1
|
Celi N, Cai J, Sun H, Feng L, Zhang D, Gong D. Biohybrid Flexible Sperm-like Microrobot for Targeted Chemo-Photothermal Therapy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 38687629 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c02836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Magnetic micro/nanorobots are promising platforms for targeted drug delivery, and their construction with soft and flexible features has received extensive attention for practical applications. Despite significant efforts in this field, facile fabrication of magnetic microrobots with flexible structures and versatility in targeted therapy remains a big challenge. Herein, we proposed a novel universal strategy to fabricate a biohybrid flexible sperm-like microrobot (BFSM) based on a Chlorella (Ch.) cell and artificial flagella, which showed great potential for targeted chemo-photothermal therapy for the first time. In this approach, microspherical Ch. cells were utilized to construct the microrobotic heads, which were intracellularly deposited with core-shell Pd@Au, extracellularly magnetized with Fe3O4, and further loaded with anticancer drug. The magnetic heads with excellent photothermal and chemotherapeutic capability were further assembled with flexible polypyrrole nanowires via biotin-streptavidin bonding to construct the BFSMs. Based on the exquisite head-to-tail structures, the BFSMs could be effectively propelled under precessing magnetic fields and move back and forth without a U-turn. Moreover, in vitro chemo-photothermal tests were conducted to verify their performance of targeted drug delivery toward localized HeLa cells. Due to this superior versatility and facile fabrication, the BFSMs demonstrated great potential for targeted anticancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nuoer Celi
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jun Cai
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hongyan Sun
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Lin Feng
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Deyuan Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - De Gong
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rogowski LW, Kim MJ. Spontaneous symmetry breaking propulsion of chemically coated magnetic microparticles. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17646. [PMID: 36271100 PMCID: PMC9587300 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21725-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemically coated micro/nanoparticles are often used in medicine to enhance drug delivery and increase drug up-take into specific areas of the body. Using a recently discovered spontaneous symmetry breaking propulsion mechanism, we demonstrate that chemically coated microparticles can swim through mucus solution under precise navigation and that certain functionalizations can dynamically change propulsion behavior. For this investigation biotin, Bitotin-PEG3-amine, and biotin chitosan were chemically functionalized onto the surfaces of magnetic microparticles using an avidin-biotin complex. These chemicals were chosen because they are used prolifically in drug delivery applications, with PEG and chitosan having well known mucoadhesive effects. Coated microparticles were then suspended in mucus synthesized from porcine stomach mucins and propelled using rotating magnetic fields. The relationship between different chemical coatings, microparticle velocity, and controllability were thoroughly explored and discussed. Results indicate that the biotinylated surface coatings altered the propulsion behavior of microparticles, with performance differences interlinked to both magnetic field properties and localized mucus properties. Precisely controlled drug carrying microparticles are envisioned to help supplant traditional drug delivery methods and enhance existing medical techniques utilizing micro/nanoparticles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Min Jun Kim
- grid.263864.d0000 0004 1936 7929Department of Mechanical Engineering, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275 USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Filippi M, Garello F, Yasa O, Kasamkattil J, Scherberich A, Katzschmann RK. Engineered Magnetic Nanocomposites to Modulate Cellular Function. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2104079. [PMID: 34741417 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202104079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have various applications in biomedicine, including imaging, drug delivery and release, genetic modification, cell guidance, and patterning. By combining MNPs with polymers, magnetic nanocomposites (MNCs) with diverse morphologies (core-shell particles, matrix-dispersed particles, microspheres, etc.) can be generated. These MNCs retain the ability of MNPs to be controlled remotely using external magnetic fields. While the effects of these biomaterials on the cell biology are still poorly understood, such information can help the biophysical modulation of various cellular functions, including proliferation, adhesion, and differentiation. After recalling the basic properties of MNPs and polymers, and describing their coassembly into nanocomposites, this review focuses on how polymeric MNCs can be used in several ways to affect cell behavior. A special emphasis is given to 3D cell culture models and transplantable grafts, which are used for regenerative medicine, underlining the impact of MNCs in regulating stem cell differentiation and engineering living tissues. Recent advances in the use of MNCs for tissue regeneration are critically discussed, particularly with regard to their prospective involvement in human therapy and in the construction of advanced functional materials such as magnetically operated biomedical robots.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Filippi
- Soft Robotics Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Tannenstrasse 3, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Francesca Garello
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, Torino, 10126, Italy
| | - Oncay Yasa
- Soft Robotics Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Tannenstrasse 3, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Jesil Kasamkattil
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, Basel, 4031, Switzerland
| | - Arnaud Scherberich
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, Basel, 4031, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Gewerbestrasse 14, Allschwil, 4123, Switzerland
| | - Robert K Katzschmann
- Soft Robotics Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Tannenstrasse 3, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Venezian R, Khalil ISM. Understanding Robustness of Magnetically Driven Helical Propulsion in Viscous Fluids Using Sensitivity Analysis. ADVANCED THEORY AND SIMULATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.202100519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Venezian
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering Faculty of Engineering Technology University of Twente Enschede 7500 AE The Netherlands
| | - Islam S. M. Khalil
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering Faculty of Engineering Technology University of Twente Enschede 7500 AE The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ahmad B, Gauthier M, Laurent GJ, Bolopion A. Mobile Microrobots for In Vitro Biomedical Applications: A Survey. IEEE T ROBOT 2022. [DOI: 10.1109/tro.2021.3085245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
6
|
Celi N, Gong D, Cai J. Artificial flexible sperm-like nanorobot based on self-assembly and its bidirectional propulsion in precessing magnetic fields. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21728. [PMID: 34741063 PMCID: PMC8571375 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00902-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Sperm cells can move at a high speed in biofluids based on the flexible flagella, which inspire novel flagellar micro-/nanorobots to be designed. Despite progress in fabricating sperm-type robots at micro scale, mass fabrication of vivid sperm-like nanorobots with flagellar flexibility is still challenging. In this work, a facile and efficient strategy is proposed to produce flexible sperm-like nanorobots with self-assembled head-to-tail structure, and its bidirectional propulsion property was studied in detail. The nanorobots were composed of a superparamagnetic head and a flexible Au/PPy flagellum, which were covalently linked via biotin-streptavidin bonding with a high yield. Under precessing magnetic fields, the head drove the flexible tail to rotate and generated undulatory bending waves propagating along the body. Bidirectional locomotion was investigated, and moving velocity as well as direction varied with the actuating conditions (field strength, frequency, direction) and the nanorobot's structure (tail length). Effective flagellar propulsion was observed near the substrate and high velocities were attained to move back and forth without U-turn. Typical modelling based on elastohydrodynamics and undulatory wave propagation were utilized for propulsion analysis. This research presents novel artificial flexible sperm-like nanorobots with delicate self-assembled head-to-tail structures and remarkable bidirectional locomotion performances, indicating significant potentials for nanorobotic design and future biomedical application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nuoer Celi
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - De Gong
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China. .,Shen Yuan Honors College, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Jun Cai
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rogowski LW, Zhang X, Tang J, Oxner M, Kim MJ. Flagellated Janus particles for multimodal actuation and transport. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2021; 15:044104. [PMID: 34504637 PMCID: PMC8407861 DOI: 10.1063/5.0053647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic Janus particles rely on chemical decomposition to self-propel and have displayed enormous potential for targeted drug delivery and cellular penetration. Catalytic propulsion mechanisms are limiting, however, with fuel requirements and specialized fluid properties being necessary to achieve propulsion. We have improved the dynamic propulsion of catalytic Janus particles by functionalizing flagellar filaments to one of their hemispheres. Flagellated Janus particles, torqued by rotating magnetic fields, swim along their rotation axis using the explicit chirality and flexibility of flagella, mimicking flagellar rotation of live bacteria. Depending on the working fluid, flagellated Janus particles can propel using either catalytic or swimming propulsion. We demonstrate experimentally that flagellated Janus particles behave predictably under the two actuation modes and can precisely follow trajectories under closed-loop feedback control. Flagellated Janus particles were demonstrated to swim in both Newtonian and shear-thickening fluids. These are the first Janus particles developed that can be propelled interchangeably between catalytic and flagellar swimming propulsion, allowing two distinct propulsion mechanisms for future use within in vivo operations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Min Jun Kim
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lee J, Zhang X, Park CH, Kim MJ. Real-Time Teleoperation of Magnetic Force-Driven Microrobots With 3D Haptic Force Feedback for Micro-Navigation and Micro-Transportation. IEEE Robot Autom Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1109/lra.2021.3060708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
9
|
Koleoso M, Feng X, Xue Y, Li Q, Munshi T, Chen X. Micro/nanoscale magnetic robots for biomedical applications. Mater Today Bio 2020; 8:100085. [PMID: 33299981 PMCID: PMC7702192 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2020.100085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic small-scale robots are devices of great potential for the biomedical field because of the several benefits of this method of actuation. Recent work on the development of these devices has seen tremendous innovation and refinement toward improved performance for potential clinical applications. This review briefly details recent advancements in small-scale robots used for biomedical applications, covering their design, fabrication, applications, and demonstration of ability, and identifies the gap in studies and the difficulties that have persisted in the optimization of the use of these devices. In addition, alternative biomedical applications are also suggested for some of the technologies that show potential for other functions. This study concludes that although the field of small-scale robot research is highly innovative there is need for more concerted efforts to improve functionality and reliability of these devices particularly in clinical applications. Finally, further suggestions are made toward the achievement of commercialization for these devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Koleoso
- School of Engineering, Institute for Bioengineering, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JL, UK
| | - X. Feng
- School of Engineering, Institute for Bioengineering, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JL, UK
| | - Y. Xue
- School of Engineering, Institute for Bioengineering, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JL, UK
| | - Q. Li
- School of Engineering, Institute for Energy Systems, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JL, UK
| | - T. Munshi
- School of Chemistry, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln, Lincolnshire, LN6 7TS, UK
| | - X. Chen
- School of Engineering, Institute for Bioengineering, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JL, UK
| |
Collapse
|