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Sovizi S, Angizi S, Ahmad Alem SA, Goodarzi R, Taji Boyuk MRR, Ghanbari H, Szoszkiewicz R, Simchi A, Kruse P. Plasma Processing and Treatment of 2D Transition Metal Dichalcogenides: Tuning Properties and Defect Engineering. Chem Rev 2023; 123:13869-13951. [PMID: 38048483 PMCID: PMC10756211 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) offer fascinating opportunities for fundamental nanoscale science and various technological applications. They are a promising platform for next generation optoelectronics and energy harvesting devices due to their exceptional characteristics at the nanoscale, such as tunable bandgap and strong light-matter interactions. The performance of TMD-based devices is mainly governed by the structure, composition, size, defects, and the state of their interfaces. Many properties of TMDs are influenced by the method of synthesis so numerous studies have focused on processing high-quality TMDs with controlled physicochemical properties. Plasma-based methods are cost-effective, well controllable, and scalable techniques that have recently attracted researchers' interest in the synthesis and modification of 2D TMDs. TMDs' reactivity toward plasma offers numerous opportunities to modify the surface of TMDs, including functionalization, defect engineering, doping, oxidation, phase engineering, etching, healing, morphological changes, and altering the surface energy. Here we comprehensively review all roles of plasma in the realm of TMDs. The fundamental science behind plasma processing and modification of TMDs and their applications in different fields are presented and discussed. Future perspectives and challenges are highlighted to demonstrate the prominence of TMDs and the importance of surface engineering in next-generation optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Sovizi
- Faculty of
Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Shayan Angizi
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster
University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Sayed Ali Ahmad Alem
- Chair in
Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, Montanuniversität
Leoben, Leoben 8700, Austria
| | - Reyhaneh Goodarzi
- School of
Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Iran
University of Science and Technology (IUST), Narmak, 16846-13114, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Hajar Ghanbari
- School of
Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Iran
University of Science and Technology (IUST), Narmak, 16846-13114, Tehran, Iran
| | - Robert Szoszkiewicz
- Faculty of
Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Abdolreza Simchi
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering and Institute for Nanoscience
and Nanotechnology, Sharif University of
Technology, 14588-89694 Tehran, Iran
- Center for
Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Institute for Convergence Science
& Technology, Sharif University of Technology, 14588-89694 Tehran, Iran
| | - Peter Kruse
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster
University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
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Vig A, Doan E, Yang K. First-Principles Investigation of Size Effects on Cohesive Energies of Transition-Metal Nanoclusters. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2356. [PMID: 37630943 PMCID: PMC10458230 DOI: 10.3390/nano13162356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
The cohesive energy of transition-metal nanoparticles is crucial to understanding their stability and fundamental properties, which are essential for developing new technologies and applications in fields such as catalysis, electronics, energy storage, and biomedical engineering. In this study, we systematically investigate the size-dependent cohesive energies of all the 3d, 4d, and 5d transition-metal nanoclusters (small nanoparticles) based on a plane-wave-based method within general gradient approximation using first-principles density functional theory calculations. Our results show that the cohesive energies of nanoclusters decrease with decreasing size due to the increased surface-to-volume ratio and quantum confinement effects. A comparison of nanoclusters with different geometries reveals that the cohesive energy decreases as the number of nanocluster layers decreases. Notably, monolayer nanoclusters exhibit the lowest cohesive energies. We also find that the size-dependent cohesive energy trends are different for different transition metals, with some metals exhibiting stronger size effects than others. Our findings provide insights into the fundamental properties of transition-metal nanoclusters and have potential implications for their applications in various fields, such as catalysis, electronics, and biomedical engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amogh Vig
- Department of Nano and Chemical Engineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, CA 92093-0448, USA; (A.V.); (E.D.)
- Data Science Institute, Vanderbilt University, 2201 West End Ave., Nashville, TN 37325-0001, USA
| | - Ethan Doan
- Department of Nano and Chemical Engineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, CA 92093-0448, USA; (A.V.); (E.D.)
| | - Kesong Yang
- Department of Nano and Chemical Engineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, CA 92093-0448, USA; (A.V.); (E.D.)
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3
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Ruffman C, Lambie S, Steenbergen KG, Gaston N. Structural and electronic changes in Ga-In and Ga-Sn alloys on melting. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:1236-1247. [PMID: 36525244 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04431e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The melting behaviour of surface slabs of Ga-In and Ga-Sn is studied using periodic density functional theory and ab initio molecular dynamics. Analysis of the structure and electronics of the solid and liquid phases gives insight into the properties of these alloys, and why they may act as promising CO2 reduction catalysts. We report melting points for slabs of hexa-layer Ga-In (386 K) and Ga-Sn (349 K) that are substantially lower than the pure hexa-layer Ga system (433 K), and attribute the difference to the degree to which the dopant (In or Sn) disrupts the layered Ga network. In molecular dynamics trajectories of the liquid structures, we find that dopant tends to migrate from the centre of the slab towards the surface and accumulate there. Bader charge calculations reveal that the surface dopant atoms have increased positive charge, and density of states analyses suggest the liquid alloys maintain metallic electronic behaviour. Thus, surface In and Sn may provide good binding sites for intermediates in CO2 reduction. This work contributes to our understanding of the properties of liquid metal systems, and provides a foundation for modelling catalysis on these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie Ruffman
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology and Department of Physics, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Stephanie Lambie
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology and Department of Physics, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Krista G Steenbergen
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology and School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Nicola Gaston
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology and Department of Physics, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Idrus-Saidi SA, Tang J, Lambie S, Han J, Mayyas M, Ghasemian MB, Allioux FM, Cai S, Koshy P, Mostaghimi P, Steenbergen KG, Barnard AS, Daeneke T, Gaston N, Kalantar-Zadeh K. Liquid metal synthesis solvents for metallic crystals. Science 2022; 378:1118-1124. [PMID: 36480610 DOI: 10.1126/science.abm2731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In nature, snowflake ice crystals arrange themselves into diverse symmetrical six-sided structures. We show an analogy of this when zinc (Zn) dissolves and crystallizes in liquid gallium (Ga). The low-melting-temperature Ga is used as a "metallic solvent" to synthesize a range of flake-like Zn crystals. We extract these metallic crystals from the liquid metal solvent by reducing its surface tension using a combination of electrocapillary modulation and vacuum filtration. The liquid metal-grown crystals feature high morphological diversity and persistent symmetry. The concept is expanded to other single and binary metal solutes and Ga-based solvents, with the growth mechanisms elucidated through ab initio simulation of interfacial stability. This strategy offers general routes for creating highly crystalline, shape-controlled metallic or multimetallic fine structures from liquid metal solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhada A Idrus-Saidi
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jianbo Tang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Stephanie Lambie
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Department of Physics, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Jialuo Han
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Mohannad Mayyas
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Mohammad B Ghasemian
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Francois-Marie Allioux
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Shengxiang Cai
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Pramod Koshy
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Peyman Mostaghimi
- School of Minerals and Energy Resources Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Krista G Steenbergen
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Amanda S Barnard
- School of Computing, Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Torben Daeneke
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Nicola Gaston
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Department of Physics, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Kourosh Kalantar-Zadeh
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia.,School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW 2008, Australia
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Lozovoy KA, Izhnin II, Kokhanenko AP, Dirko VV, Vinarskiy VP, Voitsekhovskii AV, Fitsych OI, Akimenko NY. Single-Element 2D Materials beyond Graphene: Methods of Epitaxial Synthesis. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:2221. [PMID: 35808055 PMCID: PMC9268513 DOI: 10.3390/nano12132221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Today, two-dimensional materials are one of the key research topics for scientists around the world. Interest in 2D materials is not surprising because, thanks to their remarkable mechanical, thermal, electrical, magnetic, and optical properties, they promise to revolutionize electronics. The unique properties of graphene-like 2D materials give them the potential to create completely new types of devices for functional electronics, nanophotonics, and quantum technologies. This paper considers epitaxially grown two-dimensional allotropic modifications of single elements: graphene (C) and its analogs (transgraphenes) borophene (B), aluminene (Al), gallenene (Ga), indiene (In), thallene (Tl), silicene (Si), germanene (Ge), stanene (Sn), plumbene (Pb), phosphorene (P), arsenene (As), antimonene (Sb), bismuthene (Bi), selenene (Se), and tellurene (Te). The emphasis is put on their structural parameters and technological modes in the method of molecular beam epitaxy, which ensure the production of high-quality defect-free single-element two-dimensional structures of a large area for promising device applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill A. Lozovoy
- Faculty of Radiophysics, National Research Tomsk State University, Lenin Av. 36, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (A.P.K.); (V.V.D.); (V.P.V.); (A.V.V.)
| | - Ihor I. Izhnin
- Scientific Research Company “Electron-Carat”, Stryjska St. 202, 79031 Lviv, Ukraine;
| | - Andrey P. Kokhanenko
- Faculty of Radiophysics, National Research Tomsk State University, Lenin Av. 36, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (A.P.K.); (V.V.D.); (V.P.V.); (A.V.V.)
| | - Vladimir V. Dirko
- Faculty of Radiophysics, National Research Tomsk State University, Lenin Av. 36, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (A.P.K.); (V.V.D.); (V.P.V.); (A.V.V.)
| | - Vladimir P. Vinarskiy
- Faculty of Radiophysics, National Research Tomsk State University, Lenin Av. 36, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (A.P.K.); (V.V.D.); (V.P.V.); (A.V.V.)
| | - Alexander V. Voitsekhovskii
- Faculty of Radiophysics, National Research Tomsk State University, Lenin Av. 36, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (A.P.K.); (V.V.D.); (V.P.V.); (A.V.V.)
| | - Olena I. Fitsych
- P. Sagaidachny National Army Academy, Gvardijska St. 32, 79012 Lviv, Ukraine;
| | - Nataliya Yu. Akimenko
- Department of Engineering Systems and Technosphere Safety, Pacific National University, Tihookeanskaya St. 136, 680035 Khabarovsk, Russia;
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Lambie S, Steenbergen KG, Gaston N. A mechanistic understanding of surface Bi enrichment in dilute GaBi systems. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:14383-14390. [PMID: 34180476 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01540k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Experiment has shown that dilute GaBi systems produce a range of self-organised nanostructured patterns at the surface [Tang et al., Nat. Nanotechnol., 2021, 16, 431-439]. Using extensive ab initio molecular dynamics simulations, we elucidate the mechanisms underlying the formation of the Bi surface islands in Bi-doped Ga liquid metals. Here, we show that in order for internal Bi atoms to diffuse to the surface a lateral extension of the Ga surface network is required. Furthermore, the absence of surface Bi patterning perturbs the Ga surface network providing a preferred path for an internal Bi to diffuse. By understanding how and why Bi nucleates at a surface, we increase the ability to control, manipulate and design such systems for use in future electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Lambie
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Department of Physics, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Krista G Steenbergen
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Nicola Gaston
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Department of Physics, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand.
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