor-bearing nude mice model. RESULTS The results showed that aloe-emodin prominently reduced the proliferation, migration, and invasion of melanoma cells. Additionally, it was found that aloe-emodin significantly enhanced the cell apoptosis and induced G2 phase arrest of melanoma cells via enhancing the expressions of cleaved-caspase3, bax, and reducing cyclinD1, c-myc, and bcl-2. In addition, aloe-emodin could also inhibit Wnt3a levels, and promote GSK3-beta and beta-catenin phosphorylation. In vivo experiments also showed that overexpression of beta-catenin reversed the effects of aloe-emodin on tumor growth. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, our findings indicated that aloe-emodin might prominently inhibit the tumor growth and metastasis of melanoma via the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway in vitro. Therefore, aloe-emodin may serve as a potential drug for the clinical treatment of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maotao Du
- Department of Integrated Chinese Traditional and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Pan Shen
- Department of Integrated Chinese Traditional and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ranjing Tan
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dengyan Wu
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shenghao Tu
- Department of Integrated Chinese Traditional and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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17
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Li T, Lu Y, Zhang H, Wang L, Beier RC, Jin Y, Wang W, Li H, Hou X. Antibacterial Activity and Membrane-Targeting Mechanism of Aloe-Emodin Against Staphylococcus epidermidis. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:621866. [PMID: 34484130 PMCID: PMC8415635 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.621866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) dwarfs the current antibiotic development and calls for the discovery of new antibacterial agents. Aloe-emodin is a plant-derived compound that holds promise to battle against these strains. This work reports the antimicrobial activity of aloe-emodin against S. epidermidis and other Gram-positive pathogenic species, manifesting minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBCs) around 4–32 and 32–128 μg/mL, respectively. For Gram-negative bacteria tested, the MICs and MBCs of aloe-emodin were 128–256 and above 1024 μg/mL, respectively. Aloe-emodin at the MBC for 4 h eradicated 96.9% of S. epidermidis cells. Aloe-emodin treatment led to deformities in the morphology of S. epidermidis cells and the destroy of the selective permeability of the cell membranes. Analysis of the transcriptional profiles of aloe-emodin-treated cells revealed changes of genes involved in sulfur metabolism, L-lysine and peptidoglycan biosynthesis, and biofilm formation. Aloe-emodin therefore can safely control Gram-positive bacterial infections and proves to target the bacterial outer membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Animal Education, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Animal Education, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Beijing Huafukang Bioscience Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Ross C Beier
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Yajie Jin
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Shanghai, China
| | - Huanrong Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Animal Education, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolin Hou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Animal Education, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
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18
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Pecere T, Ponterio E, Di Iorio E, Carli M, Fassan M, Santoro L, Bissaro M, Bernabè G, Moro S, Castagliuolo I, Palù G. On the mechanism of tumor cell entry of aloe-emodin, a natural compound endowed with anticancer activity. Int J Cancer 2021; 149:1129-1136. [PMID: 33990938 PMCID: PMC8361998 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Aloe‐emodin (1,8‐dihydroxy‐3‐[hydroxymethyl]‐anthraquinone), AE, is one of the active constituents of a number of plant species used in traditional medicine. We have previously identified, for the first time, AE as a new antitumor agent and shown that its selective in vitro and in vivo killing of neuroblastoma cells was promoted by a cell‐specific drug uptake process. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the cell entry of AE has remained elusive as yet. In this report, we show that AE enters tumor cells via two of the five somatostatin receptors: SSTR2 and SSTR5. This observation was suggested by gene silencing, receptor competition, imaging and molecular modeling experiments. Furthermore, SSTR2 was expressed in all surgical neuroblastoma specimens we analyzed by immunohistochemistry. The above findings have strong implications for the clinical adoption of this natural anthraquinone molecule as an antitumor agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Pecere
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Eleonora Ponterio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Enzo Di Iorio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Modesto Carli
- Hematology Oncology Division, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Matteo Fassan
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Maicol Bissaro
- Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giulia Bernabè
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Stefano Moro
- Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Giorgio Palù
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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19
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Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most frequent primary malignant brain tumour prevalent in humans, that exhibits aggressive cell proliferation and rapid invasion of normal brain tissue. Despite aggressive therapeutic approaches consisting of maximum safe surgical resection followed by radio-chemotherapy with temozolomide (TMZ), more than 95% of GBM patients die within 5 years after diagnosis. In most cases, the therapy is not able to counteract the growth and invasiveness of the tumour, which relapses after an interval of time that varies from patient to patient. An increasing number of evidence indicates that natural substances exhibited effective anti-tumour functions and might be successfully used in the treatment of GBM. This review summarizes some natural substances: lactoferrin, hispolon, aloe-emodin and tea tree oil; all these show a growth inhibition and synergistic effect when together with TMZ, (the most commonly used alkylating drug for the treatment of glioblastoma) were administered to U87MG glioblastoma cell line in vitro and in murine animal model. U87MG cell growth was monitored by daily cell count after treatments with the substances mentioned above and growth analysis showed that all drugs significantly decrease proliferation of U87MG in a time- and dose-dependent manner. FACS analysis demonstrates a block of cell cycle in S, G2/M or G0/G1 phases. These substances mediate multiple processes including apoptosis by releasing the inducing factor: PARP. Natural compounds, in combination with conventional chemotherapy TMZ, are a powerful approach to improve the effectiveness of brain cancer treatment.
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20
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Liu Y, Mapa MST, Sprando RL. Anthraquinones inhibit cytochromes P450 enzyme activity in silico and in vitro. J Appl Toxicol 2021; 41:1438-1445. [PMID: 33438235 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Anthraquinones exhibit various pharmacological activities (e.g., antioxidant and laxative) and are commonly found in consumer products including foods, dietary supplements, drugs, and traditional medicines. Despite their widespread use, there are limited data available on their toxicokinetic properties. Cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) in the liver play major roles in metabolizing exogenous chemicals (e.g., pharmaceuticals, food ingredients, and environmental pollutants) and endogenous biomolecules (e.g., steroid hormones and cholesterol). Inhibition of CYP activities may lead to serious interactions among these compounds. Here, in silico (quantitative structure-activity relationship modeling) and in vitro (human recombinant enzymes and liver microsomes) methods were used to identify inhibitors of five major CYP isoforms (CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4) among 22 anthraquinones. First, in silico prediction and in vitro human recombinant enzyme assays were conducted for all compounds, and results showed that most of the anthraquinones were potent CYP1A2 inhibitors. Second, five selected anthraquinones (emodin, aloe-emodin, rhein, purpurin, and rubiadin) were further evaluated in human liver microsomes. Finally, plasma concentrations of the five anthraquinones in animal and humans were identified in the literature and compared to their in vitro inhibition potency (IC50 values) towards CYP activities. Emodin, rhein, and aloe-emodin inhibited activities of multiple CYPs in human liver microsomes and potential in vivo inhibition may occur due to their high plasma concentrations. These in silico and in vitro results enabled rapid identification of potential CYP inhibitors and prioritized future in-depth studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitong Liu
- Division of Toxicology, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland, USA
| | - Mapa S T Mapa
- Division of Toxicology, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert L Sprando
- Division of Toxicology, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland, USA
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21
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Su ZL, Hang PZ, Hu J, Zheng YY, Sun HQ, Guo J, Liu KY, Du ZM. Aloe-emodin exerts cholesterol-lowering effects by inhibiting proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 in hyperlipidemic rats. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2020; 41:1085-1092. [PMID: 32203084 PMCID: PMC7470781 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-0392-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia (HPL) characterized by metabolic disorder of lipids and cholesterol is one of the important risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a potent circulating regulator of LDL through its ability to induce degradation of the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol receptor (LDLR) in the lysosome of hepatocytes. Aloe-emodin (AE) is one of potentially bioactive components of Chinese traditional medicine Daming capsule. In this study we evaluated the HPL-lowering efficacy of AE in both in vivo and in vitro HPL models. High-fat diet-induced rats were treated with AE (100 mg/kg per day, ig) for 6 weeks. We found that AE administration significantly decreased the levels of total cholesterol (TC) and LDL in the serum and liver tissues. Moreover, AE administration ameliorated HPL-induced hepatic lipid aggregation. But AE administration did not significantly inhibit HMG-CoA reductase activity in the liver of HPL rats. A cellular model of HPL was established in human hepatoma (HepG2) cells treated with cholesterol (20 μg/mL) and 25-hydroxycholesterol (2 μg/mL), which exhibited markedly elevated cholesterol levels. The increased cholesterol levels could be reversed by subsequent treatment with AE (30 μM). In both the in vivo and in vitro HPL models, we revealed that AE selectively suppressed the sterol-regulatory element-binding protein-2 (SREBP-2) and hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF)1α-mediated PCSK9 signaling, which in turn upregulated LDL receptor (LDLR) and promoted LDL uptake. This study demonstrates that AE reduces cholesterol content in HPL rats by inhibiting the hepatic PCSK9/LDLR pathway.
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22
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Dong X, Zeng Y, Liu Y, You L, Yin X, Fu J, Ni J. Aloe-emodin: A review of its pharmacology, toxicity, and pharmacokinetics. Phytother Res 2019; 34:270-281. [PMID: 31680350 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aloe-emodin is a naturally anthraquinone derivative and an active ingredient of Chinese herbs, such as Cassia occidentalis, Rheum palmatum L., Aloe vera, and Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. Emerging evidence suggests that aloe-emodin exhibits many pharmacological effects, including anticancer, antivirus, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiparasitic, neuroprotective, and hepatoprotective activities. These pharmacological properties lay the foundation for the treatment of various diseases, including influenza virus, inflammation, sepsis, Alzheimer's disease, glaucoma, malaria, liver fibrosis, psoriasis, Type 2 diabetes, growth disorders, and several types of cancers. However, an increasing number of published studies have reported adverse effects of aloe-emodin. The primary toxicity among these reports is hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity, which are of wide concern worldwide. Pharmacokinetic studies have demonstrated that aloe-emodin has a poor intestinal absorption, short elimination half-life, and low bioavailability. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the pharmacology, toxicity, and pharmacokinetics of aloe-emodin reported to date with an emphasis on its biological properties and mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxv Dong
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yawen Zeng
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Longtai You
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xingbin Yin
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Fu
- Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Ni
- Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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23
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Jiang L, Yi T, Shen Z, Teng Z, Wang J. Aloe-emodin Attenuates Staphylococcus aureus Pathogenicity by Interfering With the Oligomerization of α-Toxin. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:157. [PMID: 31157174 PMCID: PMC6530610 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
α-toxin, an essential virulence factor secreted by Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), is a critical exotoxin in multiple infections. In this study, we found that aloe-emodin (AE), a natural compound lacking anti-S. aureus activity, could inhibit the hemolytic activity of α-toxin. Oligomerization assays, molecular dynamics simulations, and fluorescence-quenching analyses were used to determine the mechanism of this inhibition. The oligomerization of α-toxin was restricted by the engagement of AE with K110, T112, and M113 of the toxin, which eventually resulted in inhibition of the hemolytic activity. Lactate dehydrogenase and live/dead assays demonstrated that AE decreased the injury of human lung epithelial cells (A549) and mouse lung macrophages (MH-S) mediated by S. aureus. Furthermore, treatment with AE showed robust protective effects in mice infected by S. aureus. These findings suggest that AE effectively inhibited the pore-forming activity of α-toxin and showed a protective effect against S. aureus virulence in vitro and in vivo, which may provide a new strategy and new antibacterial agent for clinical treatment of S. aureus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanxiang Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tian Yi
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ziying Shen
- Laboratory Animal Center, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zihao Teng
- Department of Dermatology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jianfeng Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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24
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Gao R, Wu X, Huang Z, Wang B, Li F, Xu H, Ran L. Anti-tumor effect of aloe-emodin on cervical cancer cells was associated with human papillomavirus E6/E7 and glucose metabolism. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:3713-3721. [PMID: 31190872 PMCID: PMC6526183 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s182405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background:Aloe-emodin, an anthraquinone present in aloe latex, has been shown to have anti-proliferative properties in cervical cancer disease, all cases of which are almost caused by human papillomavirus (HPV), with the products of E6/E7. It is suggested that aloe-emodin may play an important role in HPV-induced cervical cancer cells. Methods:Hela and SiHa cells were treated with various concentrations of aloe-emodin. MTT assay and flow cytometry were used to identify the cell growth and apoptosis. The expressions of HPV E6, E7 and GLUT1 (glucose transporter-1) were detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot (WB). The glucose uptake, lactate production and ATP production in HeLa and SiHa cells were also investigated. Result:The results indicate that aloe-emodin promoted the apoptosis of HeLa and SiHa cells and decreased the expressions of HPV-related protein E6 and E7. Furthermore, aloe-emodin inhibited glucose metabolism by reducing GLUT1 expression. Overexpression of GLUT1 significantly weakened the apoptosis induced by aloe-emodin in HeLa cells. Conclusion:In this study, we found that aloe-emodin induce apoptosis of cervical cancer cells, which was associated with HPV E6 and E7 and glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Gao
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, The Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology in Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550002, People's Republic of China.,Guizhou International Travel Healthcare Center, Guiyang 550005, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowen Wu
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, The Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology in Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550002, People's Republic of China.,School of Medical Imaging of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550002, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, The Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology in Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550002, People's Republic of China.,School of Medical Imaging of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550002, People's Republic of China
| | - Bi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, The Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology in Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550002, People's Republic of China.,Department of Paediatrics, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guiyang City, Guiyang 550003, People's Republic of China
| | - Fenghu Li
- Department of Breast and Gynecologic Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, The Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology in Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550002, People's Republic of China.,Department of Paediatrics, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guiyang City, Guiyang 550003, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Ran
- Department of Breast and Gynecologic Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, People's Republic of China
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25
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Trinh TA, Lee D, Park S, Kim SH, Park JG, Kim JH, Kang KS. Stilbenes contribute to the anticancer effects of Rheum undulatum L. through activation of apoptosis. Oncol Lett 2019; 17:2953-2959. [PMID: 30854073 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.9926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheum undulatum L. (R. undulatum) is a medicinal plant used for the treatment of inflammatory diseases in East Asian countries. Numerous stilbenes isolated from R. undulatum have been revealed to possess anticancer effects. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of extracts and compounds isolated from R. undulatum on human gastric cancer cell viability and to elucidate their molecular mechanism of action on the apoptosis pathway. The results demonstrated that aloe-emodin and chrysophanol 1-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, isolated from the methanolic extract of dried rhizomes of R. undulatum, exhibited anti-proliferative effects on the human gastric carcinoma cell line AGS, with IC50 values of 84.66±0.44 and 68.28±0.29 µM, respectively. The percentage of apoptotic cells increased significantly following treatment with each compound at a concentration of 100 µM, compared with that in the non-treated group in the image-based cytometry assay. Western blot analysis revealed that these compounds activated the caspase cascade and inhibited B-cell lymphoma-2, an anti-apoptotic protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuy An Trinh
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Dahae Lee
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonju Park
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon, Gyeonggi 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon, Gyeonggi 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Gyu Park
- Advanced Bio Convergenve Center, Pohang Technopark Foundation, Pohang, North Gyeongsang 37668, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hwan Kim
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Sung Kang
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 13120, Republic of Korea
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26
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Chen Q, Li KT, Tian S, Yu TH, Yu LH, Lin HD, Bai DQ. Photodynamic Therapy Mediated by Aloe-Emodin Inhibited Angiogenesis and Cell Metastasis Through Activating MAPK Signaling Pathway on HUVECs. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2018; 17:1533033818785512. [PMID: 30068242 PMCID: PMC6071160 DOI: 10.1177/1533033818785512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy is a clinically used, minimally invasive therapeutic procedure that
involves the application of photosensitizers which can locate in target cells and so be
irradiated at a corresponding wavelength. Laser light irradiation activation of
photosensitizers generates free reactive oxygen species, which induces selective cytotoxic
activity in target cells. Within recent years, aloe-emodin as a photosensitizer has been
successfully applied in photodynamic therapy applications. Angiogenesis plays an important
role in tumor growth and metastasis; thus, the development of a novel target treatment for
angiogenesis is essential in order to improve treatment therapeutics for cancer treatment.
An essential step in angiogenesis involves the formation of tube-like structures during
matrix degradation, rearrangement, and apoptosis of endothelial cells. In the present
study, we investigated the mechanisms of photocytotoxicity induced by aloe-emodin in human
umbilical vein endothelial cells. Analysis of cell proliferation results noted a
significant decrease in cultured cells which received various concentrations of
aloe-emodin and photodynamic therapy–induced light doses. Additionally, mitochondrial
mechanisms of apoptotic cell death were observed in aloe-emodin photodynamic
therapy–treated cells, as tube formation assays noted angiogenesis suppression after
treatment. The capacity of migration and invasion of human umbilical vein endothelial
cells was measured using the transwell assay and demonstrated that aloe-emodin
photodynamic therapy significantly inhibited the migration and invasion of human umbilical
vein endothelial cells. The expression of p38, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, the
c-Jun N-terminal kinases, and vascular endothelial growth factor suggested that the
cellular metastasis was related to mitogen-activated protein kinase signal pathway.
Furthermore, disorganization of F action cytoskeleton components was observed after
aloe-emodin photodynamic therapy. Overall, the findings from this study suggest that
aloe-emodin photodynamic therapy inhibited angiogenesis and cellular metastasis in human
umbilical vein endothelial cells by activating the mitogen-activated protein kinase
apoptotic signaling cell death pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Chen
- 1 Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kai-Ting Li
- 1 Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Si Tian
- 1 Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ting-He Yu
- 2 Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Le-Hu Yu
- 3 Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hai-Dan Lin
- 1 Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ding-Qun Bai
- 1 Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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27
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Trybus W, Król T, Trybus E, Stachurska A, Kopacz-Bednarska A, Król G. Induction of Mitotic Catastrophe in Human Cervical Cancer Cells After Administration of Aloe-emodin. Anticancer Res 2018; 38:2037-2044. [PMID: 29599321 DOI: 10.21873/anticanres.12443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aloe-emodin is an anthraquinone with potential pharmacological properties, including numerous antitumor properties. The purpose of the study was to determine whether aloe-emodin induces mitotic death in cervical cancer cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Analysis of morphological changes as surrogate mitotic death indicators in HeLa cells was carried out using optical, fluorescence and electron microscopy. Viability was determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide reduction assay. Cell-cycle analysis was performed using flow cytometry. RESULTS Aloe-emodin increased the number of multinucleate cells, giant and micronuclear cells. There was a concentration-dependent decrease in the mitotic index with a predominance of cells in the metaphase of the mitotic process and inhibition of division in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle. The presence of cells with abnormal mitosis and cells with injury to the division spindle was also demonstrated. CONCLUSION Aloe-emodin induces mitotic catastrophe in cervical cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Trybus
- Department of Cell Biology and Electron Microscopy, Institute of Biology, The Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Teodora Król
- Department of Cell Biology and Electron Microscopy, Institute of Biology, The Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Ewa Trybus
- Department of Cell Biology and Electron Microscopy, Institute of Biology, The Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Anna Stachurska
- Department of Immunohaematology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Kopacz-Bednarska
- Department of Cell Biology and Electron Microscopy, Institute of Biology, The Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Król
- Faculty of Management, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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28
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Ma JW, Hung CM, Lin YC, Ho CT, Kao JY, Way TD. Aloe-emodin inhibits HER-2 expression through the downregulation of Y-box binding protein-1 in HER-2-overexpressing human breast cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:58915-58930. [PMID: 27391337 PMCID: PMC5312285 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER-2)-positive breast cancer tends to be aggressive, highly metastatic, and drug resistant and spreads rapidly. Studies have indicated that emodin inhibits HER-2 expression. This study compared the HER-2-inhibitory effects of two compounds extracted from rhubarb roots: aloe-emodin (AE) and rhein. Our results indicated that AE exerted the most potent inhibitory effect on HER-2 expression. Treatment of HER-2-overexpressing breast cancer cells with AE reduced tumor initiation, cell migration, and cell invasion. AE was able to suppress YB-1 expression, further suppressing downstream HER-2 expression. AE suppressed YB-1 expression through the inhibition of Twist in HER-2-overexpressing breast cancer cells. Our data also found that AE inhibited cancer metastasis and cancer stem cells through the inhibition of EMT. Interestingly, AE suppressed YB-1 expression through the downregulation of the intracellular integrin-linked kinase (ILK)/protein kinase B (Akt)/mTOR signaling pathway in HER-2-overexpressing breast cancer cells. In vivo study showed the positive result of antitumor activity of AE in nude mice injected with human HER-2-overexpressing breast cancer cells. These findings suggest the possible application of AE in the treatment of HER-2-positive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Wen Ma
- Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Ming Hung
- Department of General Surgery, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chao Lin
- Division of Neurosurgery, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Taichung Branch, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jung-Yie Kao
- Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tzong-Der Way
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Biopharmaceutical and Food Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, College of Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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29
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Meier N, Meier B, Peter S, Wolfram E. In-Silico UHPLC Method Optimization for Aglycones in the Herbal Laxatives Aloe barbadensis Mill., Cassia angustifolia Vahl Pods, Rhamnus frangula L. Bark, Rhamnus purshianus DC. Bark, and Rheum palmatum L. Roots. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22111838. [PMID: 29076992 PMCID: PMC6150557 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22111838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
For the European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.) herbal monograph draft of Cassia angustifolia Vahl. and Cassia senna L. leaves and pods, a safety limitation of aloe-emodin and rhein was proposed, due to toxicological concerns. A quantitative, analytical method of the anthraquinone aglycones in all Ph. Eur. monographed herbal laxatives is of interest. A rational method development for the aglycones aloe-emodin, rhein, emodin, chrysophanol, and physcion in five herbal drugs was realized by using 3D chromatographic modelling (temperature, solvent, and gradient time) and design of experiment (DOE) software (DryLab® 4). A methodical approach suitable for the challenging peak tracking in the chromatograms of the herbal drugs in dependence on the changes in the chromatographic conditions is described by using a combination of mass spectroscopy (MS) data (UHPLC-QDa), UV/Vis-spectra, and peak areas. The model results indicate a low robust range and showed that with the selected chromatographic system, small interferences could not be averted. The separation achieved shows a pure UV/Vis spectrum for all aglycones except for chrysophanol in Aloe barbadensis and emodin in Cassia angustifolia fruit. A gradient with the best resolution of the aglycones in all five drugs is proposed, and its suitability demonstrated for the quantification of aglycones in these herbal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Meier
- Phytopharmacy & Natural Products Research Group, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Zuerich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), CH-8820 Waedenswil, Switzerland.
| | - Beat Meier
- Phytopharmacy & Natural Products Research Group, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Zuerich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), CH-8820 Waedenswil, Switzerland.
| | - Samuel Peter
- Phytopharmacy & Natural Products Research Group, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Zuerich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), CH-8820 Waedenswil, Switzerland.
| | - Evelyn Wolfram
- Phytopharmacy & Natural Products Research Group, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Zuerich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), CH-8820 Waedenswil, Switzerland.
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Lin HD, Li KT, Duan QQ, Chen Q, Tian S, Chu ESM, Bai DQ. The effect of aloe-emodin-induced photodynamic activity on the apoptosis of human gastric cancer cells: A pilot study. Oncol Lett 2017; 13:3431-3436. [PMID: 28521449 PMCID: PMC5431202 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.5915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to explore the effect of aloe-emodin (AE)-induced photodynamic activity in human gastric cancer cells. AE was used as a photosensitizer to explore the effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in human gastric cancer cells (SGC-7901). An MTT assay was used to detect the effect of AE-induced PDT in optimal concentrations and illumination energy densities in human gastric cancer cells. Following AE-induced PDT, morphological changes of the cells and the rate of cell death were evaluated by TUNEL assay and flow cytometry, respectively. The expression levels of caspase-9 and caspase-3 were determined by western blot analysis. The AE and AE-induced PDT demonstrated a significant inhibitive effect on the proliferation of human gastric cancer cells in dose-dependent and energy-dependent manners. For subsequent experiments, 10 µM AE and 12.8 J/cm2 illumination energy density were used. Typical morphological changes of apoptosis were observed in the cells using a TUNEL assay 12 h subsequent to AE-induced PDT. The percentage of apoptotic cells treated with AE-induced PDT significantly increased when compared with the control group, the 10 µM AE group and the illumination group (P<0.05). Upregulation of caspase-9 and caspase-3 protein levels was also observed following AE-induced PDT. The present study revealed that 10 µM AE-induced PDT had an inhibitory effect on human gastric cancer cells, and it may induce cell apoptosis by upregulating caspase-9 and caspase-3, which indicated that the mitochondrial pathway may be involved. AE-induced PDT has the potential to be a novel therapy for the treatment of human gastric cancer. However, further investigations are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Dan Lin
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Kai-Ting Li
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Qin-Qin Duan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chinese Medicine Hospital of Longquan, Chengdu, Sichuan 610100, P.R. China
| | - Qing Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Shi Tian
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | | | - Ding-Qun Bai
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
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Freag MS, Elnaggar YS, Abdelmonsif DA, Abdallah OY. Stealth, biocompatible monoolein-based lyotropic liquid crystalline nanoparticles for enhanced aloe-emodin delivery to breast cancer cells: in vitro and in vivo studies. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:4799-4818. [PMID: 27703348 PMCID: PMC5036603 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s111736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, research has progressively highlighted on clues from conventional use of herbal medicines to introduce new anticancer drugs. Aloe-emodin (AE) is a herbal drug with promising anticancer activity. Nevertheless, its clinical utility is handicapped by its low solubility. For the first time, this study aims to the fabrication of surface-functionalized polyethylene glycol liquid crystalline nanoparticles (PEG-LCNPs) of AE to enhance its water solubility and enable its anticancer use. Developed AE-PEG-LCNPs were optimized via particle size and zeta potential measurements. Phase behavior, solid state characteristics, hemocompatibility, and serum stability of LCNPs were assessed. Sterile formulations were developed using various sterilization technologies. Furthermore, the potential of the formulations was investigated using cell culture, pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and toxicity studies. AE-PEG-LCNPs showed particle size of 190 nm and zeta potential of −49.9, and PEGylation approach reduced the monoolein hemolytic tendency to 3% and increased the serum stability of the nanoparticles. Sterilization of liquid and lyophilized AE-PEG-LCNPs via autoclaving and γ-radiations, respectively, insignificantly affected the physicochemical properties of the nanoparticles. Half maximal inhibitory concentration of AE-PEG-LCNPs was 3.6-fold lower than free AE after 48 hours and their cellular uptake was threefold higher than free AE after 24-hour incubation. AE-PEG-LCNPs presented 5.4-fold increase in t1/2 compared with free AE. Biodistribution and toxicity studies showed reduced AE-PEG-LCNP uptake by reticuloendothelial system organs and good safety profile. PEGylated LCNPs could serve as a promising nanocarrier for efficient delivery of AE to cancerous cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- May S Freag
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University
| | - Yosra Sr Elnaggar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University; Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Drug Manufacturing, Pharos University in Alexandria
| | - Doaa A Abdelmonsif
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ossama Y Abdallah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University
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Chang X, Zhao J, Tian F, Jiang Y, Lu J, Ma J, Zhang X, Jin G, Huang Y, Dong Z, Liu K, Dong Z. Aloe-emodin suppresses esophageal cancer cell TE1 proliferation by inhibiting AKT and ERK phosphorylation. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:2232-2238. [PMID: 27602169 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant AKT and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation is often observed in various human cancers. Both AKT and ERK are important in the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/AKT and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase/ERK signaling pathways, which play vital roles in cell proliferation, differentiation and survival. Compounds that are able to block these pathways have therefore a promising use in cancer treatment and prevention. The present study revealed that AKT and ERK are activated in esophageal cancer TE1 cells. Aloe-emodin, an anthraquinone present in aloe latex, can suppress TE1 cell proliferation and anchor-independent cell growth. Aloe-emodin can also reduce the number of TE1 cells in S phase. Protein analysis indicated that aloe-emodin inhibits the phosphorylation of AKT and ERK in a dose-dependent manner. Overall, the present data indicate that aloe-emodin can suppress TE1 cell growth by inhibiting AKT and ERK phosphorylation, and suggest its clinical use for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Chang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Jimin Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Fang Tian
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Yanan Jiang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Jing Lu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Junfen Ma
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Guoguo Jin
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Youtian Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Zigang Dong
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China; Department of Chemical Prevention, The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| | - Kangdong Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China; Department of Science Research, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, P.R. China
| | - Ziming Dong
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
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Yu CP, Shia CS, Lin HJ, Hsieh YW, Lin SP, Hou YC. Analysis of the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of aloe-emodin following intravenous and oral administrations in rats. Biomed Chromatogr 2016; 30:1641-7. [PMID: 27061721 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Aloe-emodin, a natural polyphenolic anthraquinone, has shown various beneficial bioactivities in vitro. The aim of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of aloe-emodin. Aloe-emodin was intravenously and orally administered to rats. The concentrations of aloe-emodin and rhein, a metabolite of aloe-emodin, were determined by HPLC method prior to and after hydrolysis with β-glucuronidase and sulfatase/β-glucuronidase. The results showed that the systemic exposures of aloe-emodin and its metabolites were ranked as aloe-emodin glucuronides (G) > rhein sulfates (S) > aloe-emodin > rhein and rhein G when aloe-emodin was given intravenously. In contrast, when aloe-emodin was administered orally, the parent form of aloe-emodin was not absorbed per se, and the systemic exposures of its metabolites were ranked as aloe-emodin G > rhein G > rhein. In conclusion, the metabolites of aloe-emodin are more important than the parent form for the bioactivities in vivo. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Ping Yu
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chi-Sheng Shia
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hui-Ju Lin
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Ophthalmology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 404, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yow-Wen Hsieh
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Pharmacy, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 404, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shiuan-Pey Lin
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yu-Chi Hou
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Pharmacy, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 404, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Dalimi A, Delavari M, Ghaffarifar F, Sadraei J. In vitro and in vivo antileishmanial effects of aloe-emodin on Leishmania major. J Tradit Complement Med 2015; 5:96-9. [PMID: 26151018 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a common parasitic disease that is endemic in some parts of Iran. The drugs of choice used for leishmaniasis therapy are associated with a risk of recurrence and serious adverse effects. Therefore, finding a safe and effective treatment is of great importance. In the present study, the effect of aloe-emodin on the growth of Leishmania major amastigotes was evaluated under in vitro conditions. In addition, the efficacy of a topical of aloe-emodin ointment was investigated in BALB/c mice with cutaneous leishmanial ulcers. Different concentrations (40 μg/mL, 80 μg/mL, 120 μg/mL, and 160 μg/mL) of aloe-emodin were tested on Leishmania amastigotes twice: 24 hours and 48 hours. The induced apoptosis and necrotic effects of two concentrations (40 μg/mL and 120 μg/mL) of aloe-emodin on promastigotes were investigated by flow cytometry. Under the in vivo condition, aloe-emodin ointment efficacy was evaluated at two concentrations (i.e., 0.1% and 1%). Serum indicator factors of the test and control groups were tested to evaluate the toxic effects of this compound on the liver and kidney. Results showed that aloe-emodin inhibited the growth of Leishmania amastigotes and induced apoptosis in promastigotes. Topical application of aloe-emodin ointment likewise reduced the ulcer size. No significant differences in biochemical analysis were observed between the control and treated groups. In conclusion, aloe-emodin showed antileishmanial effects under in vitro and in vivo conditions and may be used in clinical trials.
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Breiner-Goldstein E, Evron Z, Frenkel M, Cohen K, Meiron KN, Peer D, Roichman Y, Flescher E, Fridman M. Targeting anthracycline-resistant tumor cells with synthetic aloe-emodin glycosides. ACS Med Chem Lett 2011; 2:528-31. [PMID: 24900344 DOI: 10.1021/ml2001104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytotoxic activity of aloe-emodin (AE), a natural anthranoid that readily permeates anthracycline-resistant tumor cells, was improved by the attachment of an amino-sugar unit to its anthraquinone core. The new class of AE glycosides (AEGs) showed a significant improvement in cytotoxicity-up to more than 2 orders of magnitude greater than those of AE and the clinically used anthracycline doxorubicin (DOX)-against several cancer cell lines with different levels of DOX resistance. Incubation with the synthetic AEGs induced cell death in less than one cell cycle, indicating that these compounds do not directly target the cell division mechanism. Confocal microscopy provided evidence that unlike DOX, AEGs accumulated in anthracycline-resistant tumor cells in which resistance is conferred by P-glycoprotein efflux pumps. The results of this study demonstrate that AEGs may serve as a promising scaffold for the development of cytotoxic agents capable of overcoming anthracycline resistance in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elinor Breiner-Goldstein
- School of Chemistry, ‡George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Cell Research and Immunology, and §School of Medicine, Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 66978, Israel
| | - Zoharia Evron
- School of Chemistry, ‡George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Cell Research and Immunology, and §School of Medicine, Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 66978, Israel
| | - Michael Frenkel
- School of Chemistry, ‡George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Cell Research and Immunology, and §School of Medicine, Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 66978, Israel
| | - Keren Cohen
- School of Chemistry, ‡George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Cell Research and Immunology, and §School of Medicine, Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 66978, Israel
| | - Keren Nir Meiron
- School of Chemistry, ‡George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Cell Research and Immunology, and §School of Medicine, Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 66978, Israel
| | - Dan Peer
- School of Chemistry, ‡George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Cell Research and Immunology, and §School of Medicine, Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 66978, Israel
| | - Yael Roichman
- School of Chemistry, ‡George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Cell Research and Immunology, and §School of Medicine, Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 66978, Israel
| | - Eliezer Flescher
- School of Chemistry, ‡George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Cell Research and Immunology, and §School of Medicine, Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 66978, Israel
| | - Micha Fridman
- School of Chemistry, ‡George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Cell Research and Immunology, and §School of Medicine, Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 66978, Israel
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Abstract
A simple and efficient method for the isolation of rhein from Cassia angustifolia (senna) leaves is described in which the hydrolysis of the sennosides and extraction of the hydrolysis products (free anthraquinones) is carried out in one step. Further isolation of rhein is achieved from the anthraquinone mixture. This method reduces the number of steps required for isolation of rhein as compared to conventional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namita Mehta
- Medicinal Natural Products Research Laboratory, Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parikh Marg, Matunga, Mumbai-400 019, India
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Park MY, Kwon HJ, Sung MK. Intestinal absorption of aloin, aloe-emodin, and aloesin; A comparative study using two in vitro absorption models. Nutr Res Pract 2009; 3:9-14. [PMID: 20016696 PMCID: PMC2788160 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2009.3.1.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2008] [Revised: 01/16/2009] [Accepted: 02/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Aloe products are one of the top selling health-functional foods in Korea, however the adequate level of intake to achieve desirable effects are not well understood. The objective of this study was to determine the intestinal uptake and metabolism of physiologically active aloe components using in vitro intestinal absorption model. The Caco-2 cell monolayer and the everted gut sac were incubated with 5-50 microM of aloin, aloe-emodin, and aloesin. The basolateral appearance of test compounds and their glucuronosyl or sulfated forms were quantified using HPLC. The % absorption of aloin, aloe-emodin, and aloesin was ranged from 5.51% to 6.60%, 6.60% to 11.32%, and 7.61% to 13.64%, respectively. Up to 18.15%, 18.18%, and 38.86% of aloin, aloe-emodin, and aloesin, respectively, was absorbed as glucuronidated or sulfated form. These results suggest that a significant amount is transformed during absorption. The absorption rate of test compounds except aloesin was similar in two models; more aloesin was absorbed in the everted gut sac than in the Caco-2 monolayer. These results provide information to establish adequate intake level of aloe supplements to maintain effective plasma level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Young Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women's University, 52 Hyochangwon-gil, Yonsan-gu, Seoul 140-742, Korea
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