1
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Leyva-Parra L, Pino-Rios R. Update for Isomerization Stabilization Energies: The Fulvenization Approach. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:1436-1442. [PMID: 38222592 PMCID: PMC10785285 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c07881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
An alternative approach for calculating aromatic stabilization energies is proposed based on transforming an (anti)aromatic ring into a fulvene isomer. This fulvenization process gives a value of 34.05 kcal·mol-1 for benzene in the singlet state and a value of -17.85 kcal·mol-1 in the triplet state. Additionally, it is possible to use experimental values (as long as they exist) for the calculation as the gas-phase formation enthalpies of benzene and fulvene, whose difference is 33.72 kcal·mol-1. On the other hand, this same approach has been evaluated on several six-membered rings, including those persubstituted, biradicals, azines, and inorganic analogues, giving results in agreement with those reported in the literature using different criteria. Additionally, it is possible to differentiate the aromaticity of the rings in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons according to Clar's rules. Assigning the (anti)aromatic character in various nonbenzenoid rings (neutral and charged), except for five- and seven-membered rings, is also possible. The construction of the fulvene isomers in PAHs is set such that nonaromaticity-related effects are not considered. The results show that the fulvenization approach is an effective and efficient approach that can serve as an alternative or complement to existing tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Leyva-Parra
- Departamento
de Ciencias Químicas, Centro de Química Teórica
& Computacional (CQT&C), Universidad
Andrés Bello, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Avenida República 275, 8370146 Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Ricardo Pino-Rios
- Instituto
de Estudios de la Salud, Universidad Arturo
Prat, 1100000 Iquique, Chile
- Química
y Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Arturo Prat, Casilla 121, 1100000 Iquique, Chile
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2
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Báez-Grez R, Pino-Rios R. On the aromaticity and stability of benzynes in the ground and lowest-lying triplet excited states. J Comput Chem 2024; 45:6-12. [PMID: 37671655 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.27214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we have revisited the aromaticity of benzyne isomers at the unrestricted density functional theory level (UDFT) using the energetic, magnetic, and delocalization criteria. In addition, this last criterion has also been analyzed employing complete active space (CASSCF) calculations. The results show conservation of aromaticity in these monocycles. Additionally it is observed that this trend is maintained in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon derivatives such as biradical didehydrophenanthrenes. Do these results imply a violation of Baird's rule? The answer is No, because this conservation in aromaticity is due to the loss of hydrogen atoms affects only the electronic σ skeleton and exerts a minor influence on the π cloud. Additionally, we have analyzed the relative stability of benzyne isomers and their relationship with experimental ΔES-T values. According to the literature, the stability of the benzynes in the singlet state is due to an effective interaction between the electrons of the biradical centers; however, this effect is completely reversed in the triplet state, which explains why the para isomer has the lowest ΔES-T gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Báez-Grez
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ricardo Pino-Rios
- Instituto de Estudios de la Salud, Universidad Arturo, Chile
- Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Arturo Prat, Chile
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3
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Báez-Grez R, Pino-Rios R. On the Importance of Noncovalent Interactions in the Stabilization of Nonconventional Compounds Using Bulky Groups. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:23168-23173. [PMID: 37396283 PMCID: PMC10308520 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c02663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we studied the capability of bulky groups to contribute to the stabilization of a given compound in addition to the well-known steric effect related to substituents due to their composition (alkyl chains and aromatic groups, among others). For this purpose, the recently synthesized 1-bora-3-boratabenzene anion which contains large substituents was analyzed by means of the independent gradient model (IGM), natural population analysis (NPA) at the TPSS/def2-TZVP level, force field-based energy decomposition analysis (EDA-FF) applying the universal force field (UFF), and molecular dynamics calculations under the GFN2-xTB approach. The results indicate that the bulky groups should not only be considered for their steric effects but also for their ability to stabilize a system that could be very reactive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Báez-Grez
- Computational
and Theoretical Chemistry Group, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas,
Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad
Andres Bello, República 275, 8370146 Santiago, Chile
| | - Ricardo Pino-Rios
- Química
y Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Arturo Prat., Casilla 121, Iquique 1100000, Chile
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4
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Báez-Grez R, Yáñez O, Pino-Rios R. Electronic Transmutation Concept: Is the Inverse Process Possible? An Evaluation of Main Group Compounds. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:2880-2886. [PMID: 36713707 PMCID: PMC9878657 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The electronic transmutation (ET) concept states that when an element with atomic number Z gains an electron, it transmutes into a Z + 1 element, leading to species that possess similar chemical bonding patterns and geometric structures regarding the original (Z + 1) element. In this work, the opposite concept, that is, the inverse ET, is assessed. For this purpose, several main group compounds have been analyzed in terms of the adaptive natural density partitioning. The obtained results suggest that when an atom Z loses an electron, it transmutes into a Z - 1 atom, acquiring its geometrical structure and bonding pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Báez-Grez
- Computational
and Theoretical Chemistry Group, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas,
Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad
Andres Bello, República
275, Santiago 8320000, Chile
| | - Osvaldo Yáñez
- Facultad
de Ingeniería y Negocios, Universidad
de las Américas, Santiago 7500000, Chile
| | - Ricardo Pino-Rios
- Química
y Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Arturo Prat. Casilla 121, Iquique 1100000, Chile
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5
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Sun Q, Daniliuc CG, Mück‐Lichtenfeld C, Kehr G, Erker G. Formation of a Hybrid 1‐Bora‐3‐boratabenzene Heteroarene Anion Derivative. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202205565. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202205565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiu Sun
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Constantin G. Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Christian Mück‐Lichtenfeld
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Gerald Kehr
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Gerhard Erker
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
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6
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Báez-Grez R, Pino-Rios R. Evaluation of Slight Changes in Aromaticity through Electronic and Density Functional Reactivity Theory-Based Descriptors. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:21939-21945. [PMID: 35785290 PMCID: PMC9245093 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Aromaticity is a useful tool to rationalize the structure, stability, and reactivity in several compounds. Although aromaticity is not directly an observable, it is well accepted that electronic delocalization around the molecular ring is a key stabilizing feature of aromatic compounds. This contribution presents a systematic evaluation of the capability of delocalization and reactivity criteria to describe aromaticity in a set of fluorinated benzenes. The aromaticity indices are compared with quantities obtained from the magnetic criteria of aromaticity, i.e., the strength of the ring current induced by an external magnetic field and the popular NICS zz (1) index. In this evaluation, the indices based on delocalization criteria used are aromatic fluctuation index (FLU), para-delocalization index (PDI), PDIπ, and the multicenter delocalization index (MCI). In addition, indices based on the bifurcation values of scalar functions are derived from electron density such as electron localization function (the π contribution, ELFπ) and the π contribution of the localized orbital locator (LOLπ). Furthermore, reactivity indices based on chemical reactivity and the information-theoretic (reactivity) approach are para-linear response (PLR), Shannon entropy, Fisher information, and Ghosh-Berkowitz-Parr (GBP) entropy. The results obtained show that the delocalization-based indicators present a high sensitivity to slight changes in aromaticity and that the reactivity criterion can be considered as a complementary tool for the study of this phenomenon, even when these changes are minimal. These results encourage the use of multiple indicators for a complete understanding of aromaticity in various chemical compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Báez-Grez
- Computational
and Theoretical Chemistry Group, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas,
Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad
Andres Bello, República 275, Santiago 8370146, Chile
| | - Ricardo Pino-Rios
- Instituto
de Ciencias Químicas Aplicadas, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, 7500912 Santiago, Chile
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7
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Sun Q, Daniliuc CG, Mück-Lichtenfeld C, Kehr G, Erker G. Formation of a Hybrid 1‐Bora‐3‐boratabenzene Heteroarene Anion Derivative. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202205565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiu Sun
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster: Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Munster Organisch-Chemisches Institut GERMANY
| | - Constantin G. Daniliuc
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster: Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Munster Organisch-Chemsiches Institut GERMANY
| | | | - Gerald Kehr
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster: Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Munster Organisch-Chemisches Institut GERMANY
| | - Gerhard Erker
- Universität Münster Organisch-Chemisches Institut Corrensstr. 40 48149 Münster GERMANY
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8
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Wisofsky GK, Rojales K, Su X, Bartholome TA, Molino A, Kaur A, Wilson DJD, Dutton JL, Martin CD. Ligation of Boratabenzene and 9-Borataphenanthrene to Coinage Metals. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:18981-18989. [PMID: 34879201 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The reactions of boratabenzene and borataphenanthrene anions with group 11 Ph3PMCl reagents furnished η2 coordination complexes, with the exception of the copper boratabenzene species that adopted an η6 mode. The binding of arene ligands to copper in an η6 manner is rare, and altering the ancillary ligand on copper to an N-heterocyclic carbene switched the binding of the boratabenzene to η2, indicating that such ligands are capable of vacating coordination sites. The η2 coordination complexes bind side-on, akin to olefins, via a borataalkene unit, although with the carbon atom much more proximal to the metal center than boron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta K Wisofsky
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
| | - Katherine Rojales
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
| | - Xiaojun Su
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
| | - Tyler A Bartholome
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
| | - Andrew Molino
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 3086
| | - Aishvaryadeep Kaur
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 3086
| | - David J D Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 3086
| | - Jason L Dutton
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 3086
| | - Caleb D Martin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
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9
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Pino-Rios R, Báez-Grez R, Solà M. Acenes and phenacenes in their lowest-lying triplet states. Does kinked remain more stable than straight? Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:13574-13582. [PMID: 34109330 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01441b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The larger stability of phenacenes compared to their acene isomers in their ground states is attributed to the larger aromaticity of the former. To our knowledge the relative stability of acenes and phenacenes in their lowest-lying triplet states (T1) has not been discussed yet. Using unrestricted density functional theory calculations, our results show that for the smallest members of the series, acenes in their T1 states are more stable than the corresponding phenacenes. However, when the number of the rings (n) involved increases, the energy difference is reduced and for n > 12, phenacenes become more stable than acenes in their T1 states. To rationalize this trend, we analyze the aromaticity of acenes and phenacenes using a set of aromaticity descriptors. We find that in the T1 states of both acenes and phenacenes, the outer rings form aromatic Clar π-sextets. In acenes, delocalization of spin density in the central rings leads to the preferred formation of the largest antiaromatic diradical. Resonant structures in the form of antiaromatic diradical Baird π-octadectets and π-tetradectets are the major contributors, while the smaller ones, such as π-doublets and π-sextets, contribute the least. In phenacenes, structures with diradical antiaromatic Baird π-sextets in some of the central rings contribute the most. These results are relevant to understand the (anti)aromaticity of larger polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in their triplet states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Pino-Rios
- Laboratorio de Química Teórica, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Región Metropolitana, Chile.
| | - Rodrigo Báez-Grez
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, República 498, Santiago, Chile
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain.
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10
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Pino-Rios R, Solà M. The Relative Stability of Indole Isomers Is a Consequence of the Glidewell-Lloyd Rule. J Phys Chem A 2020; 125:230-234. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c09549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Pino-Rios
- Laboratorio de Química teórica, Facultad de Química y Biología. Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Región Metropolitana, 8320000, Chile
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institute of Computational Chemistry and Catalysis, University of Girona, Girona, Catalonia 17003, Spain
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