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Abouelregal AE, Marin M, Foul A, Askar SS. Coupled responses of thermomechanical waves in functionally graded viscoelastic nanobeams via thermoelastic heat conduction model including Atangana-Baleanu fractional derivative. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9122. [PMID: 38643238 PMCID: PMC11032392 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58866-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Accurately characterizing the thermomechanical parameters of nanoscale systems is essential for understanding their performance and building innovative nanoscale technologies due to their distinct behaviours. Fractional thermal transport models are commonly utilized to correctly depict the heat transfer that occurs in these nanoscale systems. The current study presents a novel mathematical thermoelastic model that incorporates a new fractional differential constitutive equation for heat conduction. This heat equation is useful for understanding the effects of thermal memory. An application of a fractional-time Atangana-Baleanu (AB) derivative with a local and non-singular kernel was utilized in the process of developing the mathematical model that was suggested. To deal with effects that depend on size, nonlocal constitutive relations are introduced. Furthermore, in order to take into consideration, the viscoelastic behaviour of the material at the nanoscale, the fractional Kelvin-Voigt model is utilized. The proposed model is highly effective in properly depicting the unusual thermal conductivity phenomena often found in nanoscale devices. The study also considered the mechanical deformation, temperature variations, and viscoelastic characteristics of the functionally graded (FG) nanostructured beams. The consideration was made that the material characteristics exhibit heterogeneity and continuous variation across the thickness of the beam as the nanobeam transitions from a ceramic composition in the lower region to a metallic composition in the upper region. The complicated thermomechanical features of simply supported viscoelastic nanobeams that were exposed to harmonic heat flow were determined by the application of the model that was constructed. Heterogeneity, nonlocality, and fractional operators are some of the important variables that contribute to its success, and this article provides a full study and illustration of the significance of these characteristics. The results that were obtained have the potential to play a significant role in pushing forward the design and development of tools, materials, and nanostructures that have viscoelastic mechanical characteristics and graded functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed E Abouelregal
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, 35516, Mansoura, Egypt.
| | - Marin Marin
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036, Brasov, Romania.
- Department of Statistics and Operations Research, College of Science, King Saud, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdelaziz Foul
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, 050045, Bucharest, Romania
| | - S S Askar
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, 050045, Bucharest, Romania
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Chen RS, Lu Y. Negative Capacitance Field Effect Transistors based on Van der Waals 2D Materials. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2304445. [PMID: 37899295 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202304445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Steep subthreshold swing (SS) is a decisive index for low energy consumption devices. However, the SS of conventional field effect transistors (FETs) has suffered from Boltzmann Tyranny, which limits the scaling of SS to sub-60 mV dec-1 at room temperature. Ferroelectric gate stack with negative capacitance (NC) is proved to reduce the SS effectively by the amplification of the gate voltage. With the application of 2D ferroelectric materials, the NC FETs can be further improved in performance and downscaled to a smaller dimension as well. This review introduces some related concepts for in-depth understanding of NC FETs, including the NC, internal gate voltage, SS, negative drain-induced barrier lowering, negative differential resistance, single-domain state, and multi-domain state. Meanwhile, this work summarizes the recent advances of the 2D NC FETs. Moreover, the electrical characteristics of some high-performance NC FETs are expressed as well. The factors which affect the performance of the 2D NC FETs are also presented in this paper. Finally, this work gives a brief summary and outlook for the 2D NC FETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruo-Si Chen
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering, Computing & Cybernetics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2602, Australia
| | - Yuerui Lu
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering, Computing & Cybernetics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2602, Australia
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Bagheri S, Abourahma J, Lu H, Vorobeva NS, Luo S, Gruverman A, Sinitskii A. High-yield fabrication of electromechanical devices based on suspended Ti 3C 2T x MXene monolayers. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:1248-1259. [PMID: 36541680 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr05493k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
MXenes, two-dimensional transition metal carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides, are known for their exceptional electronic and mechanical properties. Yet, the experimental efforts toward the realization of MXene-based nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) combining electrical and mechanical functionalities of MXenes at the nanoscale remain very limited. Here, we demonstrate a high-yield fabrication of the electromechanical devices based on individual suspended monolayer MXene flakes. We employed Ti3C2Tx, the most popular MXene material to date, that can be produced as high-quality micrometer-scale monolayer flakes with a high electrical conductivity of over 10 000 S cm-1 and a high effective Young's modulus of about 330 GPa. These Ti3C2Tx flakes can be transferred over prefabricated trenches in a Si/Si3N4 substrate at a high yield, potentially enabling fabrication of hundreds of electromechanical devices based on suspended MXene monolayers. We demonstrate very clean, uniform, and well-stretched membranes with different dimensions, with Ti3C2Tx flakes suspended over trenches with gaps ranging from 200 nm to 2 μm. The resulting Ti3C2Tx monolayer membranes were electrostatically actuated, while their vertical displacement was monitored using a tip of an atomic force microscope (AFM). The devices reliably responded to the electrostatic actuation in ambient conditions over multiple cycles and with different measurement parameters, such as AC frequency, AC voltage amplitude, and AFM tip loading force. The demonstration of the high-yield fabrication of working electromechanical devices based on suspended Ti3C2Tx MXene membranes at the ultimate monolayer limit paves the way for the future exploration of the potential of MXenes for NEMS applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saman Bagheri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA.
| | - Jehad Abourahma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA.
| | - Haidong Lu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Nataliia S Vorobeva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA.
| | - Shengyuan Luo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA.
| | - Alexei Gruverman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
- Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Alexander Sinitskii
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA.
- Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
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Tan D, Cao X, Huang J, Peng Y, Zeng L, Guo Q, Sun N, Bi S, Ji R, Jiang C. Monolayer MXene Nanoelectromechanical Piezo-Resonators with 0.2 Zeptogram Mass Resolution. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2201443. [PMID: 35619285 PMCID: PMC9353497 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202201443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
2D materials-based nanoelectromechanical resonant systems with high sensitivity can precisely trace quantities of ultra-small mass molecules and therefore are broadly applied in biological analysis, chemical sensing, and physical detection. However, conventional optical and capacitive transconductance schemes struggle to measure high-order mode resonant effectively, which is the scientific key to further achieving higher accuracy and lower noise. In the present study, the different vibrations of monolayer Ti3 C2 Tx MXene piezo-resonators are investigated, and achieve a high-order f2,3 resonant mode with a ≈234.59 ± 0.05 MHz characteristic peak due to the special piezoelectrical structure of the Ti3 C2 Tx MXene layer. The effective measurements of signals have a low thermomechanical motion spectral density (9.66 ± 0.01 fmHz$\frac{{fm}}{{\sqrt {Hz} }}$ ) and an extensive dynamic range (118.49 ± 0.42 dB) with sub-zeptograms resolution (0.22 ± 0.01 zg) at 300 K temperature and 1 atm. Furthermore, the functional groups of the Ti3 C2 Tx MXene with unique adsorption properties enable a high working range ratio of ≈3100 and excellent repeatability. This Ti3 C2 Tx MXene device demonstrates encouraging performance advancements over other nano-resonators and will lead the related engineering applications including high-sensitivity mass detectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongchen Tan
- Key Laboratory for Precision and Non‐traditional Machining Technology of the Ministry of EducationDalian University of TechnologyDalian116024China
| | - Xuguang Cao
- Key Laboratory for Precision and Non‐traditional Machining Technology of the Ministry of EducationDalian University of TechnologyDalian116024China
| | - Jijie Huang
- School of Materials EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN47907USA
| | - Yan Peng
- Key Laboratory for Precision and Non‐traditional Machining Technology of the Ministry of EducationDalian University of TechnologyDalian116024China
| | - Lijun Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Precision and Non‐traditional Machining Technology of the Ministry of EducationDalian University of TechnologyDalian116024China
| | - Qinglei Guo
- Department of Material Science and EngineeringFrederick Seitz Material Research LaboratoryUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
| | - Nan Sun
- Key Laboratory for Precision and Non‐traditional Machining Technology of the Ministry of EducationDalian University of TechnologyDalian116024China
| | - Sheng Bi
- Key Laboratory for Precision and Non‐traditional Machining Technology of the Ministry of EducationDalian University of TechnologyDalian116024China
| | - Ruonan Ji
- Department of PhysicsNorthwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi'an710072China
| | - Chengming Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Precision and Non‐traditional Machining Technology of the Ministry of EducationDalian University of TechnologyDalian116024China
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Kumar A, Dutta S, Kim S, Kwon T, Patil SS, Kumari N, Jeevanandham S, Lee IS. Solid-State Reaction Synthesis of Nanoscale Materials: Strategies and Applications. Chem Rev 2022; 122:12748-12863. [PMID: 35715344 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Nanomaterials (NMs) with unique structures and compositions can give rise to exotic physicochemical properties and applications. Despite the advancement in solution-based methods, scalable access to a wide range of crystal phases and intricate compositions is still challenging. Solid-state reaction (SSR) syntheses have high potential owing to their flexibility toward multielemental phases under feasibly high temperatures and solvent-free conditions as well as their scalability and simplicity. Controlling the nanoscale features through SSRs demands a strategic nanospace-confinement approach due to the risk of heat-induced reshaping and sintering. Here, we describe advanced SSR strategies for NM synthesis, focusing on mechanistic insights, novel nanoscale phenomena, and underlying principles using a series of examples under different categories. After introducing the history of classical SSRs, key theories, and definitions central to the topic, we categorize various modern SSR strategies based on the surrounding solid-state media used for nanostructure growth, conversion, and migration under nanospace or dimensional confinement. This comprehensive review will advance the quest for new materials design, synthesis, and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Creative Research Initiative Center for Nanospace-confined Chemical Reactions (NCCR) and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Soumen Dutta
- Creative Research Initiative Center for Nanospace-confined Chemical Reactions (NCCR) and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Seonock Kim
- Creative Research Initiative Center for Nanospace-confined Chemical Reactions (NCCR) and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Taewan Kwon
- Creative Research Initiative Center for Nanospace-confined Chemical Reactions (NCCR) and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Santosh S Patil
- Creative Research Initiative Center for Nanospace-confined Chemical Reactions (NCCR) and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Nitee Kumari
- Creative Research Initiative Center for Nanospace-confined Chemical Reactions (NCCR) and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Sampathkumar Jeevanandham
- Creative Research Initiative Center for Nanospace-confined Chemical Reactions (NCCR) and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - In Su Lee
- Creative Research Initiative Center for Nanospace-confined Chemical Reactions (NCCR) and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea.,Institute for Convergence Research and Education in Advanced Technology (I-CREATE), Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
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