1
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Dong LR, Zhang J, Li YZ, Gao YX, Wang M, Huang MX, Wang JS, Chen KX. Borrowed dislocations for ductility in ceramics. Science 2024; 385:422-427. [PMID: 39052815 DOI: 10.1126/science.adp0559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
The inherent brittleness of ceramics, primarily due to restricted atomic motions from rigid ionic or covalent bonded structures, is a persistent challenge. This characteristic hinders dislocation nucleation in ceramics, thereby impeding the enhancement of plasticity through a dislocation-engineering strategy commonly used in metals. Finding a strategy that continuously generates dislocations within ceramics may enhance plasticity. Here, we propose a "borrowing-dislocations" strategy that uses a tailored interfacial structure with well-ordered bonds. Such an approach enables ceramics to have greatly improved tensile ductility by mobilizing a considerable number of dislocations in ceramic borrowed from metal through the interface, thereby overcoming the challenge associated with direct dislocation nucleation within ceramics. This strategy provides a way to enhance tensile ductility in ceramics.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Dong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100124, China
- Advanced Structural Ceramics Innovation Center, YongJiang Laboratory, Ningbo 315202, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - J Zhang
- Advanced Structural Ceramics Innovation Center, YongJiang Laboratory, Ningbo 315202, China
| | - Y Z Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Y X Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - M Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - M X Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - J S Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100124, China
| | - K X Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
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2
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Liu Y, Wu R, Sun H, Chang A, Guo J, Zhang B. High-Entropy CeNbO 4+δ-Based Ceramics with Ultrahigh Comprehensive Thermosensitive Performances. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:28861-28873. [PMID: 38785114 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c04696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Next-generation advanced high-temperature sensors rely heavily on negative temperature coefficient thermosensitive ceramics with low cost, small volume, high sensitivity, and fast response. However, thus far, the enormous challenge of achieving ultrahigh stability and accuracy has become a critical bottleneck restricting the development of thermosensitive ceramics in high-temperature sensor applications. Here, we propose a high-entropy strategy to design a "cation valence self-equilibrium" system in CeNbO4+δ-based ceramics introducing redox couple compensation and ultrahigh density dislocations to solve the problem of temperature-dependent oxygen nonstoichiometry that restricts the performances of high-temperature thermosensitive ceramics. Ferroelastic domains are generated by enhancing the configurational entropy at both A and B sites, resulting in a dramatic increase of dislocation density to >1010 mm-2, which ultimately optimizes the thermosensitive performances. Extreme temperature measurement accuracy with R2 as high as 999.98‰ and RSS as low as 0.011 and high-temperature stability with ΔR/R0 as low as 0.23% after aging at 873 K for 1000 h are realized in high-entropy CeNbO4+δ-based ceramics, indicating a breakthrough in the comprehensive performances of thermosensitive ceramics. This work opens up an effective way to design thermosensitive materials with ultrahigh comprehensive performance to meet the requirements of advanced high-temperature sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices for Special Environmental Conditions, Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Electronic Information Materials and Devices, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry of CAS, Urumqi 830011, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ruifeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices for Special Environmental Conditions, Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Electronic Information Materials and Devices, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry of CAS, Urumqi 830011, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices for Special Environmental Conditions, Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Electronic Information Materials and Devices, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry of CAS, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Aimin Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices for Special Environmental Conditions, Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Electronic Information Materials and Devices, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry of CAS, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Jing Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials & School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices for Special Environmental Conditions, Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Electronic Information Materials and Devices, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry of CAS, Urumqi 830011, China
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3
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Meng Q, Shi J, Zhang J, Liu Y, Wang W, Webster RF, Zhao D, Zhu Y, Hao B, Qu B, Lin X, Lin CH, Qiao L, Zu X, Huang JK, Li W, Wang D, Yang J, Li S. Elastic Properties of Low-Dimensional Single-Crystalline Dielectric Oxides through Controlled Large-Area Wrinkle Generation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:28980-28990. [PMID: 38768264 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Freestanding single-crystalline SrTiO3 membranes, as high-κ dielectrics, hold significant promise as the gate dielectric in two-dimensional (2D) flexible electronics. Nevertheless, the mechanical properties of the SrTiO3 membranes, such as elasticity, remain a critical piece of the puzzle to adequately address the viability of their applications in flexible devices. Here, we report statistical analysis on plane-strain effective Young's modulus of large-area SrTiO3 membranes (5 × 5 mm2) over a series of thicknesses (from 6.5 to 32.2 nm), taking advantage of a highly efficient buckling-based method, which reveals its evident thickness-dependent behavior ranging from 46.01 to 227.17 GPa. Based on microscopic and theoretical results, we elucidate these thickness-dependent behaviors and statistical data deviation with a bilayer model, which consists of a surface layer and a bulk-like layer. The analytical results show that the ∼3.1 nm surface layer has a significant elastic softening compared to the bulk-like layer, while the extracted modulus of the bulk-like layer shows a variation of ∼40 GPa. This variation is considered as a combined contribution from oxygen deficiency presenting in SrTiO3 membranes, and the alignment between applied strain and the crystal orientation. Upon comparison of the extracted elastic properties and electrostatic control capability to those of other typical gate dielectrics, the superior performance of single-crystalline SrTiO3 membranes has been revealed in the context of flexible gate dielectrics, indicating the significant potential of their application in high-performance flexible 2D electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxiao Meng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW, Sydney 2052, NSW, Australia
| | - Junjie Shi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW, Sydney 2052, NSW, Australia
| | - Ji Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW, Sydney 2052, NSW, Australia
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW, Sydney 2052, NSW, Australia
| | - Wenxuan Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW, Sydney 2052, NSW, Australia
| | - Richard F Webster
- Electron Microscope Unit, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, UNSW, Sydney 2052, NSW, Australia
| | - Duoduo Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW, Sydney 2052, NSW, Australia
| | - Yanda Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW, Sydney 2052, NSW, Australia
| | - Bohan Hao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW, Sydney 2052, NSW, Australia
| | - Bo Qu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW, Sydney 2052, NSW, Australia
- UNSW Materials & Manufacturing Futures Institute, UNSW, Sydney 2052, NSW, Australia
| | - Xi Lin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW, Sydney 2052, NSW, Australia
- UNSW Materials & Manufacturing Futures Institute, UNSW, Sydney 2052, NSW, Australia
| | - Chun-Ho Lin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW, Sydney 2052, NSW, Australia
| | - Liang Qiao
- School of Physics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 611731, China
| | - Xiaotao Zu
- School of Physics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 611731, China
| | - Jing-Kai Huang
- Department of Systems Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wenxian Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW, Sydney 2052, NSW, Australia
| | - Danyang Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW, Sydney 2052, NSW, Australia
| | - Jack Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW, Sydney 2052, NSW, Australia
- UNSW Materials & Manufacturing Futures Institute, UNSW, Sydney 2052, NSW, Australia
| | - Sean Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW, Sydney 2052, NSW, Australia
- UNSW Materials & Manufacturing Futures Institute, UNSW, Sydney 2052, NSW, Australia
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4
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Yasui K. Merits and Demerits of Machine Learning of Ferroelectric, Flexoelectric, and Electrolytic Properties of Ceramic Materials. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:2512. [PMID: 38893775 PMCID: PMC11172741 DOI: 10.3390/ma17112512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
In the present review, the merits and demerits of machine learning (ML) in materials science are discussed, compared with first principles calculations (PDE (partial differential equations) model) and physical or phenomenological ODE (ordinary differential equations) model calculations. ML is basically a fitting procedure of pre-existing (experimental) data as a function of various factors called descriptors. If excellent descriptors can be selected and the training data contain negligible error, the predictive power of a ML model is relatively high. However, it is currently very difficult for a ML model to predict experimental results beyond the parameter space of the training experimental data. For example, it is pointed out that all-dislocation-ceramics, which could be a new type of solid electrolyte filled with appropriate dislocations for high ionic conductivity without dendrite formation, could not be predicted by ML. The merits and demerits of first principles calculations and physical or phenomenological ODE model calculations are also discussed with some examples of the flexoelectric effect, dielectric constant, and ionic conductivity in solid electrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyuichi Yasui
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Nagoya 463-8560, Japan
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5
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Borgi S, Ræder TM, Carlsen MA, Detlefs C, Winther G, Poulsen HF. Simulations of dislocation contrast in dark-field X-ray microscopy. J Appl Crystallogr 2024; 57:358-368. [PMID: 38596724 PMCID: PMC11001414 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576724001183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Dark-field X-ray microscopy (DFXM) is a full-field imaging technique that non-destructively maps the structure and local strain inside deeply embedded crystalline elements in three dimensions. In DFXM, an objective lens is placed along the diffracted beam to generate a magnified projection image of the local diffracted volume. This work explores contrast methods and optimizes the DFXM setup specifically for the case of mapping dislocations. Forward projections of detector images are generated using two complementary simulation tools based on geometrical optics and wavefront propagation, respectively. Weak and strong beam contrast and the mapping of strain components are studied. The feasibility of observing dislocations in a wall is elucidated as a function of the distance between neighbouring dislocations and the spatial resolution. Dislocation studies should be feasible with energy band widths of 10-2, of relevance for fourth-generation synchrotron and X-ray free-electron laser sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Borgi
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Trygve Magnus Ræder
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mads Allerup Carlsen
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Carsten Detlefs
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 avenue des Martyrs, CS40220, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Grethe Winther
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Henning Friis Poulsen
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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6
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Faka V, Agne MT, Lange MA, Daisenberger D, Wankmiller B, Schwarzmüller S, Huppertz H, Maus O, Helm B, Böger T, Hartel J, Gerdes JM, Molaison JJ, Kieslich G, Hansen MR, Zeier WG. Pressure-Induced Dislocations and Their Influence on Ionic Transport in Li +-Conducting Argyrodites. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:1710-1721. [PMID: 38175928 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
The influence of the microstructure on the ionic conductivity and cell performance is a topic of broad scientific interest in solid-state batteries. The current understanding is that interfacial decomposition reactions during cycling induce local strain at the interfaces between solid electrolytes and the anode/cathode, as well as within the electrode composites. Characterizing the effects of internal strain on ion transport is particularly important, given the significant local chemomechanical effects caused by volumetric changes of the active materials during cycling. Here, we show the effects of internal strain on the bulk ionic transport of the argyrodite Li6PS5Br. Internal strain is reproducibly induced by applying pressures with values up to 10 GPa. An internal permanent strain is observed in the material, indicating long-range strain fields typical for dislocations. With increasing dislocation densities, an increase in the lithium ionic conductivity can be observed that extends into improved ionic transport in solid-state battery electrode composites. This work shows the potential of strain engineering as an additional approach for tuning ion conductors without changing the composition of the material itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Faka
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 28/30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Matthias T Agne
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 28/30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Martin A Lange
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 28/30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Dominik Daisenberger
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 ODE, U.K
| | - Björn Wankmiller
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 28/30, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 28/30, 48149 Münster, Germany
- International Graduate School BACCARA, Wilhelm-Schickard-Straße 8, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Stefan Schwarzmüller
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hubert Huppertz
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Oliver Maus
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 28/30, 48149 Münster, Germany
- International Graduate School BACCARA, Wilhelm-Schickard-Straße 8, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Bianca Helm
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 28/30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Thorben Böger
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 28/30, 48149 Münster, Germany
- International Graduate School BACCARA, Wilhelm-Schickard-Straße 8, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Johannes Hartel
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 28/30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Josef Maximilian Gerdes
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 28/30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jamie J Molaison
- Neutron Scattering Division, Institute Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6473, United States
| | - Gregor Kieslich
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Michael Ryan Hansen
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 28/30, 48149 Münster, Germany
- International Graduate School BACCARA, Wilhelm-Schickard-Straße 8, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Wolfgang G Zeier
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 28/30, 48149 Münster, Germany
- International Graduate School BACCARA, Wilhelm-Schickard-Straße 8, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung (IEK), IEK-12: Helmholtz-Institut Münster, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 48149 Münster, Germany
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7
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Yasui K, Hamamoto K. Possibility of High Ionic Conductivity and High Fracture Toughness in All-Dislocation-Ceramics. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:428. [PMID: 38255595 PMCID: PMC10817447 DOI: 10.3390/ma17020428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Based on the results of numerical calculations as well as those of some related experiments which are reviewed in the present paper, it is suggested that solid electrolytes filled with appropriate dislocations, which is called all-dislocation-ceramics, are expected to have considerably higher ionic conductivity and higher fracture toughness than those of normal solid electrolytes. Higher ionic conductivity is due to the huge ionic conductivity along dislocations where the formation energy of vacancies is considerably lower than that in the bulk solid. Furthermore, in all-dislocation- ceramics, dendrite formation could be avoided. Higher fracture toughness is due to enhanced emissions of dislocations from a crack tip by pre-existing dislocations, which causes shielding of a crack tip, energy dissipation due to plastic deformation and heating, and crack-tip blunting. All-dislocation-ceramics may be useful for all-solid-state batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyuichi Yasui
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Nagoya 463-8560, Japan;
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8
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Zhao C, Liu G, Lin Y, Li X, Meng N, Wang X, Fu S, Yu J, Ding B. Diphylleia Grayi-Inspired Intelligent Temperature-Responsive Transparent Nanofiber Membranes. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2024; 16:65. [PMID: 38175378 PMCID: PMC10766919 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01279-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Nanofiber membranes (NFMs) have become attractive candidates for next-generation flexible transparent materials due to their exceptional flexibility and breathability. However, improving the transmittance of NFMs is a great challenge due to the enormous reflection and incredibly poor transmission generated by the nanofiber-air interface. In this research, we report a general strategy for the preparation of flexible temperature-responsive transparent (TRT) membranes, which achieves a rapid transformation of NFMs from opaque to highly transparent under a narrow temperature window. In this process, the phase change material eicosane is coated on the surface of the polyurethane nanofibers by electrospray technology. When the temperature rises to 37 °C, eicosane rapidly completes the phase transition and establishes the light transmission path between the nanofibers, preventing light loss from reflection at the nanofiber-air interface. The resulting TRT membrane exhibits high transmittance (> 90%), and fast response (5 s). This study achieves the first TRT transition of NFMs, offering a general strategy for building highly transparent nanofiber materials, shaping the future of next-generation intelligent temperature monitoring, anti-counterfeiting measures, and other high-performance devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cengceng Zhao
- Shanghai Frontier Science Research Center of Advanced Textiles, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Gaohui Liu
- Shanghai Frontier Science Research Center of Advanced Textiles, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanyan Lin
- Shanghai Frontier Science Research Center of Advanced Textiles, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueqin Li
- Shanghai Frontier Science Research Center of Advanced Textiles, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Meng
- Shanghai Frontier Science Research Center of Advanced Textiles, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianfeng Wang
- Shanghai Frontier Science Research Center of Advanced Textiles, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shaoju Fu
- Shanghai Frontier Science Research Center of Advanced Textiles, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianyong Yu
- Shanghai Frontier Science Research Center of Advanced Textiles, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Ding
- Shanghai Frontier Science Research Center of Advanced Textiles, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, People's Republic of China.
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9
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Zhu M, Zhou J, He Z, Zhang Y, Wu H, Chen J, Zhu Y, Hou Y, Wu H, Lu Y. Ductile amorphous boron nitride microribbons. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:4914-4921. [PMID: 37603385 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh00845b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
The broad applications of ceramic materials in functional devices are often limited by their intrinsic brittleness. Amorphous boron nitride (a-BN), as a promising ceramic has shown high thermal stability and excellent dielectric properties that can be applied to microfabricated aerogel and nano dielectric layers, while its mechanical properties at small scales are yet to be studied. Here we report synthesized a-BN microribbons can have a uniform elongation at a breaking strain of more than 50% upon tension, exhibiting outstanding ductility. Such a-BN microribbons with lengths ranging from tens to hundreds of micro-meters were prepared via the small molecule precursors sol-gel method. Through in situ uniaxial tensile measurements, we demonstrated that a-BN microribbons also display a surprising flaw-tolerance behaviour. Combining high-resolution atomic characterization with molecular dynamics simulations, we reveal that the large tensile plasticity of a-BN originates from the topological deformation induced multiple energy-dissipation mechanisms including unfolding and reorientation of local curly h-BN layers and their interlayer debonding, slippage as well as the intralayer tearing. Our findings provide new insights to develop ductile amorphous covalent-bonded materials for emerging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengya Zhu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Jingzhuo Zhou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Zezhou He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, CAS Center for Excellence in Complex System Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723001, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Juzheng Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Yinbo Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, CAS Center for Excellence in Complex System Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Yuan Hou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Hengan Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, CAS Center for Excellence in Complex System Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Yang Lu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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10
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Kalnaus S, Dudney NJ, Westover AS, Herbert E, Hackney S. Solid-state batteries: The critical role of mechanics. Science 2023; 381:eabg5998. [PMID: 37733866 DOI: 10.1126/science.abg5998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state batteries with lithium metal anodes have the potential for higher energy density, longer lifetime, wider operating temperature, and increased safety. Although the bulk of the research has focused on improving transport kinetics and electrochemical stability of the materials and interfaces, there are also critical challenges that require investigation of the mechanics of materials. In batteries with solid-solid interfaces, mechanical contacts, and the development of stresses during operation of the solid-state batteries, become as critical as the electrochemical stability to keep steady charge transfer at these interfaces. This review will focus on stress and strain that result from normal and extended battery cycling and the associated mechanisms for stress relief, some of which lead to failure of these batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergiy Kalnaus
- Computational Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6164, USA
| | - Nancy J Dudney
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6124, USA
| | - Andrew S Westover
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6124, USA
| | - Erik Herbert
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6062, USA
| | - Steve Hackney
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
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11
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Yasui K, Hamamoto K. Theoretical upper limit of dislocation density in slightly-ductile single-crystal ceramics. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2023; 35:455701. [PMID: 37536322 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aced31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Upper limit of dislocation density without fracture is numerically calculated for slightly- ductile single-crystal ceramics for which the Griffith criterion for fracture and the Bailey-Hirsch type relationship between applied stress and the dislocation density are nearly valid simultaneously in order to obtain useful information to improve functional, electrical, and mechanical properties of ceramics by the introduction of appropriate dislocations. Two models of fracture as a function of dislocation density are constructed; simple model and probability model. If the diameter of pre-existing microcracks is sufficiently small, the dislocation density could be as high as the crystallographic limit (∼1018m-2). Even if the typical diameter of pre-existing microcracks is not so small, there is some probability that the dislocation density could be as high as the crystallographic limit if the number of microcracks in the specimen is very small. Accordingly, the increase in ionic conductivity by several orders of magnitude without dendrite formation by introducing appropriate dislocations into single-crystal solid electrolytes with the dislocation density higher than about 1017m-2theoretically predicted by the authors may be practically possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyuichi Yasui
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Nagoya 463-8560, Japan
| | - Koichi Hamamoto
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Nagoya 463-8560, Japan
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12
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Fang M, Ji Y, Ni Y, Wang W, Zhang H, Wang X, Xiao A, Ma T, Yang S, Ren X. Toughening Ceramics down to Cryogenic Temperatures by Reentrant Strain-Glass Transition. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:116102. [PMID: 37001083 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.116102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Ceramics, often exhibiting important functional properties like piezoelectricity, superconductivity, and magnetism, are usually mechanically brittle at room temperature and even more brittle at low temperature due to their ionic or covalent bonding nature. The brittleness in their working temperature range (mostly from room down to cryogenic temperatures) has been a limiting factor for the usefulness of these ceramics. In this Letter, we report a surprising "low-temperature toughening" phenomenon in a La-doped CaTiO_{3} perovskite ceramic, where a 2.5× increase of fracture toughness K_{IC} from 1.9 to 4.8 MPa m^{1/2} occurs when cooling from above room temperature (323 K) down to a cryogenic temperature of 123 K, the lowest temperature our experiment can reach. In situ microscopic observations in combination with macroscopic characterizations show that this desired but counterintuitive phenomenon stems from a reentrant strain-glass transition, during which nanosized orthorhombic ferroelastic domains gradually emerge from the existing tetragonal ferroelastic matrix. The temperature stability of this unique microstructure and its stress-induced transition into the macroscopic orthorhombic phase provide a low-temperature toughening mechanism over a wide temperature range and explain the observed phenomenon. Our finding may open a way to design tough ceramics with a wide temperature range and shed light on the nature of reentrant transitions in other ferroic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minxia Fang
- School of Physics, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter and State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yuanchao Ji
- School of Physics, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter and State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yan Ni
- School of Physics, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter and State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Wenjia Wang
- School of Physics, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter and State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Hengmin Zhang
- School of Physics, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter and State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xifei Wang
- School of Physics, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter and State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Andong Xiao
- School of Physics, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter and State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Tianyu Ma
- School of Physics, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter and State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Sen Yang
- School of Physics, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter and State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xiaobing Ren
- Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, 305-0047 Ibaraki, Japan
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13
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Li J, Luo K, An Q. Activating Mobile Dislocation in Boron Carbide at Room Temperature via Al Doping. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:116104. [PMID: 37001075 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.116104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Dislocation glide, deformation twinning, and phase transition are critical mechanisms resulting in irreversible plastic deformations of materials. Because of the lack of dislocation movement, superhard ceramics generally exhibit brittle failure at room temperature. Here, by employing molecular dynamics simulations using a machine-learning force field, we reveal several plastic deformation mechanisms in superhard boron carbide as a small amount of aluminum (Al) is doped. Under shear deformation, dislocation nucleation and glide occur in Al-doped boron carbide (B_{12}-CAlC) due to the breakage of weakened chain bonds rather than the disintegration of icosahedral clusters. The dislocation activities then cause twin boundaries to migrate, thereby mitigating amorphization and enhancing ductility. Furthermore, the mobile dislocation with the Burgers vector of b=⟨11[over ¯]0⟩{111} is observed in the tensile nanopillar, which is well consistent with the experiment. This Letter demonstrates that mobile dislocation could be activated in superstrong covalent materials through a simple doping strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Kun Luo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Qi An
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
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14
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The impact of flash sintering on densification and plasticity of strontium titanate: high heating rates, dislocation nucleation and plastic flow. Ann Ital Chir 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2023.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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15
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Li Y, Liu X, Zhang P, Han Y, Huang M, Wan C. Theoretical insights into the Peierls plasticity in SrTiO3 ceramics via dislocation remodelling. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6925. [PMID: 36376322 PMCID: PMC9663548 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34741-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An in-depth understanding of the dislocations motion process in non-metallic materials becomes increasingly important, stimulated by the recent emergence of ceramics and semiconductors with unexpected room temperature dislocation-mediated plasticity. In this work, local misfit energy is put forward to accurately derive the Peierls stress and model the dislocation process in SrTiO3 ceramics instead of the generalized stacking fault (GSF) approach, which considers the in-plane freedom degrees of the atoms near the shear plane and describes the breaking and re-bonding processes of the complex chemical bonds. Particularly, we discover an abnormal shear-dependence of local misfit energy, which originates from the re-bonding process of the Ti-O bonds and the reversal of lattice dipoles. In addition, this approach predicts that oxygen vacancies in the SrTiO3 can facilitate the nucleation and activation of dislocations with improvement of fracture toughness, owing to the reduction of average misfit energy and Peierls stress due to the disappearance of lattice dipole reversal. This work provides undiscovered insights into the dislocation process in non-metallic materials, which may bring implications to tune the plasticity and explore unknown ductile compositions. Many ceramics and semiconductors are brittle at moderate temperatures, which can be a concern for applications. Here authors present a theoretical approach based on local misfit energy to accurately derive the Peierls stress and model the dislocation process in SrTiO3, which provides insights into the plasticity around room temperature.
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16
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Kissel M, Porz L, Frömling T, Nakamura A, Rödel J, Alexe M. Enhanced Photoconductivity at Dislocations in SrTiO 3. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2203032. [PMID: 35727056 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202203032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Dislocations are 1D crystallographic line defects and are usually seen as detrimental to the functional properties of classic semiconductors. It is shown here that this not necessarily accounts for oxide semiconductors in which dislocations are capable of boosting the photoconductivity. Strontium titanate single crystals are controllably deformed to generate a high density of ordered dislocations of two slip systems possessing different mesoscopic arrangements. For both slip systems, nanoscale conductive atomic force microscope investigations reveal a strong enhancement of the photoconductivity around the dislocation cores. Macroscopic in-plane measurements indicate that the two dislocation systems result in different global photoconductivity behavior despite the similar local enhancement. Depending on the arrangement, the global photoresponse can be increased by orders of magnitude. Additionally, indications for a bulk photovoltaic effect enabled by dislocation-surrounding strain fields are observed for the first time. This proves that dislocations in oxide semiconductors can be of large interest for tailoring photoelectric functionalities. Direct evidence that electronic transport is confined to the dislocation core points to a new emerging research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Kissel
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Lukas Porz
- Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, 7034, Norway
| | - Till Frömling
- Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Atsutomo Nakamura
- Department of Mechanical Science and Bioengineering, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyamacho, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Jürgen Rödel
- Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Marin Alexe
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
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17
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Han Y, Liu X, Zhang Q, Huang M, Li Y, Pan W, Zong PA, Li L, Yang Z, Feng Y, Zhang P, Wan C. Ultra-dense dislocations stabilized in high entropy oxide ceramics. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2871. [PMID: 35610224 PMCID: PMC9130511 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30260-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dislocations are commonly present and important in metals but their effects have not been fully recognized in oxide ceramics. The large strain energy raised by the rigid ionic/covalent bonding in oxide ceramics leads to dislocations with low density (∼106 mm−2), thermodynamic instability and spatial inhomogeneity. In this paper, we report ultrahigh density (∼109 mm−2) of edge dislocations that are uniformly distributed in oxide ceramics with large compositional complexity. We demonstrate the dislocations are progressively and thermodynamically stabilized with increasing complexity of the composition, in which the entropy gain can compensate the strain energy of dislocations. We also find cracks are deflected and bridged with ∼70% enhancement of fracture toughness in the pyrochlore ceramics with multiple valence cations, due to the interaction with enlarged strain field around the immobile dislocations. This research provides a controllable approach to establish ultra-dense dislocations in oxide ceramics, which may open up another dimension to tune their properties. Dislocation engineering is important for designing structural materials. Here the authors demonstrate that a high-entropy oxide ceramic with a high density of edge dislocations can be stabilized by increasing the compositional complexity, resulting in enhanced fracture toughness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Han
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Qiqi Zhang
- National Center for Electron Microscopy in Beijing, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Muzhang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Pan
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.
| | - Peng-An Zong
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Lieyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Zesheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Yingjie Feng
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China. .,Institute of Welding and Surface Engineering Technology, Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, 100124, Beijing, China.
| | - Chunlei Wan
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.
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18
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Nur K, Zubair M, Gibson JSL, Sandlöbes-Haut S, Mayer J, Bram M, Guillon O. Mechanical properties of cold sintered ZnO investigated by nanoindentation and micro-pillar testing. Ann Ital Chir 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2021.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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19
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Holstad TS, Ræder TM, Carlsen M, Bergbäck Knudsen E, Dresselhaus-Marais L, Haldrup K, Simons H, Nielsen MM, Poulsen HF. X-ray free-electron laser based dark-field X-ray microscopy: a simulation-based study. J Appl Crystallogr 2022. [DOI: 10.1107/s1600576721012760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Dark-field X-ray microscopy (DFXM) is a nondestructive full-field imaging technique providing three-dimensional mapping of microstructure and local strain fields in deeply embedded crystalline elements. This is achieved by placing an objective lens in the diffracted beam, giving a magnified projection image. So far, the method has been applied with a time resolution of milliseconds to hours. In this work, the feasibility of DFXM at the picosecond time scale using an X-ray free-electron laser source and a pump–probe scheme is considered. Thermomechanical strain-wave simulations are combined with geometrical optics and wavefront propagation optics to simulate DFXM images of phonon dynamics in a diamond single crystal. Using the specifications of the XCS instrument at the Linac Coherent Light Source as an example results in simulated DFXM images clearly showing the propagation of a strain wave.
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20
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Toughening of Bioceramic Composites for Bone Regeneration. JOURNAL OF COMPOSITES SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/jcs5100259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bioceramics are widely considered as elective materials for the regeneration of bone tissue, due to their compositional mimicry with bone inorganic components. However, they are intrinsically brittle, which limits their capability to sustain multiple biomechanical loads, especially in the case of load-bearing bone districts. In the last decades, intense research has been dedicated to combining processes to enhance both the strength and toughness of bioceramics, leading to bioceramic composite scaffolds. This review summarizes the recent approaches to this purpose, particularly those addressed to limiting the propagation of cracks to prevent the sudden mechanical failure of bioceramic composites.
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21
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Porz L, Knez D, Scherer M, Ganschow S, Kothleitner G, Rettenwander D. Dislocations in ceramic electrolytes for solid-state Li batteries. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8949. [PMID: 33903661 PMCID: PMC8076269 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88370-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
High power solid-state Li batteries (SSLB) are hindered by the formation of dendrite-like structures at high current rates. Hence, new design principles are needed to overcome this limitation. By introducing dislocations, we aim to tailor mechanical properties in order to withstand the mechanical stress leading to Li penetration and resulting in a short circuit by a crack-opening mechanism. Such defect engineering, furthermore, appears to enable whisker-like Li metal electrodes for high-rate Li plating. To reach these goals, the challenge of introducing dislocations into ceramic electrolytes needs to be addressed which requires to establish fundamental understanding of the mechanics of dislocations in the particular ceramics. Here we evaluate uniaxial deformation at elevated temperatures as one possible approach to introduce dislocations. By using hot-pressed pellets and single crystals grown by Czochralski method of Li6.4La3Zr1.4Ta0.6O12 garnets as a model system the plastic deformation by more than 10% is demonstrated. While conclusions on the predominating deformation mechanism remain challenging, analysis of activation energy, activation volume, diffusion creep, and the defect structure potentially point to a deformation mechanism involving dislocations. These parameters allow identification of a process window and are a key step on the road of making dislocations available as a design element for SSLB.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Porz
- FG Nichtmetallisch-Anorganische Werkstoffe, Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - D Knez
- Graz Centre for Electron Microscopy, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - M Scherer
- FG Nichtmetallisch-Anorganische Werkstoffe, Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - S Ganschow
- Leibniz-Institut für Kristallzüchtung (IKZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - G Kothleitner
- Graz Centre for Electron Microscopy, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - D Rettenwander
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
- International Christian Doppler Laboratory for Solid-State Batteries, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Materials, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria.
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