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Sivaselvam S, Anjana RS, Dhujana NS, Victor M, Jayasree RS. Nitrogen-doped carbon dots: a novel biosensing platform for selective norfloxacin detection and bioimaging. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:7635-7645. [PMID: 39007591 DOI: 10.1039/d4tb01006j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Incomplete metabolism and non-biodegradable nature of norfloxacin (NORx) lead to its persistent residues in the environment and food, potentially fostering the emergence of antibiotic resistance and posing a significant threat to public health. Hence, we developed a norfloxacin sensor employing hydrothermally synthesized N-doped carbon dots (N-Ch-CQDs) from chitosan and PEI demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity towards the antibiotic detection. The quantum yield of excitation-dependent emission of N-Ch-CQDs was effectively tuned from 4.6 to 21.5% by varying the concentration of PEI (5-15%). With the enhanced fluorescence in the presence of norfloxacin, N-Ch-CQDs exhibited a linear detection range of 20-1400 nM with a limit of detection (LoD) of 9.3 nM. The high biocompatibility of N-Ch-CQDs was confirmed in the in vitro and in vivo model and showed the environment-friendly nature of the sensor. Detailed study elucidated the formation of strong hydrogen bonds between N-Ch-CQDs and NORx, leading to fluorescence enhancement. The developed sensor's capability to detect NORx was evaluated in water and milk samples. The recovery rate ranged from 98.5% to 103.5%, demonstrating the sensor's practical applicability. Further, the bioimaging potential of N-Ch-CQDs was demonstrated in both the in vitro (L929 cells) and in vivo model (C. elegans). The synergistic influence of the defecation pattern and functioning of intestinal barrier mitigates the translocation of N-Ch-CQDs into the reproductive organ of nematodes. This study revealed the bioimaging and fluorescent sensing ability of N-Ch-CQDs, which holds significant promise for extensive application in the biomedical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sivaselvam
- Division of Biophotonics and Imaging, Department of Biomaterial Sciences and Technology, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (SCTIMST), Trivandrum 695012, India.
| | - R S Anjana
- Division of Biophotonics and Imaging, Department of Biomaterial Sciences and Technology, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (SCTIMST), Trivandrum 695012, India.
| | - N S Dhujana
- Division of Biophotonics and Imaging, Department of Biomaterial Sciences and Technology, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (SCTIMST), Trivandrum 695012, India.
| | - Marina Victor
- Division of Biophotonics and Imaging, Department of Biomaterial Sciences and Technology, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (SCTIMST), Trivandrum 695012, India.
| | - Ramapurath S Jayasree
- Division of Biophotonics and Imaging, Department of Biomaterial Sciences and Technology, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (SCTIMST), Trivandrum 695012, India.
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Xu Y, Hao Y, Arif M, Xing X, Deng X, Wang D, Meng Y, Wang S, Hasanin MS, Wang W, Zhou Q. Poly(Lysine)-Derived Carbon Quantum Dots Conquer Enterococcus faecalis Biofilm-Induced Persistent Endodontic Infections. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:5879-5893. [PMID: 38895145 PMCID: PMC11184170 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s453385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Persistent endodontic infections (PEIs) mediated by bacterial biofilm mainly cause persistent periapical inflammation, resulting in recurrent periapical abscesses and progressive bone destruction. However, conventional root canal disinfectants are highly damaging to the tooth and periodontal tissue and ineffective in treating persistent root canal infections. Antimicrobial materials that are biocompatible with apical tissues and can eliminate PEIs-associated bacteria are urgently needed. Methods Here, ε-poly (L-lysine) derived carbon quantum dots (PL-CQDs) are fabricated using pyrolysis to remove PEIs-associated bacterial biofilms. Results Due to their ultra-small size, high positive charge, and active reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation capacity, PL-CQDs exhibit highly effective antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis), which is greatly dependent on PL-CQDs concentrations. 100 µg/mL PL-CQDs could kill E. faecalis in 5 min. Importantly, PL-CQDs effectively achieved a reduction of biofilms in the isolated teeth model, disrupting the dense structure of biofilms. PL-CQDs have acceptable cytocompatibility and hemocompatibility in vitro and good biosafety in vivo. Discussion Thus, PL-CQDs provide a new strategy for treating E. faecalis-associated PEIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhi Xu
- School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Stomatology, Qingdao Stomatological Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanping Hao
- Department of Stomatology, Qingdao Stomatological Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Arif
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Materials for Tissue Repair and Rehabilitation, School of Rehabilitation Sciences and Engineering, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Xing
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuyang Deng
- School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
| | - Danyang Wang
- School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Meng
- Department of Stomatology, Qingdao Stomatological Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuai Wang
- School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
| | | | - Wanchun Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Qingdao Stomatological Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qihui Zhou
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Materials for Tissue Repair and Rehabilitation, School of Rehabilitation Sciences and Engineering, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass Fibers and Eco-Dyeing & Finishing, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
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Santarelli G, Perini G, Salustri A, Palucci I, Rosato R, Palmieri V, Iacovelli C, Bellesi S, Sali M, Sanguinetti M, De Spirito M, Papi M, Delogu G, De Maio F. Unraveling the potential of graphene quantum dots against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1395815. [PMID: 38774507 PMCID: PMC11107295 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1395815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The emergence of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) strains has underscored the urgent need for novel therapeutic approaches. Carbon-based nanomaterials, such as graphene oxide (GO), have shown potential in anti-TB activities but suffer from significant toxicity issues. Methods This study explores the anti-TB potential of differently functionalized graphene quantum dots (GQDs) - non-functionalized, L-GQDs, aminated (NH2-GQDs), and carboxylated (COOH-GQDs) - alone and in combination with standard TB drugs (isoniazid, amikacin, and linezolid). Their effects were assessed in both axenic cultures and in vitro infection models. Results GQDs alone did not demonstrate direct mycobactericidal effects nor trapping activity. However, the combination of NH2-GQDs with amikacin significantly reduced CFUs in in vitro models. NH2-GQDs and COOH-GQDs also enhanced the antimicrobial activity of amikacin in infected macrophages, although L-GQDs and COOH-GQDs alone showed no significant activity. Discussion The results suggest that specific types of GQDs, particularly NH2-GQDs, can enhance the efficacy of existing anti-TB drugs. These nanoparticles might serve as effective adjuvants in anti-TB therapy by boosting drug performance and reducing bacterial counts in host cells, highlighting their potential as part of advanced drug delivery systems in tuberculosis treatment. Further investigations are needed to better understand their mechanisms and optimize their use in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Santarelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie-Sezione di Microbiologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Giordano Perini
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli”, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Salustri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie-Sezione di Microbiologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Ivana Palucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie-Sezione di Microbiologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli”, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Rosato
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie-Sezione di Microbiologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Palmieri
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi, CNR, Rome, Italy
| | - Camilla Iacovelli
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli”, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Bellesi
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli”, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Michela Sali
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie-Sezione di Microbiologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli”, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Sanguinetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie-Sezione di Microbiologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli”, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco De Spirito
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli”, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Papi
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli”, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Delogu
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie-Sezione di Microbiologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Mater Olbia Hospital, Olbia, Italy
| | - Flavio De Maio
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli”, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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Das A, Roy M, Saha M. Recent advances in biomedical applications of carbon and graphene quantum dots: A review. Biotechnol Bioeng 2024; 121:1469-1485. [PMID: 38548663 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
The carbon-based nanostructures have led to the development of theranostic nanoplatforms for simultaneous diagnosis and therapy due to their effective cell membrane-penetration ability, low degree of cytotoxicity, excellent pore volume, substantial chemical stability, and reactive surface. In the last few years, extensive efforts were made to design multifunctional nanoplatform strategies based on carbon nanostructures, involving multimodal imaging, controlled drug release capabilities, sensing in vitro, efficient drug loading capacity, and therapy. Carbon and graphene quantum dots (CQDs and GQDs) were the recent entrants, contingently being assessed for drug delivery and bioimaging. With the advancements, these quantum dots have ignited remarkable research interest and are now widely evaluated for diagnosis, bioimaging, sensing, and drug delivery applications. The last decade has witnessed their remarkable electrical, optical, and biocompatible properties since their inception. It is presumed that both of them have high potential as drug carriers and would serve as the next generation of approaches to address numerous unresolved therapeutic challenges. This review examined the recent advances of CQD and GQD based drug delivery applications, challenges, and future perspectives to pave the way for further studies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Das
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Agartala, Agartala, Tripura, India
| | - Manas Roy
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Agartala, Agartala, Tripura, India
| | - Mitali Saha
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Agartala, Agartala, Tripura, India
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Allahbakhsh A, Gadegaard N, Ruiz CM, Shavandi A. Graphene-Based Engineered Living Materials. SMALL METHODS 2024; 8:e2300930. [PMID: 37806771 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
With the rise of engineered living materials (ELMs) as innovative, sustainable and smart systems for diverse engineering and biological applications, global interest in advancing ELMs is on the rise. Graphene-based nanostructures can serve as effective tools to fabricate ELMs. By using graphene-based materials as building units and microorganisms as the designers of the end materials, next-generation ELMs can be engineered with the structural properties of graphene-based materials and the inherent properties of the microorganisms. However, some challenges need to be addressed to fully take advantage of graphene-based nanostructures for the design of next-generation ELMs. This work covers the latest advances in the fabrication and application of graphene-based ELMs. Fabrication strategies of graphene-based ELMs are first categorized, followed by a systematic investigation of the advantages and disadvantages within each category. Next, the potential applications of graphene-based ELMs are covered. Moreover, the challenges associated with fabrication of next-generation graphene-based ELMs are identified and discussed. Based on a comprehensive overview of the literature, the primary challenge limiting the integration of graphene-based nanostructures in ELMs is nanotoxicity arising from synthetic and structural parameters. Finally, we present possible design principles to potentially address these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Allahbakhsh
- 3BIO-BioMatter, École polytechnique de Bruxelles, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| | - Nikolaj Gadegaard
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Carmen M Ruiz
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Université de Toulon, IM2NP, UMR 7334, Marseille, F-13397, France
| | - Amin Shavandi
- 3BIO-BioMatter, École polytechnique de Bruxelles, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, 1050, Belgium
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Mohebichamkhorami F, Faizi M, Mahmoudifard M, Hajikarim-Hamedani A, Mohseni SS, Heidari A, Ghane Y, Khoramjouy M, Khayati M, Ghasemi R, Zali H, Hosseinzadeh S, Mostafavi E. Microfluidic Synthesis of Ultrasmall Chitosan/Graphene Quantum Dots Particles for Intranasal Delivery in Alzheimer's Disease Treatment. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2207626. [PMID: 37309299 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) based therapies for Alzheimer's disease (AD) attract interest due to their ability to pass across or bypass the blood-brain barrier. Chitosan (CS) NPs or graphene quantum dots (GQDs) are promising drug carriers with excellent physicochemical and electrical properties. The current study proposes the combination of CS and GQDs in ultrasmall NP form not as drug carriers but as theranostic agents for AD. The microfluidic-based synthesis of the CS/GQD NPs with optimized characteristics makes them ideal for transcellular transfer and brain targeting after intranasal (IN) delivery. The NPs have the ability to enter the cytoplasm of C6 glioma cells in vitro and show dose and time-dependent effects on the viability of the cells. IN administration of the NPs to streptozotocin (STZ) induced AD-like models lead to a significant number of entrances of the treated rats to the target arm in the radial arm water maze (RAWM) test. It shows the positive effect of the NPs on the memory recovery of the treated rats. The NPs are detectable in the brain via in vivo bioimaging due to GQDs as diagnostic markers. The noncytotoxic NPs localize in the myelinated axons of hippocampal neurons. They do not affect the clearance of amyloid β (Aβ) plaques at intercellular space. Moreover, they showed no positive impact on the enhancement of MAP2 and NeuN expression as markers of neural regeneration. The memory improvement in treated AD rats may be due to neuroprotection via the anti-inflammation effect and regulation of the brain tissue microenvironment that needs to be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Mohebichamkhorami
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1968917313, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Faizi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 19919-53381, Iran
| | - Matin Mahmoudifard
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, 1497716316, Iran
| | | | - Seyedeh Sarvenaz Mohseni
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 19919-53381, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Heidari
- Faculty of Medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, 1916893813, Iran
| | - Yekta Ghane
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1461884513, Iran
| | - Mona Khoramjouy
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 19919-53381, Iran
| | - Maryam Khayati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, 45139-56184, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, 45139-56184, Iran
| | - Rasoul Ghasemi
- Neurophysiology research center and Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1985717443, Iran
| | - Hakimeh Zali
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1968917313, Iran
- Medical Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1968917313, Iran
| | - Simzar Hosseinzadeh
- Medical Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1968917313, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Mostafavi
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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Valimukhametova AR, Lee BH, Topkiran UC, Gries K, Gonzalez-Rodriguez R, Coffer JL, Akkaraju G, Naumov A. Cancer Therapeutic siRNA Delivery and Imaging by Nitrogen- and Neodymium-Doped Graphene Quantum Dots. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:3425-3434. [PMID: 37255435 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c00369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
While small interfering RNA (siRNA) technology has become a powerful tool that can enable cancer-specific gene therapy, its translation to the clinic is still hampered by the inability of the genes alone to cell transfection, poor siRNA stability in blood, and the lack of delivery tracking capabilities. Recently, graphene quantum dots (GQDs) have emerged as a novel platform allowing targeted drug delivery and fluorescence image tracking in visible and near-infrared regions. These capabilities can aid in overcoming primary obstacles to siRNA therapeutics. Here, for the first time, we utilize biocompatible nitrogen- and neodymium-doped graphene quantum dots (NGQDs and Nd-NGQDs, respectively) for the delivery of Kirsten rat sarcoma virus (KRAS) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) siRNA effective against a variety of cancer types. GQDs loaded with siRNA noncovalently facilitate successful siRNA transfection into HeLa cells, confirmed by confocal fluorescence microscopy at biocompatible GQD concentrations of 375 μg/mL. While the GQD platform provides visible fluorescence tracking, Nd doping enables deeper-tissue near-infrared fluorescence imaging suitable for both in vitro and in vivo applications. The therapeutic efficacy of the GQD/siRNA complex is verified by successful protein knockdown in HeLa cells at nanomolar siEGFR and siKRAS concentrations. A range of GQD/siRNA loading ratios and payloads are tested to ultimately provide substantial inhibition of protein expression down to 31-45%, comparable with conventional Lipofectamine-mediated delivery. This demonstrates the promising potential of GQDs for the nontoxic delivery of siRNA and genes in general, complemented by multiwavelength image tracking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina R Valimukhametova
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth 76129, Texas, United States
| | - Bong Han Lee
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth 76129, Texas, United States
| | - Ugur C Topkiran
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth 76129, Texas, United States
| | - Klara Gries
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
| | | | - Jeffery L Coffer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth 76129, Texas, United States
| | - Giridhar Akkaraju
- Department of Biology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth 76129, Texas, United States
| | - Anton Naumov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth 76129, Texas, United States
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Railian S, Fadil Y, Agarwal V, Junkers T, Zetterlund PB. Synthesis of electrically conducting nanocomposites via Pickering miniemulsion polymerization: Effect of graphene oxide functionalized with different capping agents. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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9
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Kabwe KP, Nsibande SA, Pilcher LA, Forbes PBC. Development of a mycolic acid-graphene quantum dot probe as a potential tuberculosis biosensor. LUMINESCENCE 2022; 37:1881-1890. [PMID: 35989462 DOI: 10.1002/bio.4368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The development of amine-functionalized graphene quantum dots (GQDs) linked to mycolic acids (MAs) as a potential fluorescent biosensor to detect tuberculosis (TB) biomarkers is described. GQDs have attractive properties: high fluorescence, excellent biocompatibility, good water solubility, and low toxicity. MAs are lipids that are found in the cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis that are antigenic, however, they are soluble only in chloroform and hexane. Chloroform-soluble MAs were covalently linked to synthesized water-soluble GQDs using an amide connection to create a potential fluorescent water-soluble TB biosensor: MA-GQDs. Fluorescence results showed that GQDs had a narrow emission spectrum with the highest emission at 440 nm, while MA-GQDs had a broader spectrum with the highest emission at 470 nm, after exciting at 360 nm. The appearance of the peptide bond (amide linkage) in the Fourier-transform infrared spectrum of MA-GQDs confirmed the successful linking of MAs to GQDs. Powder X-ray diffraction exhibited an increase in the number of peaks for MA-GQDs relative to GQDs, suggesting that linking MAs to GQDs changed the crystal structure thereof. The linked MA-GQDs showed good solubility in water, high fluorescence, and visual flow through a nitrocellulose membrane. These properties are promising for biomedical fluorescence sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kapambwe P Kabwe
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Sifiso A Nsibande
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Lynne A Pilcher
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Patricia B C Forbes
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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10
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Graphene Quantum Dots-Based Nanocomposites Applied in Electrochemical Sensors: A Recent Survey. ELECTROCHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/electrochem2030032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) have been widely investigated in recent years due to their outstanding physicochemical properties. Their remarkable characteristics allied to their capability of being easily synthesized and combined with other materials have allowed their use as electrochemical sensing platforms. In this work, we survey recent applications of GQDs-based nanocomposites in electrochemical sensors and biosensors. Firstly, the main characteristics and synthesis methods of GQDs are addressed. Next, the strategies generally used to obtain the GQDs nanocomposites are discussed. Emphasis is given on the applications of GQDs combined with distinct 0D, 1D, 2D nanomaterials, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), ionic liquids, as well as other types of materials, in varied electrochemical sensors and biosensors for detecting analytes of environmental, medical, and agricultural interest. We also discuss the current trends and challenges towards real applications of GQDs in electrochemical sensors.
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Ramana LN, Agarwal V. Nanodiamonds synthesis using sustainable concentrated solar thermal energy: applications in bioimaging and phototherapy. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:475602. [PMID: 34380124 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac1cbd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
There is a renewed interest in nanodiamonds and their applications in biology and medicine, especially in bioimaging and photothermal therapy. This is due to their small size, chemical inertness and unique photo-properties such as bright and robust fluorescence, resistant to photobleaching and photothermal response under near infrared (NIR) irradiation. However, the biggest challenge limiting the wide-spread use of nanodiamonds is the high-energy consuming, dangerous and sophisticated synthetic methods currently adopted by industry named higher temperature high pressure approach, and detonation method. Despite over a decade of research towards the development of new synthetic approaches, most of the methods developed to date require sophisticated instrumentations and have high energy demand. To circumvent the reliance on high energy demanding sophisticated experimental setups, here we present a simple synthetic approach using solar energy as a sustainable sole energy source. Using low-grade coal as carbon precursor, we used high power magnifying glasses to concentrate and focus sunlight to induce synthesis of nanodiamonds. The synthesized nanodiamonds exhibit similar physicochemical and photo-properties as nanodiamonds synthesized using other synthetic approaches.In vitrostudies using macrophage Raw 264.7 cells demonstrated rapid uptake and bright fluorescence of the synthesized nanodiamonds with superior biocompatibility (≥95% cell viability). The synthesized nanodiamonds also exhibited dose dependent photothermal response under NIR irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Narashimhan Ramana
- Multidisciplinary Clinical and Translational Research group (MCTR), Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), Faridabad 121001, India
| | - Vipul Agarwal
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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Villalva MD, Agarwal V, Ulanova M, Sachdev PS, Braidy N. Quantum dots as a theranostic approach in Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2021; 16:1595-1611. [PMID: 34180261 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2021-0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Quantum dots (QDs) are nanoparticles that have an emerging application as theranostic agents in several neurodegenerative diseases. The advantage of QDs as nanomedicine is due to their unique optical properties that provide high sensitivity, stability and selectivity at a nanoscale range. Objective: To offer renewed insight into current QD research and elucidate its promising application in Alzheimer's disease (AD) diagnosis and therapy. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed and Google Scholar databases that included the following search terms: 'quantum dots', 'blood-brain barrier', 'cytotoxicity', 'toxicity' and 'Alzheimer's disease'; PRISMA guidelines were adhered to. Results: Thirty-four publications were selected to evaluate the ability of QDs to cross the blood-brain barrier, potential toxicity and current AD diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Conclusion: QD's unique optical properties and versatility to conjugate to various biomolecules, while maintaining a nanoscale size, render them a promising theranostic tool in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria D Villalva
- Centre for Healthy Brain Aging, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia
| | - Vipul Agarwal
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Marina Ulanova
- Centre for Healthy Brain Aging, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia
| | - Perminder S Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Aging, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia.,Neuropsychiatric Institute, Euroa Centre, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nady Braidy
- Centre for Healthy Brain Aging, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia
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