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Zhang Y, Wang J, Cui Z, Guo S, Wang Y, Li W, Zhou C, Run M, Qin J. Preparation of antibacterial hydrogel from poly(aspartic hydrazide) and quaternized N-[3-(dimethylamino) propyl] methylacrylamide copolymer with antioxidant and hemostatic effects for wound repairing. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2024; 238:113881. [PMID: 38608460 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2024.113881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogels as wound dressing have attracted extensive attention in past decade because they can provide moist microenvironment to promote wound healing. Herein, this research designed a multifunctional hydrogel with antibacterial property and antioxidant activity fabricated from quaternary ammonium bearing light emitting quaternized TPE-P(DAA-co-DMAPMA) (QTPDD) and poly(aspartic hydrazide) (PAH). The protocatechuic aldehyde (PCA) grafted to the hydrogel through dynamic bond endowed the hydrogel with antioxidant activity and the tranexamic acid (TXA) was loaded to enhance the hemostatic performance. The hydrogel possesses preferable gelation time for injectable application, good antioxidant property and tissue adhesion, improved hemostatic performance fit for wound repairing. Furthermore, the hydrogel has excellent antimicrobial property to both E. coli and S. aureus based on quaternary ammonium structure. The hydrogel also showed good biocompatibility and the in vivo experiments proved this hydrogel can promote the wound repairing rate. This study suggests that TXA/hydrogel with quaternary ammonium structure and dynamic grafted PCA have great potential in wound healing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei University, Baoding City, Hebei Province 071002, China
| | - Junling Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei University, Baoding City, Hebei Province 071002, China
| | - Zhe Cui
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Shuai Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding City, Hebei Province 071002, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis mechanism and control of inflammatory-autoimmune diseases in Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding City, Hebei Province 071002, China
| | - Wenjuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis mechanism and control of inflammatory-autoimmune diseases in Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding City, Hebei Province 071002, China
| | - Chengyan Zhou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.
| | - Mingtao Run
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei University, Baoding City, Hebei Province 071002, China.
| | - Jianglei Qin
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei University, Baoding City, Hebei Province 071002, China; Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis mechanism and control of inflammatory-autoimmune diseases in Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding City, Hebei Province 071002, China.
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2
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Lan X, Yang H, Xiong Y, Zeng G, Dong F. Polyvinyl alcohol/chitosan quaternary ammonium salt composite hydrogel with directional macroporous structure for photothermal synergistic antibacterial and wound healing promotion. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 267:131549. [PMID: 38626838 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
After skin tissue trauma, wound infections caused by bacteria posed a great threat to skin repair. However, resistance to antibiotics, the current treatment of choice for bacterial infections, greatly affected the efficiency of anti-infection and wound healing. Therefore, there has been a critical need for the development of novel antimicrobial materials and advanced therapeutic methods to aid in skin repair. In this paper, rGO-PDA@ZIF-8 nanofillers were prepared by coating graphene oxide (GO) with dopamine (DA), followed by in situ growth of zeolite imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8). Using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and chitosan quaternary ammonium salt (CS) as matrix materials, along with polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a pore-forming agent, and rGO-PDA@ZIF-8 as an antimicrobial nano-filler, we successfully prepared rGO-PDA@ZIF-8/PVA/CS composite hydrogels with a directional macroporous structure using bidirectional freezing method and phase separation technique. This hydrogel exhibited excellent mechanical properties, good solubility and water retention capabilities. In addition, the hydrogel demonstrated excellent biocompatibility. Most notably, it not only exhibited excellent bactericidal effect against E. coli and S. aureus (99.1 % and 99.0 %, respectively) under the synergistic effect of intrinsic antibacterial activity and photothermal antibacterial, but also exhibited the ability to promote wound healing, making it a promising candidate for wound healing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianyu Lan
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Hang Yang
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yuzhu Xiong
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Guanyue Zeng
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Fuping Dong
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
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3
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Croitoru AM, Ficai D, Ficai A. Novel Photothermal Graphene-Based Hydrogels in Biomedical Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1098. [PMID: 38675017 PMCID: PMC11053615 DOI: 10.3390/polym16081098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, photothermal therapy (PTT) has attracted tremendous attention because it is non-invasive, shows high efficiency and antibacterial activity, and minimizes drug side effects. Previous studies demonstrated that PTT can effectively inhibit the growth of bacteria and promotes cell proliferation, accelerating wound healing and tissue regeneration. Among different NIR-responsive biomaterials, graphene-based hydrogels with photothermal properties are considered as the best candidates for biomedical applications, due to their excellent properties. This review summarizes the current advances in the development of innovative graphene-based hydrogels for PTT-based biomedical applications. Also, the information about photothermal properties and the potential applications of graphene-based hydrogels in biomedical therapies are provided. These findings provide a great potential for supporting their applications in photothermal biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa-Maria Croitoru
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest (ICUB), University of Bucharest, Spl. Independentei 91-95, 0500957 Bucharest, Romania;
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, National University for Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, Gh. Polizu St. 1-7, 011061 Bucharest, Romania;
- National Centre for Food Safety, National University for Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, Spl. Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Denisa Ficai
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, National University for Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, Gh. Polizu St. 1-7, 011061 Bucharest, Romania;
- National Centre for Food Safety, National University for Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, Spl. Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anton Ficai
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, National University for Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, Gh. Polizu St. 1-7, 011061 Bucharest, Romania;
- National Centre for Micro- and Nanomaterials, National University for Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, Spl. Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, 3 Ilfov Street, 050045 Bucharest, Romania
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4
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Solvent-Evaporation-Induced Synthesis of Graphene Oxide/Peptide Nanofiber (GO/PNF) Hybrid Membranes Doped with Silver Nanoparticles for Antibacterial Application. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15051321. [PMID: 36904561 PMCID: PMC10006990 DOI: 10.3390/polym15051321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Designing functional membranes through the collaboration of multi-dimensional nanomaterials is of particular interest in environmental and biomedical applications. Herein, we propose a facile and green synthetic strategy by collaborating with graphene oxide (GO), peptides, and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) to synthesize functional hybrid membranes with favourable antibacterial effects. GO nanosheets are functionalized with self-assembled peptide nanofibers (PNFs) to form GO/PNFs nanohybrids, in which the PNFs not only improve the biocompatibility and dispersity of GO, but also provide more active sites for growing and anchoring AgNPs. As a result, multifunctional GO/PNFs/AgNP hybrid membranes with adjustable thickness and AgNP density are prepared via the solvent evaporation technique. The structural morphology of the as-prepared membranes is characterized using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and their properties are analyzed by spectral methods. The hybrid membranes are then subjected to antibacterial experiments and their excellent antibacterial performances are demonstrated.
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Zhou R, Zhou Q, Ling G, Zhang P. A cross-linked hydrogel of bismuth sulfide nanoparticles with excellent photothermal antibacterial and mechanical properties to combat bacterial infection and prompt wound healing. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.130832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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6
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Silver nanoparticles based on Sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin functionalized graphene oxide nanocomposite: synthesized, characterization, and antibacterial activity. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 221:113009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.113009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Choi C, Chakraborty A, Coyle A, Shamiya Y, Paul A. Contact-Free Remote Manipulation of Hydrogel Properties Using Light-Triggerable Nanoparticles: A Materials Science Perspective for Biomedical Applications. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2102088. [PMID: 35032156 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202102088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Considerable progress has been made in synthesizing "intelligent", biodegradable hydrogels that undergo rapid changes in physicochemical properties once exposed to external stimuli. These advantageous properties of stimulus-triggered materials make them highly appealing to diverse biomedical applications. Of late, research on the incorporation of light-triggered nanoparticles (NPs) into polymeric hydrogel networks has gained momentum due to their ability to remotely tune hydrogel properties using facile, contact-free approaches, such as adjustment of wavelength and intensity of light source. These multi-functional NPs, in combination with tissue-mimicking hydrogels, are increasingly being used for on-demand drug release, preparing diagnostic kits, and fabricating smart scaffolds. Here, the authors discuss the atomic behavior of different NPs in the presence of light, and critically review the mechanisms by which NPs convert light stimuli into heat energy. Then, they explain how these NPs impact the mechanical properties and rheological behavior of NPs-impregnated hydrogels. Understanding the rheological behavior of nanocomposite hydrogels using different sophisticated strategies, including computer-assisted machine learning, is critical for designing the next generation of drug delivery systems. Next, they highlight the salient strategies that have been used to apply light-induced nanocomposites for diverse biomedical applications and provide an outlook for the further improvement of these NPs-driven light-responsive hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cho‐E Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering The University of Western Ontario London ON N6A 5B9 Canada
| | - Aishik Chakraborty
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering The University of Western Ontario London ON N6A 5B9 Canada
| | - Ali Coyle
- School of Biomedical Engineering The University of Western Ontario London ON N6A 5B9 Canada
| | - Yasmeen Shamiya
- Department of Chemistry The University of Western Ontario London ON N6A 5B9 Canada
| | - Arghya Paul
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering School of Biomedical Engineering Department of Chemistry The Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research The University of Western Ontario London ON N6A 5B9 Canada
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Yang Z, Zhang T, Ren J, Li J, Ge J, Shan H, Ji T, Xu M, Liu Q. Nano-silver functionalized spherical activated carbon with enhanced dipropyl sulfide adsorption capacity and antibacterial properties. RSC Adv 2022; 12:9933-9943. [PMID: 35424958 PMCID: PMC8965824 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra00124a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to the large dynamic adsorption performance and excellent mechanical strength, spherical activated carbon (SAC) has been widely applied in the field of biochemical protection. However, the adsorbed chemical warfare agent molecules might easily escape from the pores of SAC due to the impact of ambient temperature and humidity, resulting in secondary pollution. Herein, to improve the adsorption performance of SAC, an excessive impregnation method was used to fabricate nano-silver functionalized spherical activated carbon (Ag-SAC). The surface physicochemical structure of the obtained Ag-SAC was extensively studied, and dipropyl sulfide (DPS), a simulant of sulfur mustard (HD), was employed as the adsorbate to evaluate its adsorption capability. The effects of AgNO3 impregnation concentration, reaction time, initial concentration and temperature on the adsorption performance, were investigated. The equilibrium adsorption capacity of Ag-SAC towards DPS increased by 13.41% compared with that of pristine SAC. Kinetic models, adsorption isotherm models, and adsorption thermodynamics were used to study the adsorption mechanism. The results revealed that the adsorption of DPS by Ag-SAC is a mixed synergistic process, which includes chemical adsorption and physical adsorption. Moreover, the Ag-SAC exhibited good antibacterial characteristics, with an antibacterial rate over 99.28% against Escherichia coli. We anticipate that the Ag-SAC could be a promising material for the development of high performance breathable biochemical protection clothing. A kind of functional composite was prepared by loading silver nanoparticles firmly on the surface of spherical activated carbon, which showed chemical adsorption properties for chemical warfare agents and satisfactory antibacterial activity.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilian Yang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Technical Fiber Composites for Safety and Health, School of Textile and Clothing, Nantong University Nantong 226019 China
| | - Tianhao Zhang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Technical Fiber Composites for Safety and Health, School of Textile and Clothing, Nantong University Nantong 226019 China
| | - Jiarui Ren
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Technical Fiber Composites for Safety and Health, School of Textile and Clothing, Nantong University Nantong 226019 China
| | - Jiawen Li
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Technical Fiber Composites for Safety and Health, School of Textile and Clothing, Nantong University Nantong 226019 China
| | - Jianlong Ge
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Technical Fiber Composites for Safety and Health, School of Textile and Clothing, Nantong University Nantong 226019 China
| | - Haoru Shan
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Technical Fiber Composites for Safety and Health, School of Textile and Clothing, Nantong University Nantong 226019 China
| | - Tao Ji
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Technical Fiber Composites for Safety and Health, School of Textile and Clothing, Nantong University Nantong 226019 China
| | - Mingshen Xu
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Technical Fiber Composites for Safety and Health, School of Textile and Clothing, Nantong University Nantong 226019 China
| | - Qixia Liu
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Technical Fiber Composites for Safety and Health, School of Textile and Clothing, Nantong University Nantong 226019 China
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9
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Wang M, Su Y, Liu Y, Liang Y, Wu S, Zhou N, Shen J. Antibacterial fluorescent nano-sized lanthanum-doped carbon quantum dot embedded polyvinyl alcohol for accelerated wound healing. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 608:973-983. [PMID: 34785472 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria is one of the main culprits that cause human diseases and pose long-term challenges to people's health. Rare earth elements have unique antibacterial advantages, but little research is available. In this paper, we reported an antibacterial composite film based on lanthanum-doped carbon quantum dot nanoparticles (La@N-P-CQDs) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) film for fluorescence of antibiotics and accelerating wound healing. PVA/La@N-P-CQDs composite film presented excellent hydrophilicity, biocompatibility, fluorescence intensity, and antibacterial effects. The antibacterial activity of La@N-P-CQDs was evaluated by employing antibacterial assay using Escherichia coli (E.coli)and Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus) in vitro. La@N-P-CQDs showed enhanced antibacterial activity compared with N-P-CQDs. Moreover, the PVA/La@N-P-CQDs composite film with 0.5 mg/mL La@N-P-CQDs showed better antibacterial capability and wound healing performance than PVA and PVA/N-P-CQDs films in bacterial adhesion experiment. PVA/La@N-P-CQDs composite film could be used for wound dressing in vivo experiment and had no side effects on major organs in mice. The antibacterial composite film significantly promoted in vivo wound healing process because of its multifunctional properties. Therefore, it was an excellent candidate for wound dressing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingqian Wang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Yutian Su
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center of Interfacial Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yihan Liu
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Liang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Shishan Wu
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center of Interfacial Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ninglin Zhou
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, 210023 Nanjing, China.
| | - Jian Shen
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, 210023 Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Engineering Research Center of Interfacial Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, Nanjing 210023, China.
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10
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Gan Y, Lin C, Zhu H, Cheng X, Liu C, Shi J. An injectable self-healing CS/PDA–AgNPs hybrid hydrogel for mild and highly-efficient photothermal sterilization. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj00878e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
An injectable self-healing hybrid hydrogel was constructed for combating bacterial infection under mild photothermal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Gan
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immune-Engineering of Henan Province, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Chen Lin
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immune-Engineering of Henan Province, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Hao Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immune-Engineering of Henan Province, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Xuedan Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immune-Engineering of Henan Province, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Chaoqun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immune-Engineering of Henan Province, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Jiahua Shi
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immune-Engineering of Henan Province, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R. China
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Zhang X, Tan B, Wu Y, Zhang M, Liao J. A Review on Hydrogels with Photothermal Effect in Wound Healing and Bone Tissue Engineering. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2100. [PMID: 34202237 PMCID: PMC8271463 DOI: 10.3390/polym13132100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Photothermal treatment (PTT) is a promising strategy to deal with multidrug-resistant bacteria infection and promote tissue regeneration. Previous studies demonstrated that hyperthermia can effectively inhibit the growth of bacteria, whereas mild heat can promote cell proliferation, further accelerating wound healing and bone regeneration. Especially, hydrogels with photothermal properties could achieve remotely controlled drug release. In this review, we introduce a photothermal agent hybrid in hydrogels for a photothermal effect. We also summarize the potential mechanisms of photothermal hydrogels regarding antibacterial action, angiogenesis, and osteogenesis. Furthermore, recent developments in photothermal hydrogels in wound healing and bone regeneration applications are introduced. Finally, future application of photothermal hydrogels is discussed. Hydrogels with photothermal effects provide a new direction for wound healing and bone regeneration, and this review will give a reference for the tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jinfeng Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (X.Z.); (B.T.); (Y.W.); (M.Z.)
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