1
|
Fang Y, Hillman AS, Fox JM. Advances in the Synthesis of Bioorthogonal Reagents: s-Tetrazines, 1,2,4-Triazines, Cyclooctynes, Heterocycloheptynes, and trans-Cyclooctenes. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2024; 382:15. [PMID: 38703255 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-024-00455-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Aligned with the increasing importance of bioorthogonal chemistry has been an increasing demand for more potent, affordable, multifunctional, and programmable bioorthogonal reagents. More advanced synthetic chemistry techniques, including transition-metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions, C-H activation, photoinduced chemistry, and continuous flow chemistry, have been employed in synthesizing novel bioorthogonal reagents for universal purposes. We discuss herein recent developments regarding the synthesis of popular bioorthogonal reagents, with a focus on s-tetrazines, 1,2,4-triazines, trans-cyclooctenes, cyclooctynes, hetero-cycloheptynes, and -trans-cycloheptenes. This review aims to summarize and discuss the most representative synthetic approaches of these reagents and their derivatives that are useful in bioorthogonal chemistry. The preparation of these molecules and their derivatives utilizes both classical approaches as well as the latest organic chemistry methodologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinzhi Fang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, 590 Avenue 1743, Newark, DE, 19713, USA.
| | - Ashlyn S Hillman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, 590 Avenue 1743, Newark, DE, 19713, USA
| | - Joseph M Fox
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, 590 Avenue 1743, Newark, DE, 19713, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Daher A, Bousfiha A, Tolbatov I, Mboyi CD, Cattey H, Roisnel T, Fleurat-Lessard P, Hissler M, Hierso JC, Bouit PA, Roger J. Tetrazo[1,2-b]indazoles: Straightforward Access to Nitrogen-Rich Polyaromatics from s-Tetrazines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202300571. [PMID: 36710261 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202300571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The straightforward access to a new class of aza-polyaromatics is reported. Starting from readily available fluorinated s-tetrazine, a cyclization process with azide leads to the formation of an unprecedented tetrazo[1,2-b]indazole or a bis-tetrazo[1,2-b]indazole (cis and trans conformers). Based on the new nitrogen core, further N-directed palladium-catalyzed ortho-C-H bond functionalization allows the introduction of halides or acetates. The physicochemical properties of these compounds were studied by a joint experimental/theoretical approach. The tetrazo[1,2-b]indazoles display solid-state π-stacking, low reduction potential, absorption in the visible range up to the near-infrared, and intense fluorescence, depending on the molecular structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Daher
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR CNRS 6302 -, Université Bourgogne (UB) 9, avenue Alain Savary, 21078, Dijon, France
| | - Asmae Bousfiha
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR CNRS 6302 -, Université Bourgogne (UB) 9, avenue Alain Savary, 21078, Dijon, France
| | - Iogann Tolbatov
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR CNRS 6302 -, Université Bourgogne (UB) 9, avenue Alain Savary, 21078, Dijon, France
| | - Clève D Mboyi
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR CNRS 6302 -, Université Bourgogne (UB) 9, avenue Alain Savary, 21078, Dijon, France
| | - Hélène Cattey
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR CNRS 6302 -, Université Bourgogne (UB) 9, avenue Alain Savary, 21078, Dijon, France
| | | | - Paul Fleurat-Lessard
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR CNRS 6302 -, Université Bourgogne (UB) 9, avenue Alain Savary, 21078, Dijon, France
| | | | - Jean-Cyrille Hierso
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR CNRS 6302 -, Université Bourgogne (UB) 9, avenue Alain Savary, 21078, Dijon, France
| | | | - Julien Roger
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR CNRS 6302 -, Université Bourgogne (UB) 9, avenue Alain Savary, 21078, Dijon, France
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Coordination Chemistry of a Bis(Tetrazine) Tweezer: A Case of Host-Guest Behavior with Silver Salts. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092705. [PMID: 34063008 PMCID: PMC8124956 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The carbon-carbon cross-coupling of phenyl s-tetrazine (Tz) units at their ortho-phenyl positions allows the formation of constrained bis(tetrazines) with original tweezer structures. In these compounds, the face-to-face positioning of the central tetrazine cores is reinforced by π-stacking of the electron-poor nitrogen-containing heteroaromatic moieties. The resulting tetra-aromatic structure can be used as a weak coordinating ligand with cationic silver. This coordination generates a set of bis(tetrazine)-silver(I) coordination complexes tolerating a large variety of counter anions of various geometries, namely, PF6−, BF4−, SbF6−, ClO4−, NTf2−, and OTf−. These compounds were characterized in the solid state by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD) and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, and in solution by 1H-NMR, mass spectrometry, electroanalysis, and UV-visible absorption spectrophotometry. The X-ray crystal structure of complexes {[Ag(3)][PF6]}∞ (4) and {[Ag(3)][SbF6]}∞ (6), where 3 is 3,3′-[(1,1′-biphenyl)-2,2′-diyl]-6,6′-bis(phenyl)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine, revealed the formation of 1D polymeric chains, characterized by an evolution to a large opening of the original tweezer and a coordination of silver(I) via two chelating nitrogen atom and some C=C π-interactions. Electrochemical and UV spectroscopic properties of the original tweezer and of the corresponding silver complexes are reported and compared. 1H-NMR titrations with AgNTf2 allowed the determination of the stoichiometry and apparent stability of two solution species, namely [Ag(3)]+ and [Ag(3)2]2+, that formed in CDCl3/CD3OD 2:1 v/v mixtures.
Collapse
|
4
|
Lipunova GN, Nosova EV, Zyryanov GV, Charushin VN, Chupakhin ON. 1,2,4,5-Tetrazine derivatives as components and precursors of photo- and electroactive materials. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00465d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic approaches to 3,6-disubstituted-1,2,4,5-tetrazine systems are analyzed, and their properties attractive to practical applications in photo- and electroactive materials are overviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Galina N. Lipunova
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 22 S. Kovalevskaya st./20 Akademicheskaya st., Ekaterinburg 620137, Russia
| | - Emiliya V. Nosova
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 22 S. Kovalevskaya st./20 Akademicheskaya st., Ekaterinburg 620137, Russia
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira st., Ekaterinburg 620002, Russia
| | - Grigory V. Zyryanov
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 22 S. Kovalevskaya st./20 Akademicheskaya st., Ekaterinburg 620137, Russia
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira st., Ekaterinburg 620002, Russia
| | - Valery N. Charushin
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 22 S. Kovalevskaya st./20 Akademicheskaya st., Ekaterinburg 620137, Russia
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira st., Ekaterinburg 620002, Russia
| | - Oleg N. Chupakhin
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 22 S. Kovalevskaya st./20 Akademicheskaya st., Ekaterinburg 620137, Russia
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira st., Ekaterinburg 620002, Russia
| |
Collapse
|