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Xia Lim RR, Sturala J, Mazanek V, Sofer Z, Bonanni A. Impedimetric detection of gut-derived metabolites using 2D Germanene-based materials. Talanta 2024; 270:125509. [PMID: 38128276 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Apart from the extensively researched graphene under the Group 14 2D materials, monolayered germanene and its derivatives have been gaining interest lately as alternative class of 2D materials owing to their facile synthesis, and attractive electronic and optical properties. Herein, three different functionalized germanene-based nanomaterials, namely Ge-H, Ge-CH3 and Ge-C3-CN were investigated on their novel incorporation in impedimetric immunosensors for the detection of gut-derived metabolites associated with neurological diseases, such as kynurenic acid (KA) and quinolinic acid (QA). The designed germanene-based immunosensor relies on an indirect competitive mechanism using disposable electrode printed chips. The competition for a fixed binding site of a primary antibody occurs between the bovine serum albumin-conjugated antigens on the electrode surface and the free antigens in the solution. Among the three materials, Ge-H displayed superior bioanalytical performance in KA and QA detection. Lower limits of detection of 5.07-11.38 ng/mL (26.79-68.11 nM) were attained for KA and QA with a faster reaction time than previously reported methods. Also, minimal cross-reactivity with interfering compounds, good reproducibility in impedimetric responses (RSD = 2.43-7.51 %) and long-term stability up to a month at 4 °C were the other attributes that the proposed Ge-H competitive impedimetric immunosensor has accomplished. The application of the developed Ge-H immunosensor to serum samples allowed an accurate KA and QA quantification at physiologically relevant levels. This work serves as a stepping-stone in the development of germanene-based nanomaterials for their implementation into cost-effective, miniaturized, portable and rapid impedimetric immunosensors, which are highly desirable for point-of-care testing in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Rui Xia Lim
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Jiri Sturala
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka' 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Vlastimil Mazanek
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka' 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Sofer
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka' 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Alessandra Bonanni
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore; Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science in Universities of Shandong, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China; Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
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Liu C, Jiang Y, Meng C, Li B, Xia S. Efficient preparation of uniform germanane nanosheets as anode with high-cycling stability in lithium-ion batteries. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 650:236-246. [PMID: 37406564 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.06.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional germanane (2D GeH) is considered to be a potential anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to the unique structure and properties. In this study, an effective method for synthesizing GeH is proposed, involving the etching of ball-milled CaGe2 with dilute hydrochloric acid at room temperature for a short duration. The resulting GeH nanosheets exhibit uniformity and high yield without the need for harsh reaction conditions or repeated ultrasound and centrifugation treatments. Comparative analysis reveals that GeH fabricated using this method exhibit superior cycling stability when employed as electrode in LIBs in comparison with reported techniques. Specifically, the as-prepared GeH anode can achieve a specific capacity of 1320 mAh/g after 400 cycles at 0.2C (1C = 1600 mAh/g) and 1020 mAh/g after 1000 cycles at 1C. Furthermore, GeH//LiFePO4 full cell is assembled for evaluating its practical applications. The specific capacity remains stable, maintaining 108 mAh/g after 140 cycles at a current density of 1C (1C = 170 mAh/g). The results confirm that the nano refinement process presented in this study effectively simplifies the synthesis process and significantly enhances the anode stability of GeH materials in LIBs applications. Importantly, this work provides a promising and versatile approach for the mass production of 2D electrode materials with improved electrochemical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- State Key Lab of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yiming Jiang
- State Key Lab of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Chao Meng
- State Key Lab of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Bo Li
- State Key Lab of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Shengqing Xia
- State Key Lab of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
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Ng S, Pumera M. 2D Functionalized Germananes: Synthesis and Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2207196. [PMID: 36394114 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202207196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In the realm of 2D layered materials, the monoelemental group 14 Xene, germanene, as the germanium analog of graphene, has emerged as the next prospective candidate. Preceded by silicon, germanium is widely used in the semiconductor industry; thus, germanene is deemed compatible with existing semiconductor technologies. Germanene consists of mixed sp2 -sp3 -hybridized networks in a buckled hexagonal honeycomb structure. Chemical exfoliation of Zintl phases, such as CaGe2 , specifically the topotactical deintercalation in acidic media, removes the alkaline earth metal ions Ca2+ , giving rise to layered germanane (germanene with the Ge centers covalently saturated with terminal hydrogen atoms). Diverse variants of functionalized germananes (with covalent group(s) termination) can be obtained by varying the topotactical deintercalation precursors, elevating the game with limitless functionalization possibilities for customizable properties or new functionalities. The preparation of Zintl phases to the details of functionalized and modified germananes and their properties, and the additional exfoliation step to achieve mono- or few-layer germananes, are comprehensively covered. The progress and challenges of 2D functionalized germananes in optoelectronics, catalysis, energy conversion and storage, sensors, and biomedical areas are reviewed. This review provides insight into designing and exploring this class of atomically thin semiconductors in realizing future nanoarchitectonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siowwoon Ng
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, Brno, 61200, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Pumera
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, Brno, 61200, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, Ostrava, 70800, Czech Republic
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Korea
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Cui Y, Zhu J, Tong H, Zou R. Advanced perspectives on MXene composite nanomaterials: Types synthetic methods, thermal energy utilization and 3D-printed techniques. iScience 2022; 26:105824. [PMID: 36632064 PMCID: PMC9826899 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
MXene, 2D material, can be synthesized as single flake with 1 nm thickness by using phase change material, polymer and graphene oxide. Meanwhile, the MXene and its composite derivative materials have been applied widely in electro-to-thermal conversion, photo-to-thermal conversion, thermal energy storage, and 3D printing ink aspects. Furthermore, the forward-looking utilization of the MXene nanomaterials in hydrogen energy storage, radio frequency field application, CO2 capture and remediation of environmental pollution, is explored. This article reveals that the efficiencies of the photo-to-thermal and electro-to-thermal energy conversions with the MXene nanomaterials could reach about 80-90%. In parallel, it is demonstrated that the MXene printed ink has the excellent rheological property and high viscosity and stability of liquid, which contribute to arranging the multi-dimensional architectures with functional materials and controlling the flow rate of the MXene ink in the range of 0.03-0.15 mL/min for speedily printing and various printing structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanlong Cui
- School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shandong Jianzhu University, 1000 Fengming Road, Jinan 250101, China,Corresponding author
| | - Jie Zhu
- Department of Architecture and Built Environment, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Hui Tong
- School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shandong Jianzhu University, 1000 Fengming Road, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Ran Zou
- School of Management Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, 1000 Fengming Road, Jinan 250101, China,Corresponding author
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Kovalska E, Antonatos N, Luxa J, Sofer Z. Edge-Hydrogenated Germanene by Electrochemical Decalcification-Exfoliation of CaGe 2: Germanene-Enabled Vapor Sensor. ACS NANO 2021; 15:16709-16718. [PMID: 34558286 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c06675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional germanene has been recently explored for applications in sensing, catalysis, and energy storage. The potential of this van der Waals material lies in its optoelectronic and chemical properties. However, pure free-standing germanene cannot be found in nature, and the synthesis methods are hindering the potentially fascinating properties of germanene. Herein, we report a single-step synthesis of few-layer germanene by electrochemical exfoliation in a nonaqueous environment. As a result of simultaneous decalcification and intercalation of the electrolyte's active ions, we achieved low-level hydrogenation of germanene that occurs at the edges of the material. The obtained edge-hydrogenated germanene flakes have a lateral size of several micrometers and possess a cubic structure. We have pioneered the potential application of edge-hydrogenated germanene for vapor sensing and demonstrated its specific sensitivity to methanol and ethanol. Furthermore, we have shown a selective behavior of the germanene-based sensor that appears to increase the electrical resistance in the vapors where methanol prevails. We anticipate that these results can provide an approach for emerging layered materials with the potential utility in advanced gas sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniya Kovalska
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Nikolas Antonatos
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Luxa
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenek Sofer
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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